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01 Cell > 2.15 Eukaryotic Transcription Control > Flashcards

2.15 Eukaryotic Transcription Control Flashcards

1
Q

View that genes cause trait

A

Genetic determinism

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2
Q

Reads DNA and tells you about your risk factors for certain diseases

A

DNA Test

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3
Q

Requirement for DNA Test

A

Saliva sample

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4
Q

RNAs synthesized by a cell or organism

A

Transcriptome

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5
Q

Set of protein sequences that can be derived by translation of all protein coding genes of a completely sequenced genome

A

Proteome

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6
Q

True or False

mRNA levels are not well-correlated with protein levels

A

True

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7
Q

Differentiation is anchored on ___

A

Gene expression

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8
Q

Study of changes in gene expression that are stable over rounds of cell division, and sometimes between generations but do not involve changes in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism

A

Epigenetics

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9
Q

Affects the phenotype of the organism

A

Epigenetics

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10
Q

Helps explain how environmental factors can impact gene expression, perhaps even after exposure to the original factor is over

A

Epigenetics

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11
Q

From double helix to chromosome

Gene has to be accessible for it to be transcribed

A

DNA Packaging

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12
Q

Difference between euchromatin (on) and heterochromatin (off)

A

Chromatin remodeling

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13
Q

Number of copies of a certain gene

A

Gene dosage

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14
Q

Important in expression

A

Gene dosing

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15
Q

In human cells, there are __ rDNA clusters located in ___. Each cluster contains ___ copies

A

5;
Chromosome 13, 14, 15, 21, 22;
-70

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16
Q

Leads to over expression of gene product

A

Gene amplification

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17
Q

Selective increase in number of a certain gene without affecting the quantity of the other genes

A

Gene amplification

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18
Q

Seen in multiple drug resistant genes, which code for pumps that eject molecules as drugs from the cell, and cancer cells

A

Gene amplification

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19
Q

Important for breast cancer

A

HER-2/neu (erbB-2, EGFR-2)

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20
Q

Monoclonal antibody that binds to Her-2 receptor

A

Herceptin

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21
Q

Prevents dimerization from happening

A

Herceptin

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22
Q

Transcription happens in ___ while translation happens in ___

A

Nucleus

Cytosol

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23
Q

RNA contains ___ in the C-2. This makes RNA more prone to hydrolysis

A

Hydroxyl group

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24
Q

3 regions of gene

A

Promoter
Coding Region
Termination sequence

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25
Q

Signals how much RNA/protein to produce and when and in which tissues

A

Promoter

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26
Q

Consensus promoter sequences in eukaryotes

A

TATA

CAAT

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27
Q

Composed of exons

Encodes the information for what protein to produce

A

Coding region

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28
Q

Signals the end of the gene

A

Termination sequence

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29
Q

Bind at promoter for the transcription initiation complex

A

SRB and RNA polymerase

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30
Q

Produced in the transcription

A

pre-mRNA

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31
Q

Done to protect and stabilize the primary transcripts as they exit into the cytosol

A

Posttranscriptional modifications

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32
Q

Posttranslational modifications

A

Capping 5’ end
Attaching poly-A tail
Splicing introns

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33
Q

Binds the cap

A

Initiation factor

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34
Q

Searches for the start codon on the mRNA

A

eIFs

40s

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35
Q

RNA polymerase type I Location

A

Nucleus

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36
Q

RNA polymerase type I Cellular Transcripts

A

5.8s, 18s, 28s

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37
Q

RNA polymerase type I Effects of alpha-amanitin

A

Insensitive

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38
Q

RNA polymerase type II Location

A

Nucleoplasm

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39
Q

RNA polymerase type II Cellular Transcripts

A

mRNA precursors, snRNA, miRNA

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40
Q

RNA polymerase type I Effects of alpha-amanitin

A

Strongly inhibited

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41
Q

RNA polymerase type III Location

A

Nucleoplasm

42
Q

RNA polymerase type III Cellular Transcripts

A

tRNA
5s
rRNA

43
Q

RNA polymerase type III Effects of alpha-amanitin

A

Inhibited by high concentrations

44
Q

Lies in DNA

Landing strip for RNA and general transcription factors

A

Promoters

45
Q

Binding site of promoters are always in the ___ of the sequence

A

Beginning

46
Q

Lies in DNA

Landing strip for specific transcription factors

A

Enhancers

47
Q

Can be upstream, downstream or in the midst of a transcribed gene

A

Enhancers

48
Q

Lies in DNA

Binds with transcription regulation factors

A

Silencers

49
Q

Silencer-TRF complex prevents ___ from binding to promoter, hindering gene expression

A

RNA polymerase

50
Q

Proteins
Bind to regulatory sites on DNA can be regarded as passwords that cooperatively open multiple locks, giving RNA polymerase access to specific gene

A

Transcription factors

51
Q

Which genes will be transcribed

A

Localization of transcription factors

52
Q

Stimulate transcription at start sites thousands of bases away

A

Enhancers

53
Q

Enhancers increase effectiveness of ___

A

Promoters

54
Q

Eukaryotic promoters

A

Multiple transcription factors

55
Q

Composed of the basal/general transcription factors and RNA polymerase

A

Basal Transcription Apparatus

56
Q

Transcription factor subunits are recruited in the following order to form the complex:

A

TFIIA, TFIIB, TFIIF, TFIIE

57
Q

ATP-dependent helicase initially separates DNA duplex for the polymerase

A

TFIIF

58
Q

Illustrates the modular nature of transcription factors

A

Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF

59
Q

Illustrates many keys and multiple concept

A

Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF

60
Q

Enhancer of the rat somatostatin gene

A

Pax6 (Paired box 6) TF

with Pdx1 TF

61
Q

2 major promoters initiating transcription

A

Exon 0

Exon 1

62
Q

Alternatively spliced exon

A

Exon 5a

63
Q

Active in the pancreas

A

Enhancer A

64
Q

Lens and cornea

A

Enhancer B

65
Q

Neural tube

A

Enhancer C

66
Q

Retina

A

Enhancer D

67
Q

Within the DNA molecule
Can be located in a promoter or enhancer
Positions may vary but do not need to be next to the exons

A

Cis-acting elements

68
Q

Diffusable elements

Not the sequences themselves but the products of the sequences

A

Trans-acting elements

69
Q

Control gene expression by binding to cis-acting factors

A

Trans-acting elements

70
Q

Importance of 5’ cap

A

Stabilize mRNAs by protecting their ends from phosphatases and nucleases
Enhance translational of mRNAs by eukaryotic proteins
Protection and recognition

71
Q

Importance of poly-A tail

A

Translation

Export to cytoplasm

72
Q

mRNA is hydrolyzed downstream of the polyadenylation signal sequence to form pre-mRNA

A

Cleaving

73
Q

Polyadenylation signal sequence

A

AAUAAA

74
Q

Removes introns from RNA

A

Spliceosome

75
Q

mRNA has to be transported from the nucleus to the cytosol through ____

A

Nuclear pore complex

76
Q

3 general mechanisms for localization of mRNAs

A

mRNAs directed transport via cytoskeleton
Random diffusion and trapping
Generalized degradation + local protection

77
Q

Function

mRNAs for actin

A

Cell movement and contraction

78
Q

Function

mRNAs for tubulin

A

Mitotic spindles, cilia, flagella

79
Q

Function

mRNAs for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase

A

Purine synthesis

80
Q

Function

mRNAs for metalloproteinases

A

Implantation in uterus

81
Q

Polarity of the bicoid signal is due to attachment of ___ to the cytoskeleton of the anterior region of egg

A

3’ UTR

82
Q

mRNA regulatory element that controls gene expression of bicoid protein

A

Bicoid 3’ UTR regulatory element

83
Q

Untranslated region

Indicates that there are still remaining mRNA

A

3’UTR

84
Q

3’ UTR is the target binding site of the ___

A

miRNAs

85
Q

Regulates endogenous gene expression

A

RNAi

86
Q

dsRNA cleaved by ___ into 21-25 nucleotide siRNA

A

Dicer

87
Q

Mediates unwinding of siRNA

A

Slicer

88
Q

siRNA forms complex with ___

A

RISC

89
Q

Activates RISC

A

siRNA duplex

90
Q

Cleaving mRNA

A

Gene silencing

91
Q

(High/low) miRNA stops protein production

A

High

92
Q

High lin-4RNA -> __ LIN-14

A

Low

93
Q

High let-7 RNA -> __ LIN-41 protein

A

Low

94
Q

Small RNAs that regulate gene expression

Repress translation by binding to or cleaving mRNA

A

miRNA

95
Q

Does not need to be perfect binding, it can deal with multiple targets

A

Imperfect binding

96
Q

Imperfect binding creates __

A

P-bodies

97
Q

Complex that blocks translation

A

P-bodies

98
Q

miRNA regulates degradation usually at the ___

A

3’UTRs

99
Q

The 19-25nt miRNA;miRNA duplex is produced by ___

A

Dicer

100
Q

True or false

Hormones can affect miRNA

A

True

01 Cell (22 decks)

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