2.18 The Hallmarks of Cancer

Question 1

Folic acid analog that kills rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow

Answer 1

Aminopterin

Question 2

Used in chemotherapy and obtained brief, tantalizing remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Answer 2

Aminopterin

Question 3

Disease of the cell

Answer 3

Cancer

Question 4

6 Hallmarks of cancer

Answer 4

Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential
Sustained angiogenesis
Tissue invasion and metastasis

Question 5

Ability to proliferate even in the absence or low levels of signals from the outside world tat tell the cell to proliferate

Answer 5

Self sufficiency in growth signals

Question 6

Cell’s options and growth factors

Answer 6

Survive
Divide
Differentiate
Die

Question 7

Abnormal proliferation can come from __ and ___

Answer 7

Mutation

Increased expression of growth factor receptors

Question 8

In breast cancer, there is an increased expression of __

Answer 8

HER2 gene on chromosome 17

Question 9

Infiltrating tumor cell nuclei are highlighted by the __ fluorescence in FISH

Answer 9

Blue

Question 10

Most cells are in the G0 state and are kept there by ___

Answer 10

Antiproliferation signnals

Question 11

Autosomal dominant disorder
Rare cancer of the retina
Gene responsible is found in chromosome 13

Answer 11

Retinoblastoma

Question 12

In retinoblastoma, theis codes protein that keeps cells from proliferating

Answer 12

Rb gene

Question 13

Stop cell division in response to internal or external signals

Answer 13

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 14

Involved in transcription, DNA repair and cell-to-cell recognition

Answer 14

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 15

Key regulator of cell cycle arrest through the cyclin-CDK complex

Answer 15

p53

Question 16

Gene that reduces the probabiilty that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell

Answer 16

Tumor suppressor gene

Question 17

Secreted by a fungus that can grow in certain food, known carcinogen

Answer 17

Aflatoxin

Question 18

Produces a protein that has the ability to bind p53 and prevent it from interacting effectively with its target genes

Answer 18

Hepatitis B

Question 19

Integrity of the cell’s genome is monitored by the transcription factor ___

Answer 19

p53

Question 20

Deletion or mutational silencing of __, __ or __ results in unregulated cell growth with an increased risk of tumor formation

Answer 20

p53
RB
INK4

Question 21

Certain number of cell divisions that a cell is allowed to have before it stops

Answer 21

Hayflick limit

Question 22

Shorten after each cell division

Answer 22

Telomeres

Question 23

Repairs telomeres, can reverse the shortening and help immortalize cells

Answer 23

Telomeraase

Question 24

Making blood vessels from pre-existing ones

Answer 24

Angiogenesis

Question 25

Angiogenic factor (AF) binds to ___, which leads to intracellular signaling

Answer 25

Endothelial cell (EC) receptor

Question 26

Important for triggering metastasis

Answer 26

Neovascularization

Question 27

Antibody that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor, which doesn't kill cancer directly, but it prevents angiogenesis of tumors

Answer 27

Avastin

Question 28

Fluoropyrimidine-based antineoplastic agent | Monoclonal antibody

Answer 28

Avastin

Question 29

Crucial in identifying aggressive cancers versus those that are not aggressive or even those that are benign or malignant tumors

Answer 29

Metastasis

Question 30

Local metastasis

Answer 30

Intravasation

Question 31

Cancer spread to certain type of tissues

Answer 31

Metastasis

Question 32

3 possible fates of metastasized cells

Answer 32

New colony Cell Death Dormancy

Question 33

Apoptosis induced by the lack of correct cell/ECM attachment

Answer 33

Anoikis

Question 34

Enzymes that degrade the ECM play crucial roles in invasion and metastasis, and high expression is correlated with (better/poorer) prognosis

Answer 34

Poorer

Question 35

Coping strategies of cancer cells

Answer 35

``` Angiogenesis Produce more growth factors Recruite neighboring stromal cells Disguise from the immune system Cell tries to find a friendly environment ```

Question 36

Able to get away from home tissuue

Answer 36

Metastasis

Question 37

Emerging hallmarks

Answer 37

Avoiding immune destruction | Deregulating cellular energetics

Question 38

Altered/missing MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 38

Avoiding immune destruction

Question 39

Warburg effect | PET scanning to track glucose

Answer 39

Deregulated energetics in cancer

Question 40

Where you see a lot of anaerobic activity happening compared to normal aerobic activity

Answer 40

Warburg effect

Question 41

In tumor cells, glycolysis tends to go __ or __

Answer 41

Anaerobic; | Truncated TCA cycle where acetyl-CoA is used as a bulding block for proliferation

Question 42

Enabling hallmarks

Answer 42

Genomic instability | Tumor promoting inflammation

Question 43

Chronic inflammation, may lead to DNA damage due to production of mutagenic chemicals by cells of the immune system

Answer 43

Tumor promoting inflammation

Question 44

Reactive oxygen species

Answer 44

Tumor promoting inflammation

Question 45

Product of applied natural selection

Answer 45

Cancer

Question 46

Can be used for myelodysplastic syndromes

Answer 46

DNA demethylation agents

Question 47

Code for cell proliferation

Answer 47

Oncogenes

Question 48

Growth promoters (not necessarily cancer gene)

Answer 48

Oncogenes

Question 49

Gains-of-functions are associated with __

Answer 49

Oncogenes

Question 50

Loss-of-function mutations are associated with __

Answer 50

Tumor suppressor genes

Question 51

Normal gene that encodes a protein that regulates cell growth and proliferation andt that can be mutated to become a cancer-promoter oncogene

Answer 51

Proto-oncogene

Question 52

Protective and loss of their functions contributes to cancer

Answer 52

TSG

Question 53

True or false Some miRNAs may become oncogenes or tumor suppressors by affecting the balance between normal cell cycling and cell death

Answer 53

True

Question 54

Inherited mutations Inherited in the germ line from the parents Germ-line mutations occur in all cells of the individual

Answer 54

Germ-line mutation

Question 55

Occur in one's lifetime

Answer 55

Somatic mutation

Question 56

Biggest RF for cancer

Answer 56

Age

Question 57

A lot of people have this certain type of muation

Answer 57

Common Variants

Question 58

Have low penetrance

Answer 58

Common variaants

Question 59

Higher risk than normal | CHEK2 1100delC is associated with increased breast cancer risk

Answer 59

Rare variants

Question 60

Have moderate to high penetrance

Answer 60

Rare variants

Question 61

Presence of Rb gene will most likely lead to retinoblastoma

Answer 61

Rare variants

Question 62

Proportion of individuals with a mutation causing a particular disorder who exhibit clinical symptoms of that disorder

Answer 62

Penetrance

Question 63

Standard adjuvant therapy in breast cancer focuses on __ and __

Answer 63

Proliferation | Apoptosis

Question 64

True or false | Every cancer is different

Answer 64

True