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01 Cell > 2.13 Transcription > Flashcards

2.13 Transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template

A

Transcription

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2
Q

Transcription is the first step of ___

A

Gene expression

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3
Q

Runs from 3’ -> 5’ direction

A

Template/antisense/non-coding strand

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4
Q

Synthesized RNA appears similar to the ____ strand, which runs from 5’-> 3’ direction

A

Non-template/sense/coidng strand

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5
Q

Corresponds to the first nucleotide expressend in the 5’ end of the synthesized RNA

A

+1

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6
Q

Serves as the apoenzyme

Protein component of the RNA polymerase

A

Core enzyme

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7
Q

Core enzyme is composed of 5 units: __

A

alpha-alpha-beta-beta’-omega

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8
Q

Assembly of subunits

A

alpha (1)

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9
Q

Promoter-binding site

Recognizes the promoter region

A

alpha (2)

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10
Q

Nucleotide binding site

A

beta

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11
Q

Catalytic site
Possesses inherent DNA-DNA helicase activity in the breakage of hydrogen bonds
Also binds incoming NTPs to the growing mRNA strand via phosphodiester bonds

A

beta’

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12
Q

Stabilizes RNA molecule

A

omega

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13
Q

The only responsible for RNA elongation

A

5’->3’ RNA polymerase

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14
Q

Non-protein component that activates the core enzyme

A

Coenzymes

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15
Q

Increase RNA polymerase affinity for promoter region

Unique for each RNA synthesized

A

Sigma factor

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16
Q

Signal end of transcription only for rho-dependent termination

A

Termination factors

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17
Q

Termination factors are also called the ___

A

rho factor

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18
Q

3 processes of prokaryotic transcription

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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19
Q

Occurs at the promoter region

A

Initiation

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20
Q

Usually located -8 to -10 bases to the left of +1 (downstream)

A

Pribnow Box

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21
Q

Base sequence of Pribnow box

A

5’-TATAAT-3’

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22
Q

Usually located -35 bases to the left of +1 (downstream)

A

-35 sequence

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23
Q

Base sequence of -35 sequence

A

5’-TTGACA-3’

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24
Q

Sigma factor is released

Takes place through the RNA polymerase

A

Elongation

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25
Q

Recognizes the C-rich regions near the 3’ end

A

rho-dependent termination

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26
Q

rho factors has the ____, to separate the template DNA stand and the synthesized RNA strand at the end of transcription

A

RNA-DNA helicase activity

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27
Q

RNA forms a hairpin turn via palindromic sequences

A

rho-independent temination

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28
Q

Bonds have high melting point and as strong and stable

A

G-C rich regions

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29
Q

Facilitates the separation of newly synthesized RNA strand

A

U-A rich regions

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30
Q

Binds to and changes the morphology of beta subunits of bacterial RNA polymerase
Blocks or suppresses the initiation step

A

Rifampin

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31
Q

Binds to the DNA-RNA complex which results to a barricade on the template strand
Prevents further elongation of strand

A

Dactinomycin

32
Q

Basically, eukaryotic transcription follows the same processes as prokaryotic transcription; however, eukaryotic transcription:

A
  1. Affected by chromatin structure
  2. Affected by DNA methylation
  3. Affected by histone acetylation
  4. HasTATA box and CAAT box as promoter regions
  5. Has TFIID as transcription factors
33
Q

Relaxed form, actively transcribed

A

Euchromatin

34
Q

Condensed form
Tightly packed
Inactive segments, transcriptionally silenced

A

Heterochromatin

35
Q

Interconversion of the two forms (euchromatin and heterochromatin)

A

Chromatin remodeling

36
Q

Chromatin remodeling involves acetylation of lysine residues at amino terminus of histones, which is mediated by

A

Histone acetyltranserases

37
Q

Chromatin remodeling also involves removal of acetyl group in lysine residues, mediated by __

A

Histone deacetylases

38
Q

Presence of methyl groups in DNA (enhances/inhibits) eukaryotic transcription

A

Inhibits

Methyl groups can physically prevent binding of transcriptional proteins

39
Q

Presence of acetyl groups in the DNA (enhances/inhibits) eukaryotic transcription

A

Enhances
Presence of acetyl groups reduces interaction between histone tails and nucleosomes, making it relazed and transcriptionally active

40
Q

Another term for TATA box

A

Goldberg-Hogness Box

41
Q

Base sequence of TATA box

A

5’-ATATAAAA-3’

42
Q

Location of TATA box

A

-25 region

43
Q

Base sequence of CAAT box

A

5’-GGCCAATCT-3’

44
Q

Location of CAAT box

A

-70 region

45
Q

Eukaryotic promoter regions

A

TATA box

CAAT box

46
Q

Binds to TATA box

Similar to alpha subunit in prokaryotes

A

TFIID

47
Q

Eukaryotic transcription factors

A

TFIID

48
Q

Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase in nucleolus

A

RNA polymerase I

49
Q

Product

RNA polymerase I

A

Large rRNA

50
Q

Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase that uses different promoter regions and affected by enhancers and silencers

A

RNA polymerase II

51
Q

RNA polymerase II is inhibited by ___

A

Amanita phalloides

52
Q

Product

RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA

snRNA

53
Q

Product

RNA polymerase III

A

tRNA
5S rRNA
snRNA

54
Q

Type of eukaryotic RNA polymerase that resembles prokaryotic RNA polymerase

A

Mitochondrial polymerase

55
Q

Reasons for modification of eukaryotic RNA

A

Complexity of RNA
Cell compartment issues
Transcription-export

56
Q

Introns are removed from anticodon loop via ____

A

tRNA splicing endonuclease

57
Q

Intervening sequences

A

Introns

58
Q

Expressed sequences

A

Exons

59
Q

5’ and 3’ are trimmed

A

tRNA modifications

60
Q

Addition of certain sequences at 3’ end and modification to unusual bases

A

tRNA modifications

61
Q

4 mRNA modifications

A

5’ capping
3’ Poly-A Tail
Removal of introns
Alternative splicing

62
Q

Used for translation initiation and stabilizes mRNA

A

5’ capping

63
Q

5’ capping is facilitated by ___

A

guanylyltransferase

guanine-7-methyltransferase

64
Q

In 5’ capping, the cap is ___

A

7-methylguanosine triphosphate

65
Q

Addition of 40-200 adenine bases

A

3’ Poly-A tail

66
Q

Facilitates 3’ Poly-A Tail

A

Polyadenylate polymerase

67
Q

3’ poly-A tail is used for protection against ___

A

Exonuclease

68
Q

Facilitates exit of mRNA from nucleus

A

3’ Poly-A tail

69
Q

Facilitated in a spliceosome

A

Removal of introns

70
Q

Removal of introns forms a ___– bonds will form on the loop and spliceosome will cut loop leaving RNA

A

Lariat loop

71
Q

snRNA + other protein

A

snRNP

72
Q

mRNA + snRNP

A

spliceosome

73
Q

Forms antibodies that attack snRNPs

A

SLE

Systemic lupus erythematosus

74
Q

Due to aberrant beta-globin mRNA splicing a lot of introns that aren’t removed properly

A

beta thalassemia

75
Q

Combination of different exons from pre-mRNA will yield different combinations of mRNAs and different proteins

A

Alternative splicing

76
Q

Testament to efficiency of eukaryotic mRNA in creating more proteins

A

Alternative splicing

01 Cell (22 decks)

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