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01 Cell > 2.16 Protein Processing > Flashcards

2.16 Protein Processing Flashcards

1
Q

Portions of a nonfunctional protein are removed, resulting to release of an active protein

A

Cleaving

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2
Q

Responsible for removing these portions by breaking their peptide bonds

A

Endoproteases

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3
Q

Inactive precursors of enzymes

A

Zymogens

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4
Q

inactive form of trypsin

A

Trypsinogen

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5
Q

Inactive form of chymotrypsin

A

Chymotrysinogen

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6
Q

Inactive precursors of hormones

A

Prohormones

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7
Q

Covalent attachment of chemical groups to protein

A

Altering

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8
Q

Modifications by altering include:

A

Phosphorylation
Glycosylation
Hydroxylation
Other covalent modifications (Carboxylation and Farnesylation)

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9
Q

Addition of phosphate groups by kinases

A

Phosphorylation

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10
Q

Occurs on hydroxyl groups of serine, threonine and less frequently in tyrosine

A

Phosphorylation

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11
Q

Addition of carbohydrate to form glycopreoteins

A

Glycosylation

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12
Q

Important in producing antigenic properties of proteins

A

Glycosylation

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13
Q

Used for protein targeting and signaling

A

Glycosylation

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14
Q

Addition of hydroxyl groups by hydroxylases

A

Hydroxylation

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15
Q

Glutamate residues are carboxylated to become gamma-carboxyglutamate

A

Carboxylation

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16
Q

Attachment of lipids for anchoring proteins to membranes

A

Farnesylation

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17
Q

Proteins that are aberrant are tagged for destruction

A

Degrading

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18
Q

Located almost everywhere in the cell and tags aberrant proteins

A

Ubiquitin

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19
Q

Destroys abberant proteins

A

Proteasome

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20
Q

Enzymes hydroxylates and oxidizes specific AA (proline, lysine)
Amino terminal peptides are cleaved off

A

Procollagen

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21
Q

Multiple ribosome units are translating the same mRNA

A

Polyribosomes/polysomes

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22
Q

Polysomes are located in ___ or within ___

A

Cytosol

RER

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23
Q

Protein sorting occurs via two pathways:

A

Cytosolic pathway

Rough endoplasmic reticulum pathway

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24
Q

Proteins for the nucleus, peroxisome, mitochondria, cytosol

A

Cytosolic pathway

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25
Q

Membranes, lysosomic enzymes, secretory proteins

A

RER pathway

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26
Q

Signal sequences produced in initial translation will determine if the protein will be fully synthesized in free cytosol or rough ER

A

Signal Hypothesis

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27
Q

Components of signal hypothesis

A 
Signal sequence
Signal recognition particle
SRP receptor
Translocator
Signal peptidase
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28
Q

Ribonucleoprotein that consists of a 7s RNA with 300 nucleotides and 6 different proteins

A

Signal recognition particle

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29
Q

Nuclear localization proteins

A

Nucleus

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30
Q

Peroxisomal-matrix targeting sequences

A

Peroxisome

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31
Q

Targeting proteins to the matrix

A

Mitochondria

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32
Q

RER pathway

A

Membranes (Plasma, ER, BGA)
Lysosomes
Secretory proteins

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33
Q

Pancreatic cancer cells

A

Zymogens

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34
Q

Pancreatic beta cells

A

Insulin
c-Peptide
Amylin

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35
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Collagen
Elastin
Glycoproteins
Proteoglycans

36
Q

Goblet cells

A

Glycoproteins (mucins)

Proteoglycans

37
Q

Intestinal mucosal cells

A

Chylomicrons

38
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Serum albums
Other plasma proteins
VLDL

39
Q

Type of processing

All proteins of secretory pathway

A

Removal of signal sequences

40
Q

Type of processing

Most proteins of secretory pathways

A

Disulfide bond formation

41
Q

Type of processing
Collagen
Other glycoproteins
Proteogrlycans

A

Glycosylation

42
Q

Type of processing
Collagen
Elastin

A

Amino acid modifications

43
Q

Type of processing
Insulin
Other peptide and protein hormones

A

Partial proteolytic cleavage

44
Q

Process of ingesting large particles such as viruses, bacteria, cells or debris

A

Phagocytosis

45
Q

Occurs in specialized cells such as macrophages and granulocytes

A

Phagocytosis

46
Q

Intake of a protein from outside the cell via a receptor then parts of the plasma membrane form a protective vesicle around it

A

Phagocytosis

47
Q

Uptake of fluid and fluid content, smaller molecules, primarily inorganic molecules

A

Pinocytosis

48
Q

Cell drinking

A

Pinocytosis

49
Q

Nonselective process of solute uptake

A

Fluid-phase pinocytosis

50
Q

A more specific uptake of macro molecules that utilize membrane-bound receptors

A

Absorptive pinocytosis

51
Q

Receptor-mediated pinocytosis

A

Absorptive pinocytosis

52
Q

Two types of pinocytosis

A

Fluid-phase pinocytosis

Absorptive pinocytosis

53
Q

Proteins will adhere to specific receptors and need to be arranged in a way so that certain vesicle-forming molecules will be able to property form their vesicles around them

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

54
Q

Vesicle-forming molecules

A

Clathrin-adaptin molecules

55
Q

Functions of receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Uptake of substances
Waste disposal
Mucosal transfer

56
Q

Process wherein the substance is endocytosed in one side of a celll and is exocytosed to the other side

A

Transcytosis

57
Q

Protein responsible for phagocytosis

A

Actin

58
Q

Proteins responsible for receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

Actin
Clathrin
Adaptin

59
Q

Process where a defective organelle enclosed by formation of a double bilayer vesible around it

A

Macroautophagy

60
Q

Present in all four endocytic pathways that serve as end points of ingested substances
Vesicles acting as recycling centers

A

Lysosomes

61
Q

Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzyme usually produced by ____

A

RER

62
Q

Cells are unable to degrade materials, hence, these are being accumulated in the lysosome

A

Lysosomal storage diseases

63
Q

Neimann-pick
Tay-Sachs
Fabry
Farber

A

Lipid-storage diseases

64
Q

Hunter and hurler

A

Glycoprotein-storage diseases

65
Q

Pompe

A

Glycogen-storage disease

66
Q

Sequnce of AA

Dictates the final shape/folding of protein

A

Primary structure

67
Q

alpha-helix

beta-pleated sheets

A

Secondary structure

68
Q

3-d conformation of a polypeptide

A

Tertiary structure

69
Q

Interaction of more than one tertiary structure

A

Quaternary structure

70
Q

Responsible for binding to hydrophobic areas and prevents improper folding
Has ATPase acitivity

A

Chaperone

71
Q

Affected protein

Cystic fibrosis

A

CFTR

72
Q

Affected protein

Hemophilia A

A

Factor VIII, IX

73
Q

Affected protein

Von Willebrand disease

A

von Willebrand factor

74
Q

Affected protein

Tay-sachs disease

A

B-hexominase

75
Q

Affected protein

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A

LDL receptor

76
Q

Affected protein

alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency

A

alpha1-antitrypsin

77
Q

Inactivates eEF-2

A

Diphtheria toxin

78
Q

Inactivates 28s RNA

A

Ricin

79
Q

A-site of ribosome: aminonucleoside analogue (fake tRNA forming an amide bond)

A

Puromocyin

80
Q

30s subunit or small ribosomal subunit (prevents initiation)

A

Aminoglycosides

81
Q

30s subunit of small ribosomal subunit (prevents binding of aminoacyl tRNAs to A-site)

A

Tetracycline

82
Q

50s subunit or large ribosomal subunit

Inhibits peptidyltransferase

A

Chloramphenicol

83
Q

50s subunit or large ribosomal subunit (inhibits translocation)

A

Clindamycin/erythromycin

84
Q

23s subunit

A

Macrolides

85
Q

60s subunit

A

Cycloheximide

01 Cell (22 decks)

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