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01 Cell > 2.15 Eukaryotic Transcription Control > Flashcards

2.15 Eukaryotic Transcription Control Flashcards

1
Q

View that genes cause trait

A

Genetic determinism

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2
Q

Reads DNA and tells you about your risk factors for certain diseases

A

DNA Test

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3
Q

Requirement for DNA Test

A

Saliva sample

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4
Q

RNAs synthesized by a cell or organism

A

Transcriptome

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5
Q

Set of protein sequences that can be derived by translation of all protein coding genes of a completely sequenced genome

A

Proteome

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6
Q

True or False

mRNA levels are not well-correlated with protein levels

A

True

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7
Q

Differentiation is anchored on ___

A

Gene expression

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8
Q

Study of changes in gene expression that are stable over rounds of cell division, and sometimes between generations but do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism

A

Epigenetics

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9
Q

Affects the phenotype of the organism

A

Epigenetics

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10
Q

Helps explain how environmental factors can impact gene expression, perhaps even after exposure to the original factor is over

A

Epigenetics

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11
Q

From double helix to chromosome

Gene has to be accessible for it to be transcribed

A

DNA Packaging

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12
Q

Difference between euchromatin (on) and heterochromatin (off)

A

Chromatin remodeling

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13
Q

Number of copies of a certain gene

A

Gene dosage

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14
Q

Important in expression

A

Gene dosing

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15
Q

In human cells, there are __ rDNA clusters located in ___. Each cluster contains ___ copies

A

5;
Chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22;
-70

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16
Q

Leads to over expression of gene product

A

Gene amplification

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17
Q

Selective increase in number of a certain gene without affecting the quantity of the other genes

A

Gene amplification

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18
Q

Seen in multiple drug resistant genes, which code for pumps that eject molecules as drugs from the cell, and cancer cells

A

Gene amplification

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19
Q

Important for breast cancer

A

HER-2/neu (erbB-2, EGFR-2)

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20
Q

Monoclonal antibody that binds to Her-2 receptor

A

Herceptin

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21
Q

Prevents dimerization from happening

A

Herceptin

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22
Q

Transcription happens in ___ while translation happens in ___

A

Nucleus

Cytosol

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23
Q

RNA contains ___ in the C-2. This makes RNA more prone to hydrolysis

A

Hydroxyl group

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24
Q

3 regions of gene

A

Promoter
Coding Region
Termination sequence

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25
Signals how much RNA/protein to produce and when and in which tissues
Promoter
26
Consensus promoter sequences in eukaryotes
TATA | CAAT
27
Composed of exons | Encodes the information for what protein to produce
Coding region
28
Signals the end of the gene
Termination sequence
29
Bind at promoter for the transcription initiation complex
SRB and RNA polymerase
30
Produced in the transcription
pre-mRNA
31
Done to protect and stabilize the primary transcripts as they exit into the cytosol
Posttranscriptional modifications
32
Posttranslational modifications
Capping 5' end Attaching poly-A tail Splicing introns
33
Binds the cap
Initiation factor
34
Searches for the start codon on the mRNA
eIFs | 40s
35
RNA polymerase type I Location
Nucleus
36
RNA polymerase type I Cellular Transcripts
5.8s, 18s, 28s
37
RNA polymerase type I Effects of alpha-amanitin
Insensitive
38
RNA polymerase type II Location
Nucleoplasm
39
RNA polymerase type II Cellular Transcripts
mRNA precursors, snRNA, miRNA
40
RNA polymerase type I Effects of alpha-amanitin
Strongly inhibited
41
RNA polymerase type III Location
Nucleoplasm
42
RNA polymerase type III Cellular Transcripts
tRNA 5s rRNA
43
RNA polymerase type III Effects of alpha-amanitin
Inhibited by high concentrations
44
Lies in DNA | Landing strip for RNA and general transcription factors
Promoters
45
Binding site of promoters are always in the ___ of the sequence
Beginning
46
Lies in DNA | Landing strip for specific transcription factors
Enhancers
47
Can be upstream, downstream or in the midst of a transcribed gene
Enhancers
48
Lies in DNA | Binds with transcription regulation factors
Silencers
49
Silencer-TRF complex prevents ___ from binding to promoter, hindering gene expression
RNA polymerase
50
Proteins Bind to regulatory sites on DNA can be regarded as passwords that cooperatively open multiple locks, giving RNA polymerase access to specific gene
Transcription factors
51
Which genes will be transcribed
Localization of transcription factors
52
Stimulate transcription at start sites thousands of bases away
Enhancers
53
Enhancers increase effectiveness of ___
Promoters
54
Eukaryotic promoters
Multiple transcription factors
55
Composed of the basal/general transcription factors and RNA polymerase
Basal Transcription Apparatus
56
Transcription factor subunits are recruited in the following order to form the complex:
TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE
57
ATP-dependent helicase initially separates DNA duplex for the polymerase
TFIIF
58
Illustrates the modular nature of transcription factors
Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF
59
Illustrates many keys and multiple concept
Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF
60
Enhancer of the rat somatostatin gene
Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF | with Pdx1 TF
61
2 major promoters initiating transcription
Exon 0 | Exon 1
62
Alternatively spliced exon
Exon 5a
63
Active in the pancreas
Enhancer A
64
Lens and cornea
Enhancer B
65
Neural tube
Enhancer C
66
Retina
Enhancer D
67
Within the DNA molecule Can be located in a promoter or enhancer Positions may vary but do not need to be next to the exons
Cis-acting elements
68
Diffusable elements | Not the sequences themselves but the products of the sequences
Trans-acting elements
69
Control gene expression by binding to cis-acting factors
Trans-acting elements
70
Importance of 5' cap
Stabilize mRNAs by protecting their ends from phosphatases and nucleases Enhance translational of mRNAs by eukaryotic proteins Protection and recognition
71
Importance of poly-A tail
Translation | Export to cytoplasm
72
mRNA is hydrolyzed downstream of the polyadenylation signal sequence to form pre-mRNA
Cleaving
73
Polyadenylation signal sequence
AAUAAA
74
Removes introns from RNA
Spliceosome
75
mRNA has to be transported from the nucleus to the cytosol through ____
Nuclear pore complex
76
3 general mechanisms for localization of mRNAs
mRNAs directed transport via cytoskeleton Random diffusion and trapping Generalized degradation + local protection
77
Function | mRNAs for actin
Cell movement and contraction
78
Function | mRNAs for tubulin
Mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella
79
Function | mRNAs for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase
Purine synthesis
80
Function | mRNAs for metalloproteinases
Implantation in uterus
81
Polarity of the bicoid signal is due to attachment of ___ to the cytoskeleton of the anterior region of egg
3' UTR
82
mRNA regulatory element that controls gene expression of bicoid protein
Bicoid 3' UTR regulatory element
83
Untranslated region | Indicates that there are still remaining mRNA
3'UTR
84
3' UTR is the target binding site of the ___
miRNAs
85
Regulates endogenous gene expression
RNAi
86
dsRNA cleaved by ___ into 21-25 nucleotide siRNA
Dicer
87
Mediates unwinding of siRNA
Slicer
88
siRNA forms complex with ___
RISC
89
Activates RISC
siRNA duplex
90
Cleaving mRNA
Gene silencing
91
(High/low) miRNA stops protein production
High
92
High lin-4RNA -> __ LIN-14
Low
93
High let-7 RNA -> __ LIN-41 protein
Low
94
Small RNAs that regulate gene expression | Repress translation by binding to or cleaving mRNA
miRNA
95
Does not need to be perfect binding, it can deal with multiple targets
Imperfect binding
96
Imperfect binding creates __
P-bodies
97
Complex that blocks translation
P-bodies
98
miRNA regulates degradation usually at the ___
3'UTRs
99
The 19-25nt miRNA;miRNA duplex is produced by ___
Dicer
100
True or false | Hormones can affect miRNA
True

01 Cell (22 decks)

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