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01 Cell > 2.10 Signal Transduction and Second Messengers > Flashcards

2.10 Signal Transduction and Second Messengers Flashcards

1
Q

Conversion of one form of information to another

Usually a biochemical response

A

Signal transduction

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2
Q

Multiplication of an original signal

A

Signal amplication

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3
Q

The signal is meant for specific recipient

A

Target specificity/selectivity

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4
Q

How cells receive, process, and respond to external information

A

Information metabolism

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5
Q

Pathways that mediate the sensing and processing of stimuli

A

Signal-transduction cascasdes

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6
Q

Modes of signaling

Passed into blood for reception in target cells that are distant from the site of creation

A

Endocrine

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7
Q

Modes of signaling

Passed into nearby cellular spaces for action on cells in close proximity to the site of creation

A

Paracrine

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8
Q

Modes of signaling
Transmitted via synapses
For propagation of neural impulses

A

Neuronal

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9
Q

Modes of signaling
Juxtacrine interactions
Bound to the plasma membrane of the signaling cells to interact with a receptor on a directly adjacent cell

A

Contact-dependent signaling

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10
Q

Communication of cells is provided by ____ and ____.

A

Cell signaling

Transduction

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11
Q

5 phases of signal transduction

A 
Signal
Reception
Integration/Adaptation
Amplification
Target
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12
Q

Transmit a signal when bound to GTP and are silent when bound to GDP

A

G proteins

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13
Q

Extracellular signaling molecules fall into 2 classes

A

Cell-surface receptors

Intracellular receptors

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14
Q

Intracellular molecules that change in concentration in response to environmental signals

A

Second messengers

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15
Q

Receptors for nitric oxide (NO)

A

Soluble Guanylyl Cyclases

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16
Q

Reactive free-radical that acts either as a neurotransmitter or as a second messenger

A

Nitric oxide

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17
Q

Two types of receptors that are possible for steroid hormones

A

Intracellular receptors

Membrane bound receptors

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18
Q

Can translocate to the nucleus and direct gene expression

May take hours or days

A

Intracellular receptors

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19
Q

Can act on the cellular players with immediate action

A

Membrane bound receptors

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20
Q

The steroid intracellular receptor superfamily are ____

A

Transcription factors

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21
Q

Phases of signal transduction

A 
Signal
Reception
Integration/Adaption (Second messenger)
Amplification (Second messenger)
Target
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22
Q

In membrane receptor-mediated signal transduction, ____ is a common means of information transfer

A

Protein phosphorylation

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23
Q

Small hydrophobic signal molecules diffuse directly across the lipid bilayer therefore they bind to intracellular receptors

A

Intracellular-Receptor-Mediated Signals

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24
Q

True or False
Many receptors are kinases or are associated with kinases. Cytokine receptor superfamily is similar to the receptor-tyrosine-kinases and has the same receptors and kinases.

A

False

Cytokine receptor superfamily has separate receptors and kinases to the receptor-tyrosine-kinases

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25
Q

Tyrosine kinases may activate one form of ____, PLC-gamma

A

Phospholipase C

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26
Q

Receptors that usually interact with polar hydrophilic signaling molecules for receiving environmental signals

A

Cell surface receptors

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27
Q

Receptors that interact with nonpolar, hydrophobic signaling molecules, usually for fine tuning signaling within a cell

A

Intracellular receptors

28
Q

What classification do non-steroid hormones fall under? Why?

A

Cell surface receptors

Polar and hydrophilic

29
Q

One or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects the another

A

Cross talk

30
Q

Phases of signal transduction

A 
Signal
Reception
Integration/Adaption (Second messenger)
Amplification (Second messenger)
Target
31
Q

Reactive free radical that relaxes vascular smooth muscles and stimulates macrophages to kill tumor cells and bacteria

A

Nitric Oxide

32
Q

Small hyprophobic signal molecules diffuse directly across the lipid bilayer therefore they bind to intracellular receptors

A

Intracellular-Receptor-Mediated Signals

33
Q

The hydrolysis of Phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate by phospholipase C generates how many messengers?

A

2

34
Q

Calmodulin is activated by the binding of __ ions, when the cytosolic calcium level is raised above 500 nM

A

Calcium

35
Q

Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate opens channels to release __ ions from intracellular stores

A

calcium

36
Q

Two messengers generated by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate

A

Diacylglycerol

Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate

37
Q

On hydrolysis of the bound GTP by the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ga, Ga reassociates with the bg subunits to form the heterotrimeric G protein, thereby terminating the activation of ___.

A

Adenyl cyclase

38
Q

Activates PKC

A

Diacylglycerol

39
Q

True or False

DAG and IP3 work in tandem

A

True

40
Q

A 17-kD protein with four calcium-binding sites and a member of the EF-hand protein family

A

Calmodulin

41
Q

cAMP is degraded by ___

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

42
Q

Epinephrine targets a ___ coupled receptor

A

G-protein

43
Q

True or False

The role of the hormone-bound receptor is to inhibit the exchange of GTP for bound GDP

A

False

It functions to catalyze, not to inhibit

44
Q

On hydrolysis of the bound GTP by the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ga, Ga reassociates with the bg subunits to form the heterotrimeric G protein, thereby terminating the activation of ___.

A

Adenyl cyclase

45
Q

Some G proteins regulate membrane bound enzymes to make ___.

A

Second messengers

46
Q

Converts ATP into cAMP

A

Adenylyl cyclase

47
Q

Name the 2 separate insulin signaling cascades lead to GLUT4 translocation to the the plasma membrane.

A

TC10

PPIn-3 kinase

48
Q

cAMP is degraded by ___

A

cAMP phosphodiesterase

49
Q

Forms of Cell surface receptors

A

Ion channel linked
Enzyme linked
Gprotein

50
Q

Cell surface receptors that are regulated by signaling molecules.
Channels are often in neurons and muscles

A

Ion channel linked receptors

51
Q

Cell surface receptors wherein binding of molecule to receptor either activates the catalytic domain of the receptor or alters the receptor such that it associates with an active cytoplasmic enzyme

A

Enzyme linked receptors

52
Q

Cell surface receptors that activate g proteins that activate the enzyme or opens the ion channel

A

G protein receptors

53
Q

General mechanism for Membrane-Receptor Mediated Signals

A

1) Membrane receptors transfer info from the environment to the cell’s interior
2) Second Messengers relay information from the receptor ligand complex
3) Protein phosphorylation (probably, it’s common)
4) Termination of signal

54
Q

One or more components of one signal transduction pathway affects the another

A

Cross talk

55
Q

cAMP activates ___

A

cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA)

56
Q

Phosphorylation of cellular proteins by PKA causes the cellular response to ___

A

Epinephrine

57
Q

True or False

PKA can phosphorylate enzymes and transcriptional activators

A

True

58
Q

True or False

Glycogen metabolism is regulated by dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase

A

False

59
Q

PKA can phosphorylate __ channels to close them, which increases the excitability of the target cell.

A

Potassium

60
Q

Name the 2 separate insulin signaling cascades that lead to GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane.

A

TC10

PPIn-3 kinase

61
Q

Cholera and whooping cough are due to altered __ activity.

A

G-protein

62
Q

Cholera: (activates/inactivates) G-protein

A

Activates

63
Q

Pertussis or whooping cough: (activates/inactivates) G-protein

A

Inactivates

64
Q

In chronic myelogenous leukemia, bcr-abl gene is expressed at (lower/higher) levels.

A

Higher

65
Q

___ is involved in Alzheimer’s disease

A

Abl kinase

01 Cell (22 decks)

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