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01 Cell > 2.11 Replication > Flashcards

2.11 Replication Flashcards

1
Q

Bonds that join the 3’hydroxyl group of the deoxypentose of one nucleotide to the 5’hydroxyl group of the deoxypentose of an adjacent nucleotide through a phosphate group

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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2
Q

Single unique nucleotide sequence wherein prokaryotic DNA replication begins

A

Origin of Replication

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3
Q

Protein that binds to specific nucleotide sequences at the origin of replication, causing short, tandemly arranged AT regions in the origin to melt

A

DNA-A Protein

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4
Q

Enzyme that binds to ssDNA forces the strands apart, unwinding the double helix

A

DNA helicases

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5
Q

Proteins that bind to newly separated ssDNA in order to hold them apart.

A

Single stranded DNA binding proteins (SSBP)

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6
Q

Enzymes that cut one strand of the double helix to relieve supercoiling

A

DNA Topoisomerase Type 1

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7
Q

Enzymes that make transient breaks in both dsDNA strands

A

DNA Topoisomerase Type II

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8
Q

Monomeric units or building blocks of nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides

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9
Q

Functions of nucleotides

A 
Precursors for informational molecules
Part of coenzyme
Donors of phosphoryl groups
Regulatory nucleotides
Synthetic analogues as drugs
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10
Q

Nitrogen-containing cyclic compounds whose rings contain both carbon and other elements

A

Nitrogenous bases

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11
Q

Purine

A

Guanine

Adenine

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12
Q

Pyrimidine

A

Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine

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13
Q

Has two rings

A

Purine

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14
Q

Has one ring

A

Pyrimidine

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15
Q

Has a planar characteristic that facilitates stacking of rings one on top of each other

A

Nitrogenous bases

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16
Q

Pair with two H-bonds

A

Adenine and Thymine/

Adenine and Uracil

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17
Q

Pair with three H-bonds

A

Guanine and Cytosine

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18
Q

Also known as methyl uracil

Comes from folate system

A

Thymine

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19
Q

Nitrogenous base + sugar

A

Nucleoside

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20
Q

Link between nitrogenous base and ribose sugar

A

beta-N-glycosidic bond

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21
Q

Anomeric carbon is attached to ___ for pyrimidine, and __ for purine

A

N1; N9

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22
Q

Nucleosides + phosphate

Phosphorylated nucleosides

A

Nucleotide

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23
Q

Esterified to a hydroxyl group of the sugar

A

Phosphoryl group

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24
Q

Phosphoryl group usually attached to __ of the pentose

A

C-5

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25
Q

5’-phosphoryl group forms a ___ with the 3’-OH of another nucleotide

A

Phosphodiester bond

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26
Q

Catalyze the hydrolysis of phosphodiester bonds

A

Phosphodiesterases

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27
Q

True or False

DNA is more table than RNA.

A

True

Presence of hydroxyl group in carbon 2 of RNA makes it suscpetible to base-catalyzed hydrolysis

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28
Q

5’ end

A

Phosphoryl group

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29
Q

3’ end

A

Hydroxyl group

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30
Q

Polymer composed of nucleotide building blocks

Chemical basis of heredity

A

DNA

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31
Q

DNA can be cleaved ___ by chemicals and hydrolyzed enzymatically by ___ or ___

A

Hyrolytically
Exonucleases
Endonucleases

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32
Q

DNA has ___, meaning the strands run in opposite directions

A

Antiparallel strands

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33
Q

True or false

DNA, regardless of the number of strands, follows Chargaff’s rules

A

False

Chargaff’s rule does not apply in single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)

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34
Q

Supercoiling of the DNA is being regulated by ___

A

Topoisomerases

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35
Q

Name the 3 processes in central dogma

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

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36
Q

A process in which DNA makes identical copies of itself, which are transmitted to the daughter cells during cell division

A

Replication

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37
Q

Occurs during the S (synthesis) phase of the cell cycle

A

Replication

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38
Q

New complementary strand is synthesized from 2 old single strands
The base sequence of each old strand predicts base sequence of the new complementary strand

A

Semiconservative

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39
Q

Basis for the accuracy of DNA replication

A

Complementarity

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40
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes addition of DNA nucleotides to a gw

A

DNA polymerase

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41
Q

Entire DNA template used for replicaton

A

Conservative

42
Q

Resulting DNA molecule interspersed with fragments of old and new DNA

A

Dispersive

43
Q

Each strand serves as template for new DNA molecule

A

Semiconservative

44
Q

Based from the Messelson-Stahl experiment, DNA replication does not follow the ____.

A

Conservative model

45
Q

Precursors in DNA synthesis

A

Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate

46
Q

Double-helix first unwinds into single-stranded DNA, which will serve as ____

47
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes addition of DNA nucleotides to a growing chain of DNA

A

DNA polymerase

48
Q

DNA polymerase reads in a ___ direction

A

3’-> 5’

49
Q

The new strand is being synthesized in ___ direction

A

5’->3’

50
Q

DNA synthesis begins at ___, a short sequence composes almost exclusively of __ base pairs

A

Origin of replication

AT

51
Q

DNA strands separate locally and form two ___

A

Replication forks

52
Q

Replication of double stranded DNA is ___, begins at a single origin and proceeds in both direction

A

Bidirectional

53
Q

Maintains the separation of of the parental strands by stabilizing them

A

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins

54
Q

Remove supercoils that interfere with the further unwinding of the double helix

A

DNA Topoisomerases

55
Q

Two types of DNA Topoisomerases

A

Type I: Swivelase

Type II: Gyrase

56
Q

Cleaves one strand

A

Type I: swivelase

57
Q

Cleaves both strands

Target of fluoroquinolones

A

Type II: Gyrase

58
Q

Synthesizes short stretches of RNA

59
Q

Needed by DNA polymerase to begin DNA chain elongation

60
Q

Catalyzes chain elongation in a 5’->3’ direction

A

DNA polymerase II

61
Q

DNA polymerase II uses ___ as substrates

A

5’-deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates

62
Q

DNA can proofread the newly synthesized DNA using ___

A

3’->5’ exonuclease activity

63
Q

The ____ is synthesized continuously, but the ___ is synthesized in short fragmetns.

A

Leading strand

Lagging strand

64
Q

Lagging strand in short fragments called ___

A

Okazaki fragment

65
Q

Removes RNA primers using 5’->3’ exonuclease activity

A

DNA Polymerase I

66
Q

Seals the gaps between the Okazaki fragments by catalyzing the final phospholipid ester/phosphodiester linkage

67
Q

Group of proteins that recognize the origin of replication

A

DNA A protein

68
Q

Unwind the double helix ahead of advancing replication fork

69
Q

Short strands of RNA needed to begin DNA chain

70
Q

Enzyme that cleaves phosphodiester bonds in a nucleic acid

71
Q

Two types of nucleases

A

Endonucleases

Exonucleases

72
Q

Cleave internal phosphodiester bonds

A

Endonucleases

73
Q

Cleave bonds at the 5’ or 3’ end

A

Exonuclease

74
Q

Bacteria utilizes ___ for proofreading

A

3’-exonuclease activity

75
Q

Only mismatched bases are removed

A

3’ exonuclease activity

76
Q

Base-paired nucleotides are removed from the 5’ end

To erase the RNA primer and remove damaged portions of DNA during DNA repair

A

5’ exonuclease activity

77
Q

DNA Polymerase types

Gap filling and sythesis of lagging strand

A

Prokaryote: I
Mammalian: alpha

78
Q

DNA Polymerase types

DNA proofreading and repair

A

Prokaryote: II
Mammalian: epsilon

79
Q

DNA Polymerase types

DNA repair

A

Prokaryote: II
Mammalian: beta

80
Q

DNA Polymerase types

Mitochondria DNA synthesis

A

Prokaryote: II
Mammalian: gamma

81
Q

DNA Polymerase types

Processive, leading strand synthesis

A

Prokaryote: III
Mammalian: delta

82
Q

Eukaryotic DNA is (circular/linear)

83
Q

Bubble-like structures within the DNA strand, which indicate a site of replication in eukaryotic cells

A

Replication bubbles

84
Q

Structure responsible for the chromosome stability during mitosis

85
Q

Acts as “cap” that protects DNA from being mistaken by the cell as broken DNA that needs repair

86
Q

Enzymes that replace telomeres in cells that do not age

A

Telomerase

87
Q

Lengthens the template strand by adding DNA sequences

A

Telomerase

88
Q

Use RNA as template for DNA replication

A

Reverse transcription

89
Q

RNA-dependent DNA polymerase

Makes a DNA copy from the RNA genetic material

A

Reverse transcriptase

90
Q

A retrovirus that employs reverse transcription in order for it to proliferate within the body

91
Q

Host cell of HIV is the __

92
Q

Part of the HIV that attaches to the T-cell receptor

A

gp120 protein

93
Q

The newly-produced DNA is integrated within the host cell’s genome via the __

94
Q

The viral proteinase ___ becomes active resulting the generation of the mature form of HIV.

95
Q

Sulfonamides

Structural analogs and competitively inhibits the utilization of PABA of Folic Acid

A

para-Aminobenzoic acid analogs

96
Q

Specific to bacteria

Humans do not synthesize folate but acquire it through diet

A

para-Aminobenzoic acid analogs

97
Q

Inhibits the reduction of dihydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate, catalyzed by dihydrofolate reductase

A

Methotrexate

98
Q

Inhibits purine synthesis

DNA replication is slowed down in mammalian cells

A

Methotrexate

99
Q

Metabolically converted to 5-FdUMP which becomes permanently bound to the inactivated thymidylate synthase

A

5-fluorouracil

100
Q

This results in deoxynucleotide pool imbalances and increased levels of deoxyuridine triphosphate, which cause DNA damage

A

5-fluorouracil

101
Q

Inhibit bacterial type II topoisomerases

A

Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic

102
Q

Inhibit human type II topoisomerases, have some selectivity for cancer cells

A

Etoposide, doxorubicin

01 Cell (22 decks)

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