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01 Cell > 2.13 Transcription > Flashcards

2.13 Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

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2
Q

Transcription is the first step of ___

A

Gene expression

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3
Q

Runs from 3’ -> 5’ direction

A

Template/antisense/non-coding strand

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4
Q

Synthesized RNA appears similar to the ____ strand, which runs from 5’-> 3’ direction

A

Non-template/sense/coidng strand

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5
Q

Corresponds to the first nucleotide expressend in the 5’ end of the synthesized RNA

A

+1

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6
Q

Serves as the apoenzyme

Protein component of the RNA polymerase

A

Core enzyme

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7
Q

Core enzyme is composed of 5 units: __

A

alpha-alpha-beta-beta’-omega

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8
Q

Assembly of subunits

A

alpha (1)

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9
Q

Promoter-binding site

Recognizes the promoter region

A

alpha (2)

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10
Q

Nucleotide binding site

A

beta

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11
Q

Catalytic site
Possesses inherent DNA-DNA helicase activity in the breakage of hydrogen bonds
Also binds incoming NTPs to the growing mRNA strand via phosphodiester bonds

A

beta’

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12
Q

Stabilizes RNA molecule

A

omega

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13
Q

The only responsible for RNA elongation

A

5’->3’ RNA polymerase

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14
Q

Non-protein component that activates the core enzyme

A

Coenzymes

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15
Q

Increase RNA polymerase affinity for promoter region

Unique for each RNA synthesized

A

Sigma factor

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16
Q

Signal end of transcription only for rho-dependent termination

A

Termination factors

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17
Q

Termination factors are also called the ___

A

rho factor

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18
Q

3 processes of prokaryotic transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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19
Q

Occurs at the promoter region

A

Initiation

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20
Q

Usually located -8 to -10 bases to the left of +1 (downstream)

A

Pribnow Box

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21
Q

Base sequence of Pribnow box

A

5’-TATAAT-3’

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22
Q

Usually located -35 bases to the left of +1 (downstream)

A

-35 sequence

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23
Q

Base sequence of -35 sequence

A

5’-TTGACA-3’

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24
Q

Sigma factor is released

Takes place through the RNA polymerase

A

Elongation

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25
Recognizes the C-rich regions near the 3' end
rho-dependent termination
26
rho factors has the ____, to separate the template DNA stand and the synthesized RNA strand at the end of transcription
RNA-DNA helicase activity
27
RNA forms a hairpin turn via palindromic sequences
rho-independent temination
28
Bonds have high melting point and as strong and stable
G-C rich regions
29
Facilitates the separation of newly synthesized RNA strand
U-A rich regions
30
Binds to and changes the morphology of beta subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase Blocks or suppresses the initiation step
Rifampin
31
Binds to the DNA-RNA complex which results to a barricade on the template strand Prevents further elongation of strand
Dactinomycin
32
Basically, eukaryotic transcription follows the same processes as prokaryotic transcription; however, eukaryotic transcription:
1. Affected by chromatin structure 2. Affected by DNA methylation 3. Affected by histone acetylation 4. HasTATA box and CAAT box as promoter regions 5. Has TFIID as transcription factors
33
Relaxed form, actively transcribed
Euchromatin
34
Condensed form Tightly packed Inactive segments, transcriptionally silenced
Heterochromatin
35
Interconversion of the two forms (euchromatin and heterochromatin)
Chromatin remodeling
36
Chromatin remodeling involves acetylation of lysine residues at amino terminus of histones, which is mediated by
Histone acetyltranserases
37
Chromatin remodeling also involves removal of acetyl group in lysine residues, mediated by __
Histone deacetylases
38
Presence of methyl groups in DNA (enhances/inhibits) eukaryotic transcription
Inhibits | Methyl groups can physically prevent binding of transcriptional proteins
39
Presence of acetyl groups in the DNA (enhances/inhibits) eukaryotic transcription
Enhances Presence of acetyl groups reduces interaction between histone tails and nucleosomes, making it relazed and transcriptionally active
40
Another term for TATA box
Goldberg-Hogness Box
41
Base sequence of TATA box
5'-ATATAAAA-3'
42
Location of TATA box
-25 region
43
Base sequence of CAAT box
5'-GGCCAATCT-3'
44
Location of CAAT box
-70 region
45
Eukaryotic promoter regions
TATA box | CAAT box
46
Binds to TATA box | Similar to alpha subunit in prokaryotes
TFIID
47
Eukaryotic transcription factors
TFIID
48
Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase in nucleolus
RNA polymerase I
49
Product | RNA polymerase I
Large rRNA
50
Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase that uses different promoter regions and affected by enhancers and silencers
RNA polymerase II
51
RNA polymerase II is inhibited by ___
Amanita phalloides
52
Product | RNA polymerase II
mRNA | snRNA
53
Product | RNA polymerase III
tRNA 5S rRNA snRNA
54
Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase that resembles prokaryotic RNA polymerase
Mitochondrial polymerase
55
Reasons for modification of eukaryotic RNA
Complexity of RNA Cell compartment issues Transcription-export
56
Introns are removed from anticodon loop via ____
tRNA splicing endonuclease
57
Intervening sequences
Introns
58
Expressed sequences
Exons
59
5' and 3' are trimmed
tRNA modifications
60
Addition of certain sequences at 3' end and modification to unusual bases
tRNA modifications
61
4 mRNA modifications
5' capping 3' Poly-A Tail Removal of introns Alternative splicing
62
Used for translation initiation and stabilizes mRNA
5' capping
63
5' capping is facilitated by ___
guanylyltransferase | guanine-7-methyltransferase
64
In 5' capping, the cap is ___
7-methylguanosine triphosphate
65
Addition of 40-200 adenine bases
3' Poly-A tail
66
Facilitates 3' Poly-A Tail
Polyadenylate polymerase
67
3' poly-A tail is used for protection against ___
Exonuclease
68
Facilitates exit of mRNA from nucleus
3' Poly-A tail
69
Facilitated in a spliceosome
Removal of introns
70
Removal of introns forms a ___-- bonds will form on the loop and spliceosome will cut loop leaving RNA
Lariat loop
71
snRNA + other protein
snRNP
72
mRNA + snRNP
spliceosome
73
Forms antibodies that attack snRNPs
SLE | Systemic lupus erythematosus
74
Due to aberrant beta-globin mRNA splicing a lot of introns that aren't removed properly
beta thalassemia
75
Combination of different exons from pre-mRNA will yield different combinations of mRNAs and different proteins
Alternative splicing
76
Testament to efficiency of eukaryotic mRNA in creating more proteins
Alternative splicing

01 Cell (22 decks)

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