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01 Cell > 2.08 Membranes and Transport System > Flashcards

2.08 Membranes and Transport System Flashcards

1
Q

Vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer with an aqueous interior

A

Liposomes

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2
Q

Tested as red cell substitute, to deliver encapsulated drugs and as vectors for gene therapy

A

Liposomes

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3
Q

Membranes lipids are composed of _______

A

Phospholipid
Glycolipid
Cholesterol

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4
Q

2 types of membrane proteins

A

Integral protein

Peripheral protein

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5
Q

Permanently bound, fixed in the membrane

A

Integral protein

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6
Q

Do not penetrate the hydrophobic layer of membrane

A

Peripheral protein

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7
Q

___ are asymmetrically distributed in the membranes

A

Lipids

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8
Q

ATP-dependent lipid class of transporters specific for phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine

A

Flippase

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9
Q

Outward directed ATP-dependent transporter; non-specific for phospholipid

A

Floppase

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10
Q

Most membrane lipid and protein can freely move through the membrane plane

A

Lateral mobility

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11
Q

Fluidity of membrane depends on ____ and ___

A

Temperature

Lipid composition

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12
Q

Temperature at which membrane starts to become fluid from gel-like consistency

A

Transition temperature

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13
Q

Interactions between hydrophobic tails ____ fluidity

A

Decrease

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14
Q

Increase in fluidity , ___ in permeability to water and other small hydrophilic molecules

A

Increase

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15
Q

Membrane allows adjustments of cell compositions and functions

A

Selectivity

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16
Q

Steroid, amphipathic, found in animal cells, found in both leaflets of bilayer

A

Cholesterol

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17
Q

Major lipid component of cell membrane, amphipathic, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin

A

Phospholipid

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18
Q

Cholesterol (increases/decreases) fluidity if the temperature is below the transition temperature

A

Increases

It interferes with the interaction of hydrocarbon fails of fatty acids

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19
Q

As the fluidity increases, the permeability to water and other small hydrophilic molecules ______

A

Increases

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20
Q

As the concentration of unsaturated fatty acids in the membrane increases, fluidity _____

A

Increases

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21
Q

Cholesterol (increases/decreases) fluidity if the temperature is above the transition temperature

A

Decreases

It limits the disorder because cholesterol is more rigid than the hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids

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22
Q

Contains choline head group and glycerophosphoric acid

Precursor of sphingomyelin

A

Phosphatidylcholine

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23
Q

Contains predominantly the longer chain fatty acids, with carbon length of 24
Serves in signal transduction and insulation of nerve fibers

A

Sphingomyelin

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24
Q

Least common of the membrane lipids

Always found on the leaflet membrane

A

Glycolipid

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25
Involved in the cell identity
Glycolipid
26
Penetrate bilayer or span membrane
Integral protein
27
2 types of integral protein
Transmembrane protein | Covalently tethered integral protein
28
Single pass or multiple pass
Transmembrane protein
29
Integral proteins are synthesized in ____
RER
30
Functions of integral proteins
``` Enzymatic Receptor Transport Communication Adhesion ```
31
Proteins that do not penetrate the whole membrane | Not covalently linked to other membrane compounds
Peripheral proteins
32
Peripheral proteins are synthesized in ____ and ____
Cytoplasm (cytoplasmic-inner- side) | ER and exocytosed (extracellular-outer-side)
33
____ play a role in cell-to-cell recognition
Membrane carbohydrates (oligosaccharides)
34
Specialized region in the membrane that play a role in signaling Composed of cholesterol and sphingomyelin
Lipid rafts
35
Little caves Groups of integral protein that contain caveolin Transcellular pathway or signaling process
Caveolae
36
Intercellular juction that serves as barrier to prevent the molecules and ions to move freely between cells
Tight junctions
37
Constitutive, regulated
Exocytosis
38
Preferably at clathrin coated pits
Endocytosis
39
Processes involved in the cell membrane
Exocytosis Endocytosis Phagocytosis/pinocytosis Small solute movement
40
Allow direct flow of molecules from one cell to another
Gap junction
41
Movement across biological membrane, does not require energy
passive diffusion
42
Tendency of the molecules of any substance to spread out in available space
Diffusion
43
Movement may be random or directional | Across permeable membrane
Diffusion
44
Molecules with limited permeability can diffuse though bilayer with the aid of ____
Transported protein
45
Solutes move down a gradient of electrochemical potential in combination with a carrier
Facilitated diffusion
46
Movement of water
Osmosis
47
Enzymes couple net solute movement across a membrane to ATP hydrolysis
Active Transport
48
In active transport, Km for carrier loading is asymmetrical. It is ____ on the side of the membrane toward which active transport occurs
Higher
49
Transport system is an ATPase
Primary active transport
50
Utilizes the Na+ electrochemical gradient
Secondary active transport
51
4 Primary active transporters
P-type V-type F-type ATP-binding casette transporter
52
De/phosphorylated during the transport of Na, K, Ca
P-type
53
Proton pumps responsible for acidification of the interior of lysosomes, endosomes, Golgi vesicles and secretory vesicles
V-type
54
Present in mitochondria, translocate protons at the expense of ATP hydrolysis
F-type
55
Catalyze ATP-dependent vectorial movement of diverse substances
ABC transporter
56
Multidrug resistance family Sulfonylurea receptor Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
ABC transporter
57
Atypical ABC transporter | Indirectly regulates ____ channels
Sulfonylurea receptor; Potassium
58
Utilize a secondary structure of energy such as transmembrane electrochemical gradient of either sodium or hydrogen
Secondary active transport
59
Involves interaction with the solute and changing shape
Carrier transport protein
60
Allows the solute to pass through without binding and changing shape
Channel transport protein
61
Ion carriers or channels produced by microorganisms
Ionophores
62
Carriers exhibit _____ with respect to solute concentration
saturation kinetics
63
Carriers will only recognize a specific structure
Stereospecificity
64
Characteristics of carrier protein
``` Saturation kinetics Stereospecificity Susceptible to inhibition Susceptible to hormonal control Influence of insulin on the GLUT Influence of aldosterone on the Na-K transporter ```
65
Transport rate mediated by carrier is (faster/slower) than the transport with no catalyst
Faster
66
Transport rate mediated by carrier is (faster/slower) than w/ channels
Slower
67
Too large to move across the membrane | Transmembrane proteins with fixed topology
Carrier proteins
68
Classes of carrier protein
Uniport Symport Antiport
69
Facilitated diffusion | Carriers mediate transport of a single solute
Uniport
70
GLUT 1 | Valinomycin
Uniport
71
Large integral protein | Predicted via hydropathy plots to have 12 transmembrane helices
GLUT1
72
Carrier for potassium; reversibly binds a single potassium ion
Valinomycin
73
Can undergo conformational change associated with bound substate Mediate net solute transport
Uniport
74
Carriers bind 2 dissimilar solutes (substrate) and transport them together across a membrane
Symport
75
In symport, transport of the 2 solutes is _____
Obligatorily coupled
76
glucose-sodium symport
Symport
77
A gradient of 1 substrate, usually an ion, may drive uphill transport of cosubstrate
Symport
78
Carrier exchange one solute for another across a membrane
Antiport
79
ADP/ATP exchanger
Antiport
80
Small, very hydrophobic intrinsic membrane proteins with several highly conserved AA sequences
Aquaporin
81
Allow water molecules to enter cell
Aquaporin
82
Caused by mutation in the gene encoding for aquaporin (AP-2)
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
83
Usually consists of large protein complexes with multiple transmembran alpha-helices
Cellular channels
84
Form of allosteric regulation.
Control of channel gating
85
Conformational changes associated with channel opening may be regulated by
Voltage Binding of ligand Membrane stretch
86
An unusual peptide, with alternating D and L amino acids
Gramicidin channels
87
Channels cycle between open and closed conformations
Ion channels
88
Many ions flow through a channel, each it opens
Ion channels
89
Higher transport rates for ____
Channels
90
The membrane itself wraps around particle and pinches off a vesicle inside the cell
Endocytosis
91
Type of endocytosis in which an entire cell is engulfed
Phagocytosis
92
Type of endocytosis in which external fluid is engulfed
Pinocytosis
93
The material to be transported binds to certain specific molecules in the membranes
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
94
Large molecules that are manufactured in the cell are released through cell membrane
Exocytosis
95
Causes short-limbed dwarfism | Cartilage is not converted to bone through bone ossification
Achondroplasia
96
Achondroplasia is due to mutation of ___
Fibroblast Growth Factor 3
97
Genetic mutation in the low density lipoprotein receptor
Familial hypercholerostemia
98
Autosomal recessive disease that leads to chronic lung inflammation, infertility in males and pancreatic insuffiency
Cystic fibrosis
99
Cystic fibrosis is due to gene mutation in ___ , an ABC transporter, which acts as a chloride ion channel
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator
100
Autosomal recessive disorder copper excretion | Accumulation of copper in the body
Wilson disease
101
Wilson disease is caused by defect in the ____, encodes for ATP-dependent P-type ATPase that transports copper ions from the liver to the bile canaliculi
ATP7/B Gene
102
Happens when cancer cells interact with oligosaccharides in glycoproteins and glycolipids in the cell membrane (selectin, integrin)
Metastasis of cancer cells
103
Leads to polyuria | Water is not reabsorbed in the kidneys
Nephrotic Diabetes Mellitus
104
____ in the apical membrane does not respond to vasopressin >> does not allow permeability in the collecting duct cells, thus preventing water reabsorption that leads to polyuria
Aquaporin-2

01 Cell (22 decks)

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