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01 Cell > 2.03 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

2.03 Carbohydrates Flashcards

0
Q

Monomers or building blocks for all other classes of carbohydrates

A

Monososacharide

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1
Q

General formula of carbohydrate

A

Cn(H2o)n

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2
Q

Consisting of at least 3 carbons, each with a hydroxyl group except for one with carbonyl carbon

A

Monosaccharide

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3
Q

Produced by joining two simple sugars by dehydration synthesis forming covalent bond

A

Disaccharide

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4
Q

Produced by joining many monosaccharides together by many dehydration synthesis reactions forming a polymer molecules

A

Polysaccharides

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5
Q

Used to measure blood glucose levels

Needs a few microliter of blood

A

Glucometer

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6
Q

Most important monosaccharide in the biological system

Main source of energy

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Very low glucose level

A

Hypoglycemia

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8
Q

Very high glucose level

A

Hyperglycemia

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9
Q

Two dimensional representation for showing the configuration of a stererocenter

A

Fischer projection

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10
Q

Named after English chemist Sir Walter Haworth

Ring is drawn flat and viewed through its edge with the anomeric carbon on the right and the oxygen atom to the rear

A

Haworth Projection

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11
Q

Cannot be hydrolyzed to a simpler compound

A

Monosaccharide

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12
Q

Only two trioses

Found in glycolysis as breakdown products from fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

D-glyceraldehyde

Dihydroxyacetone

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13
Q

With an aldehyde group at one end

A

Aldose

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14
Q

Keto group found at nonterminal carbons

A

Ketose

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15
Q

Two major forms have the same atomic composition but differ only in the position of the hydrogen and double bonds

A

Tautomer

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16
Q

Carbon atoms that carry 4 different substituents or entities

A

Chiral or asymmetric carbon

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17
Q

Molecules that have the same formula and the same structure, but have their atoms arranged in different ways in 3D space

A

Stereoisomers or isomers

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18
Q

Isomers that are mirror images of one another but are non-superimposable on one another

A

Enantiomers

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19
Q

Enantiomer designation

Right hand side

A

Dextrorotatory

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20
Q

D-isomers

Constituent of ribonucleic acid

A

D-ribose

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21
Q

Enantiomer designation

Left hand side

A

Levorototary

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22
Q

D-isomers

Constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid

A

D-deoxyribose

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23
Q

D-isomers

Milk

A

D-galactose

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24
Q

D-isomers

Major energy source

A

D-glucose

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25
Q

D-isomers

Intermediate in glycolysis

A

D-fructose

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26
Q

Isomers that are not mirror images of each other but with the same chemical composition

A

Diastereomers

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27
Q

Diastereomers that differ from each other in their configuration around one chiral c atom only

A

Epimers

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28
Q

Isomers that differ in configuration at the anomeric carbon

A

Anomers

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29
Q

Molecules with the same stereochemical configuration, but differing in 3-dimensional conformation

A

Conformational isomers

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30
Q

More stable conformation because of hydroxyl of carbon 1 and 2 are further removed and thus have less steric interference with the carbons 3,4 and 5

A

Chair conformation

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31
Q

How many stereoisomers does a 5-C aldose have?

A

8 (4 D-sugars and 4 L-sugars)

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32
Q

Pentose and hexose can cyclize as the ketone and aldehyde reacts with a distal OH forming either _______ or ________

A

Furanose

Pyrannose

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33
Q

Derivatives of carbohydrates

A 
Reducing sugar
Sugar alcohol
Amino sugar
Phosphorylation derivatives
Glycosides
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34
Q

With free anomeric carbons

Undergoing redox reactions with the agents (peroxide, ferricyanide and some metals)

A

Reducing sugars

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35
Q

Lacks an aldehyde or ketone

Reducing the carbonyl group of a sugar

A

Sugar alcohol

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36
Q

D-mannitol

A

Sugar alcohol

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37
Q

Sorbitol, sweetener

A

Sugar alcohol

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38
Q

An amino group substitutes for a hydroxyl

A

Amino sugar

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39
Q

Glucosamine

A

Amino sugar

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40
Q

May be esterifying a phosphate group to one of the hydroxyls

A

Phosphorylated derivatives

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41
Q

Formed by elimination of water between the anomeric hydroxyl of a cyclic monosaccharide and the hydroxyl group f another compound

A

Glycosides

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42
Q

Ouabain

Amygdalin

A

Glycosides

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43
Q

Composed of two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds

A

Disaccharide

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44
Q

4 features that distinguish disaccharides from each other

A

Specific sugar monomer, stereoconfiguration
Carbons involved in the linkage/glycosidic bond
Order of the monomeric units
Anomeric configuration of the hydroxyl group in carbon 1 of each residue

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45
Q

Glucose + glucose

Alpha (1->4) glycosidic linkage

A

Maltose

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46
Q

Glucose + fructose

Alpha (1->2) glycosidic bond

A

Sucrose

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47
Q

Glucose + galactose

Beta (1->4) glycosidic bond

A

Lactose

48
Q

Polysaccharides with 3-20 monomeric units

A

Oligosaccharides

49
Q

2 types of glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharide a

A

O-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins

N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins

50
Q

Link to the protein via a glycosidic bond between a sugar residue and a serine or threonine OH

A

O-linked oligosaccharide chains

51
Q

Tend to be complex and branched

N-acetylglucosamine linked via N of asparagine residue

A

N-linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins

52
Q

Biological significance of oligosaccharides

A

Cell recognition and interaction
Enzyme regulation
Blood group antigens

53
Q

Composed of many monomeric units

A

Polysaccharides

54
Q

Polysaccharides of 1 type

A

Homopolysaccharide

55
Q

Polysaccharide of multiple types

A

Heteropolysaccharide

56
Q

Polymerization requires energy, meaning it is an ______ process

A

Anabolic

57
Q

Properties that distinguish the various polysaccharides

A

Composition of monomeric unit
Linkages between the monomeric unit
Ways in which branches from the chains occur

58
Q

Component sugar of cellulose

A

Glucose

59
Q

Component sugar of amylose

A

Glucose

60
Q

Component sugar of glycogen

A

Glucose

61
Q

Component sugar of amylopectin

A

Glucose

62
Q

Component sugar of agar

A

Galactose

63
Q

Linear branched glucose polymer with alpha (1->4) linkages

A

Amylose

64
Q

End glucose with an anomeric C1 that is not involved I the glycosidic bond

A

Reducing end

65
Q

Glucose polymer with mainly alpha (1->4) linkages and alpha (1->6) linkages for branching parts

A

Amylopectin

66
Q

Glucose polymer with alpha (1->6) linkages and is highly branched

A

Glycogen

67
Q

Polymer of glucose with alpha (1->4) linkages and beta (1->6) linkages

A

Cellulose

68
Q

Lubricant shock absorbent

Water binding

A

Hyaluronic acid

69
Q

D-glucoronic acid

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

A

Hyaluronic acid

70
Q

Calcium accumulation

Cartilage and bone formation

A

Chondroitin-4-sulfate

71
Q

D-glucoronic acid

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-4-O-sulfate

A

Chondroitin-4-sulfate

72
Q

Anticoagulant

A

Heparin

73
Q

D-glucoronic acid
L-iduronic acid
N-sulfo-D-glucosamine

A

Heparin

74
Q

Antibody

A

Gamma-globulin

75
Q

N-acetyl-hexosamine
D-mannose
D-galactose

A

Gamma-globulin

76
Q

Blood group specifically

A

Blood group substances

77
Q

D-glucosamine
D-galactosamine
L-fucose
D-galactose

A

Blood group substance

78
Q

Linear polymers of repeating disaccharides

Monomeric unit tend to be modified with acidic groups, amino groups, sulfated

A

Glycosaminoglycan

79
Q

Repeating disaccharide of glucoronate and N-acetyl-glucosamine

A

Hyaluronate

80
Q

GAGs covalently linked to serine residues of specific core proteins
Class of complex macromolecules that contain ~95% carbohydrate

A

Proteoglycans

82
Q

Carbohydrate chain in the proteoglycan is called

A

Glycosaminoglycan

83
Q

6 classes of proteoglycan

A 
chondroitin sulphate
dermatan sulphate
keratin sulphate
heparin sulphate
heparin
hyaluronate
84
Q

Soluble glycosaminoglycan found in granules of mast cells

Highly sulphated

A

Heparin

85
Q

Inhibits clot formation by interacting with the protein antithrombin

A

Heparin

86
Q

Lack polymers
Shock absorber
Cementing substances

A

Hyaluronate

87
Q

Most abundant GAG

Formation of bone, cornea

A

Chondroitin sulfate

88
Q

Contains higher acelylated glucosamine than heparin

A

Heparan sulfate

89
Q

More sulfated than heparin sulfates

A

Heparin

90
Q

Synovial fluid, vitreous humor, ECM of loose connective tissue

A

Hyaluronate

91
Q

Cartilage, bone, heart valves, cornea

A

Chrondroitin sulfate

92
Q

Basement membrane, components of cell surfaces

A

Heparan sulfate

93
Q

Component of intracellular granules of mast cells lining the arteries of the lungs, liver and skin

A

Heparin

94
Q

Skin, blood vessels, heart valves

A

Dermatan sulfate

95
Q

Cornea, bone, cartilage aggregated with chondroitin sulfate

A

Keratan sulfate

96
Q

Function of carbohydrates

A 
Energy source
Supporting structures
Component of nucleic acids DNA, RNA
Immune system
Signal transduction
97
Q

Fructose, glucose, mannose and galactose have the same chemical formula C6H12O6; hence, they are all _____ of each other

A

Isomer

98
Q

The structures of glucose and galactose differ only in the position of the hydroxyl group (-OH) at carbon 4; hence they are _______

A

C-4 epimers

99
Q

The structures of glucose and mannose differ only in the position of the hydroxyl group (-OH) at carbon 2; hence they are _______

A

C-2 epimers

100
Q

Galactose and mannose differ in the position of -OH groups at two carbons (2 and 4); hence, they are

A

Isomers

101
Q

99% of the monosaccharides are in ______, in which the aldehyde (or keto) group has reacted with an alcohol group on the same sugar, making the carbonyl carbon assymetric

A

ring/cyclic form

102
Q

Cyclization creates an anomeric carbon, generating ____ of the sugar

A

alpha and beta configurations

103
Q

alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-glucopyranose are both glucose but are _____ (differ in the projection of OH groups)

A

Anomers

104
Q

The alpha and beta configurations are not mirror images. They are referred to as ___

A

Diastereomers

105
Q

Sugars that can react with chromogenic agents causing the reagent to be reduced and colored, with the aldehyde group of the acyclic sugar becoming oxidized

A

Reducing sugar

106
Q

Bonds that link sugars

A

Glycosidic bonds

107
Q

Name the linkage.

Lactose is synthesized by forming a glycosidic bond between carbon 1 of beta-galactose and carbon 4 of glucose.

A

Beta (1->4) glycosidic bond

108
Q

If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is an -NH2 group, the bond is called an _____

A

N-glycosidic link

109
Q

If the group on the non-carbohydrate molecule to which the sugar is attached is hydroxyl group, the bond is called an _____

A

O-glycosidic link

110
Q

All sugar-sugar glycosidic bonds are _____

A

O-type linkages

111
Q

If a pair of sugars are mirror images (enantiomers), the two members of the pair are designated as _____

A

D- and L-sugars

112
Q

Glucose, with four aymmetric carbon atoms, can form how many isomers?

A

16

113
Q

Isomerism that is determined by its spatial relationship to the parent compound of the carbohydrates

A

D and L isomerism

114
Q

Presence of asymmetric carbon atoms also confers ___ on the compound

A

Optical activity

115
Q

In solution, glucose is often (dextrorotatory or levorotatory) and in the (furanose or pyranose)

A

Dextrorotatory

Pyranose

116
Q

Fructose has the same molecular formula as glucose but differs in its structures. There is a potential keto group in the anomeric carbon while in glucose, there is a potential aldehyde group in the anomeric carbon. This is an example of ______

A

Aldose-ketose isomerism

117
Q

Formed by condensation between the hydroxyl group of the anomeric carbon of a monosaccharide, and a second compound that may or may not be another monosaccharide
Example is ouabain

A

Glycoside

118
Q

Complex carbohydrates containing amino sugars and uronic acids

A

Glycosaminoglycans

119
Q

GAGs + protein molecule

A

Preteoglycan

01 Cell (22 decks)

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