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01 Cell > 2.18 The Hallmarks of Cancer > Flashcards

2.18 The Hallmarks of Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Folic acid analog that kills rapidly dividing cells in the bone marrow

A

Aminopterin

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2
Q

Used in chemotherapy and obtained brief, tantalizing remission in acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A

Aminopterin

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3
Q

Disease of the cell

A

Cancer

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4
Q

6 Hallmarks of cancer

A 
Self-sufficiency in growth signals
Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
Evasion of apoptosis
Limitless replicative potential
Sustained angiogenesis
Tissue invasion and metastasis
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5
Q

Ability to proliferate even in the absence or low levels of signals from the outside world tat tell the cell to proliferate

A

Self sufficiency in growth signals

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6
Q

Cell’s options and growth factors

A

Survive
Divide
Differentiate
Die

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7
Q

Abnormal proliferation can come from __ and ___

A

Mutation

Increased expression of growth factor receptors

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8
Q

In breast cancer, there is an increased expression of __

A

HER2 gene on chromosome 17

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9
Q

Infiltrating tumor cell nuclei are highlighted by the __ fluorescence in FISH

A

Blue

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10
Q

Most cells are in the G0 state and are kept there by ___

A

Antiproliferation signnals

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11
Q

Autosomal dominant disorder
Rare cancer of the retina
Gene responsible is found in chromosome 13

A

Retinoblastoma

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12
Q

In retinoblastoma, theis codes protein that keeps cells from proliferating

A

Rb gene

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13
Q

Stop cell division in response to internal or external signals

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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14
Q

Involved in transcription, DNA repair and cell-to-cell recognition

A

Tumor suppressor genes

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15
Q

Key regulator of cell cycle arrest through the cyclin-CDK complex

A

p53

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16
Q

Gene that reduces the probabiilty that a cell in a multicellular organism will turn into a tumor cell

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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17
Q

Secreted by a fungus that can grow in certain food, known carcinogen

A

Aflatoxin

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18
Q

Produces a protein that has the ability to bind p53 and prevent it from interacting effectively with its target genes

A

Hepatitis B

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19
Q

Integrity of the cell’s genome is monitored by the transcription factor ___

A

p53

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20
Q

Deletion or mutational silencing of __, __ or __ results in unregulated cell growth with an increased risk of tumor formation

A

p53
RB
INK4

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21
Q

Certain number of cell divisions that a cell is allowed to have before it stops

A

Hayflick limit

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22
Q

Shorten after each cell division

A

Telomeres

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23
Q

Repairs telomeres, can reverse the shortening and help immortalize cells

A

Telomeraase

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24
Q

Making blood vessels from pre-existing ones

A

Angiogenesis

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25
Q

Angiogenic factor (AF) binds to ___, which leads to intracellular signaling

A

Endothelial cell (EC) receptor

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26
Q

Important for triggering metastasis

A

Neovascularization

27
Q

Antibody that binds to vascular endothelial growth factor, which doesn’t kill cancer directly, but it prevents angiogenesis of tumors

A

Avastin

28
Q

Fluoropyrimidine-based antineoplastic agent

Monoclonal antibody

A

Avastin

29
Q

Crucial in identifying aggressive cancers versus those that are not aggressive or even those that are benign or malignant tumors

A

Metastasis

30
Q

Local metastasis

A

Intravasation

31
Q

Cancer spread to certain type of tissues

A

Metastasis

32
Q

3 possible fates of metastasized cells

A

New colony
Cell Death
Dormancy

33
Q

Apoptosis induced by the lack of correct cell/ECM attachment

A

Anoikis

34
Q

Enzymes that degrade the ECM play crucial roles in invasion and metastasis, and high expression is correlated with (better/poorer) prognosis

A

Poorer

35
Q

Coping strategies of cancer cells

A 
Angiogenesis
Produce more growth factors
Recruite neighboring stromal cells
Disguise from the immune system
Cell tries to find a friendly environment
36
Q

Able to get away from home tissuue

A

Metastasis

37
Q

Emerging hallmarks

A

Avoiding immune destruction

Deregulating cellular energetics

38
Q

Altered/missing MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

A

Avoiding immune destruction

39
Q

Warburg effect

PET scanning to track glucose

A

Deregulated energetics in cancer

40
Q

Where you see a lot of anaerobic activity happening compared to normal aerobic activity

A

Warburg effect

41
Q

In tumor cells, glycolysis tends to go __ or __

A

Anaerobic;

Truncated TCA cycle where acetyl-CoA is used as a bulding block for proliferation

42
Q

Enabling hallmarks

A

Genomic instability

Tumor promoting inflammation

43
Q

Chronic inflammation, may lead to DNA damage due to production of mutagenic chemicals by cells of the immune system

A

Tumor promoting inflammation

44
Q

Reactive oxygen species

A

Tumor promoting inflammation

45
Q

Product of applied natural selection

A

Cancer

46
Q

Can be used for myelodysplastic syndromes

A

DNA demethylation agents

47
Q

Code for cell proliferation

A

Oncogenes

48
Q

Growth promoters (not necessarily cancer gene)

A

Oncogenes

49
Q

Gains-of-functions are associated with __

A

Oncogenes

50
Q

Loss-of-function mutations are associated with __

A

Tumor suppressor genes

51
Q

Normal gene that encodes a protein that regulates cell growth and proliferation andt that can be mutated to become a cancer-promoter oncogene

A

Proto-oncogene

52
Q

Protective and loss of their functions contributes to cancer

A

TSG

53
Q

True or false
Some miRNAs may become oncogenes or tumor suppressors by affecting the balance between normal cell cycling and cell death

A

True

54
Q

Inherited mutations
Inherited in the germ line from the parents
Germ-line mutations occur in all cells of the individual

A

Germ-line mutation

55
Q

Occur in one’s lifetime

A

Somatic mutation

56
Q

Biggest RF for cancer

A

Age

57
Q

A lot of people have this certain type of muation

A

Common Variants

58
Q

Have low penetrance

A

Common variaants

59
Q

Higher risk than normal

CHEK2 1100delC is associated with increased breast cancer risk

A

Rare variants

60
Q

Have moderate to high penetrance

A

Rare variants

61
Q

Presence of Rb gene will most likely lead to retinoblastoma

A

Rare variants

62
Q

Proportion of individuals with a mutation causing a particular disorder who exhibit clinical symptoms of that disorder

A

Penetrance

63
Q

Standard adjuvant therapy in breast cancer focuses on __ and __

A

Proliferation

Apoptosis

64
Q

True or false

Every cancer is different

A

True

01 Cell (22 decks)

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