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01 Cell > 2.02 Histology > Flashcards

2.02 Histology Flashcards

0
Q

Make use of microscopes

A

Histology

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1
Q

Encompasses the study of cells, extra cellular components, and their organization into tissues, organs, organ system

A

Histology

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2
Q

Makes use of visible light to view a specimen

A

Light microscope

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3
Q

Utilizes a beam of energized electrons which passes through or is bounced off by the specimen

A

Electron microscope

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4
Q

Electrons pass on the surface

A

Scanning EM

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5
Q

Passes through the specimen

A

Transmission EM

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6
Q

Bathe in fixative

A

Fixation

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7
Q

Terminates cellular processes
Preserves cellular architecture/tissue morphology
Prevents autolysis of organelles
Protection against bacteria

A

Fixative

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8
Q

Bathe in progressively increasing concentrations of ethyl alcohol

A

Dehydration

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9
Q

Remove water from the cell

A

Dehydration

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10
Q

Bathe in lipid-solvent

A

Clearing

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11
Q

To remove alcohol and lipids in preparation for next step

A

Clearing

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12
Q

Bake specimen in melted paraffin wax (58-60)

A

Embedding

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13
Q

Use microtome

A

Sectioning

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14
Q

Sections tissue thinly

A

Sectioning

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15
Q

To distinguish different structures

A

Staining

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16
Q

Basic dye

Reacts with acidic components

A

Hematoxylin

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17
Q

Stains the DNA, RNA due to their acidic nature

A

Hematoxylin

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18
Q

Acidic dye

Reacts with basic components

A

Eosin

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19
Q

Stains collagen and cytoplasm pink

A

Eosin

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20
Q

Magenta

Glycogen and carbohydrate rich molecules

A

Periodic acid schiff stain

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21
Q

Differential staining for blood cells

A

Wright and giemsa stain

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22
Q

Pink: erythrocytes, eosinophil granules
Purple: leukocyte nuclei, basophil granules
Blue: cytoplasm of monocytes and lymphocytes

A

Wright and Giemsa stain

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23
Q

Stains Elastic fiber brown

A

Orcein

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24
Q

Stains reticular fibers black

A

Silver stain

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25
Q

Stains striations of muscles, nuclei, erythrocytes

A

Iron Hematoxylin Stain

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26
Q

Stains collagen fibers light blue
Nuclei, dark blue
Cytoplasm and muscle, red

A

Massom’s trichome

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27
Q

Contains DNA that encodes the instructions for synthesis of all proteins and enzymes of the cell

A

Nucleus

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28
Q

Contains organelles and inclusions suspended in a fluid medium called the cytosol

A

Cytoplasm

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29
Q

Principal site of metabolic function of cell

A

Cytoplasm

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30
Q

Metabolically active
Internal cellular organs carrying out specific essential functions
Bound by membrane

A

Organelles

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31
Q

Metabolically inert
Accumulation of cell products
Dispensable
Not bound by a membrane

A

Inclusions

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32
Q

Plasmalemma
Trilaminar structure due to phospholipid bilayer
Composed of phospholipids and proteins

A

Cell membrane

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33
Q

Two components of lipid bilayer

Responsible for cellular form and permeability

A

Phospholipids

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34
Q

Kinds of protein

Spans the entire width of plasma membrane

A

Intrinsic protein

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35
Q

Kinds of protein

Found only on inner or outer surface of Plasmalemma

A

Extrinsic protein

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36
Q

Transports a substance from the external environment inracellularly

A

Carrier proteins

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37
Q

Allows communication between external and internal environment of the cell
Allow molecules to go in and out

A

Channel protein

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38
Q

Binding domain for substances such as hormones

A

Receptor

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39
Q

Carbohydrate chains attached to proteins and phospholipid molecules in outer leaflet
Mat of delicate branching polysaccharide filaments

A

Glycocalyx

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40
Q

Functions of glycocalyx

A

Cell recognition
Intercellular adhesion
Mechanical and chemical protection for cell membrane

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41
Q

Largest organelle of the cell
Contains the genetic material of the organism
Site of transcription

A

Nucleus

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42
Q

Components of nucleus

A

Chromatin
Nucleolus
Nuclear envelope
Nucleoplasm

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43
Q

Contains mRNA therefore present in active cells

A

Nucleolus

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44
Q

Two chains containing nucleotide subunits
Nucleotides, sugar, phosphate base
Specific pairing of bases

A

DNA

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45
Q

Folded polypeptides composed of specific sequence of amino acids

A

Proteins

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46
Q

Functions of proteins

A

Structural component of cells
Enzyme catalyzing metabolic reactions
Secretory products

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47
Q

Sequence of three nucleotides that encodes a specific amino acid

A

Triplet or codon

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48
Q

Sequence of triplets providing the information for the synthesis of a particular protein

A

Gene

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49
Q

Single chain of nucleotide subunits

A

RNA

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50
Q

Types of RNA

A

Messenger RNA
Transfer RNA
Ribosomal RNA

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51
Q

A single strand RNA molecule transcribed from template DNA within the nucleus with the help of RNA polymerase II

A

mRNA

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52
Q

A triloop cloverleaf shaped single RNA strand that delivers amino acids to the translation site

A

tRNA

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53
Q

Complement codon in the mRNA

Loop on the tip of the clover leaf contains a group of three bases called ____________

A

Anti codon

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54
Q

An RNA and protein complex that catalyzes the attachment of each new amino acid onto the growing peptide chain

A

rRNA

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55
Q

Clumps of basophil ice material seen in the nucleus

Consists of DNA and associated proteins

A

Chromatin

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56
Q

Beads on a string

Consists of a core of eight histone molecules with two loops of DNA wrapped around the octomer

A

Nucleosome

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57
Q

Discrete bodies containing condensed and tightly coiled chromatin
Found in dividing cells

A

Chromosomes

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58
Q

Dark dense clumps adjacent to nuclear membrane
Inactive chromatin in a condensed state
More basophilic
Coiled

A

Heterochromatin

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59
Q

Active chromatin

Chromatin stretched out so genetic information of DNA can be read and transcribed

A

Euchromatin

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61
Q

Two parallel membranes separated by a perinuclear cisterna

A

Nuclear envelope

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62
Q

Avenue of communication between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

A

Nuclear pore

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63
Q

Nuclear pore is closed by ______

A

Pore diaphragm

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64
Q

Nonmembranous structures associated with nuclear pore

A

Nuclear pore complex

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65
Q

Components of nuclear pore complex

A

8 particles attached to the inner and outer ring

8 radially arranged spokes projecting inward

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66
Q

Principal barrier to movement of particles >10 nm

A

Nuclear pore complex

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67
Q

Consists mainly of RNA and protein

Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis

A

Nucleolus

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68
Q

Extensive system of membrane bounded canaliculi

Consists of a series of flattened sacs arranged in parallel array

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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69
Q

Series of flattened sacs in ER

A

cisternae

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70
Q

Two kinds of ER

A

Rough ER

Smooth ER

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71
Q

Continuous with nucleus

Outer surface of membranes contain ribosomes

A

Rough ER

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72
Q

Functions of rough ER

A

Synthesis of proteins for export from the cell
Synthesis of integral protein of the plasma membrane
Abundant in protein secreting cells

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73
Q

Absence of ribosomes in the membranes

A

Smooth ER

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74
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A

Synthesis of fatty acids and other lipids
Detoxification and metabolism of lipid-soluble exogenous drugs and alcohols
Abundant in steroid secreting endocrine glands

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75
Q

Complex structures composed of RNA and proteins

Composed of large and small subunit

A

Ribosomes

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76
Q

10 or more ribosomes may be associated with mRNA

A

Free ribosomes

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77
Q

Another term for free ribosomes

A

Polysomes

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78
Q

Involved in the synthesis of proteins to be used in cytosol

A

Free ribosomes

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79
Q

Involved in synthesis of proteins for export or for membrane system

A

Ribosomes attached to ER

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80
Q

Abundant in cells that produce a lot of secretion
Does not stain hence produces a negative image
Usually presents as an empty space in plasma cells

A

Golgi apparatus

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81
Q

Functions of golgi apparatus

A

Packaging
Concentrating
Sorting
Membrane synthesis

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82
Q

Convex side, outer, immature

A

cis-phase

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83
Q

Concave side, inner, mature

A

trans-phase

84
Q

Provides energy for the biosynthetic and motor activities of the cell

A

Mitochondria

85
Q

Principal biochemical activity

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

86
Q

Two membranes of mitochondria

A

Smooth outer membrane

Cristae mitochondrialis

87
Q

Two spaces of mitochondria

A

Intermembrane space

Intercristal space

88
Q

Round, electron dense bodies

Assembled by fusion of vesicles coming from the Golgi complex and endosomes

A

Lysosome

89
Q

Important in programmed cell death

A

Lysosome

90
Q

Function similar to smooth ER

Oxidation of long chain fatty acids

A

Peroxisome

Microbodies

91
Q

Peroxisomes contain _________

A

Oxidative enzymes

Catalase

92
Q

Not membrane bound

Granular area witin the cytoplasm containing a pair of centrioles

A

Centrosome

93
Q

Paired, short, rod-like bodies found near the nucleus in nondividing cells
Arranged perpendicularly with each other

A

Centrioles

94
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Provide basal bodies (flagella and cilia)

95
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusion

Visible through PAS stain

A

Glycogen

96
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusion

Signet ring appearance

A

Lipid

97
Q

Cytoplasmic inclusion
Pigment
Residual granules/bodies in a cell

A

Lipofuscin

98
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Structural support for the plasma membrane and cellular organelles
Movement of cellular organelles
Movement of cilia and flagella
Contractility of muscles

99
Q

Composed of fine strands of the protein actin

Gives the peripheral region of the cytoplasm a firm gel-like consistency

A

Microfilament

100
Q

Largest structural element of the cytoskeleton

A

Microtubules

101
Q

Arises from the centrosome

Important role in deirecting movements of organelles and vesicles

A

Microtubules

102
Q

Functions of microtubules

A 
Transport of vesicles and organelles
Cell elongation and movement
Maintenance of cell shape
Beating of cilia and flagella
Movement of chromosomes
103
Q

Stable supporting function of the cytoskeleton

intermediate in size between microfilament and microtubule

A

Intermediate filament

104
Q

Main structural component of skin cells

A

Keratin filament

105
Q

Study of the tissues of the body and how these tissues are arranged to constitute organs

A

Histology

106
Q

Name the two interacting components of the tissues

A

Cells

Extracellular matrix

107
Q

Consists of many kinds of macromolecules, most of which form complex structures

A

ECM

108
Q

Supports the cells and the fluid that transports nutrients to the cells and carries away their catabolites and secretory products

A

ECM

109
Q

Small pieces of tissue are placed in solutions of chemicals that preserve by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes

A

Fixation

110
Q

Tissue is transferred through a series of increasingly concentrated alcohol solutions, ending in 100%
Remove water

A

Dehydration

111
Q

Alcohol is removed in toulene or other agents in which both alcohol and paraffin are miscible

A

Clearing

112
Q

Tissue is then placed in melted paraffin until it becomes completely infiltrated with this substance

A

Infiltration

113
Q

Paraffin-infiltrated tissue is placed in a small mold with melted paraffin and allowed to harden

A

Embedding

114
Q

The resulting paraffin block is trimmed to expose the tissue for sectioning on a microtome

A

Trimmming

115
Q

Used for sectioning paraffin-embedded tissues for lilght microscopy

A

Microtome

116
Q

Avoid tissue degradation by enzymes present within the cells or bacteria
Preserve cell and tissue structure

A

Fixation

117
Q

Diffuse through the tissues to preserve all cells

React with the amine groups of tissue proteins to avoid degradation

A

Fixative

118
Q

Widely used fixative

A

Formalin

Buffered isotonic solution of 37% formaldehyde

119
Q

Fixative often used for electron microscopy

A

Glutaraldehyde

120
Q

Using a buffered glutaraldehyde solution followed by immersion in buffered osmium tetroxide

A

Double-fixation procedure

121
Q

Preserves membrane lipids as well as proteins

A

Osmium tetroxide

122
Q

Embedding material for light microscopy

A

Paraffin

123
Q

Embedding material for both light and electron microscopy

A

Plastic resin

124
Q

Water is extracted from the fixed tissues by successive transfer through a graded series of ethanol and water

A

Dehydration

125
Q

As organic solvent (miscible with both alcohol and embedding medium) infiltrates the tissues, they become more transparent

A

Clearing

126
Q

The fully cleared tissue is then placed in melted paraffin in an oven at 52-60 deg C. The clearing solvent evaporates and the tissue is filled with liquid paraffin

A

Embedding

127
Q

Avoids the higher temperatures needed for paraffin embedding, which helps avoid shrinkage and major distortion of the tissue

A

Plastic embeddin

128
Q

Micron

A

Micrometer

129
Q

Angstrom

A

Nanometer

130
Q

Cells components with a net negative charge stain more readily with basic dyes

A

Basophilic

131
Q

Cationic components that have affinity for acidic dyes

A

Acidophilic

132
Q

Toluidine blue
Alcian blue
Methylene bluie
Hematoxylin

A

Basic dye

133
Q

Eosin
Orange G
Acid fuchsin

A

Acid dye

134
Q

Stain that can show nuclei and cytoplasm very well and distinguish extracellular components better than H&E

A

Trichomes

Masson stain, Mallory stain

135
Q

Deoxyribose sugars are hydrolyzed by mild HCl

A

Feulgen reaction

136
Q

Glycogen in liver and striated muscle can be demonstrated by ______

A

PAS

137
Q

Short branched chains of sugars attached to specific amino acids

A

Glycoprotein

138
Q

Anionic, unbranced long-chain polysaccharides containing aminated sugars

A

Glycosaminoglycan

139
Q

GAGs attached to a core protein

A

Proteoglycan

140
Q

Pretreatment of a tissue section with an enzyme that specifically digests one substrate

A

Enzyme digestion

141
Q

Single stain that is applied separately to allow better recognition of nuclei and other structures

A

Counterstain

142
Q

Lipophilic dye

A

Sudan black

143
Q

Final step before microscopic observation

A

Mounting (Protective glass coverslip on the slide with clear adhesive)

144
Q 
Conventional bright-field microscopy
Fluorescence
Phase-contrast
Differential interference
Confocal
Polarizing microscopy
A

Light microscopy

145
Q

Bright field microscope

Name the 3 optical components

A

Condenser
Objective
Eyepiece

146
Q

Collects and focuses a cone of light that illuminates the object to be observed

A

Condenser

147
Q

enlarges and projects the image of the object in the direction of the eyepiece

A

Objective lens

148
Q

Further magnifies this image and projects it onto the viewer’s retina or a charge-coupled device highly sensitive to low light levels with a monitor and camera

A

Eyepiece

149
Q

Critical factor in obtaining a crisp, detailed image with a light microscope
Smallest distance between the two particles at which they can be seen as separate object

A

Resolving power

150
Q

Based on the interaction of tissue components with beams of electrons

A

Electon microscopy

151
Q

Imaging system that permits resolution around 3nm, which allows magnifications up to 400, 000x
Images are always black, white and shades of gray

A

Transmission electron microscopy

152
Q

Imaging system: focused electron beam does not pass through the specimen, but rather is moved sequentially from point to point across its surface similar to the way an electron beam is scanned across the television tube or screen

A

Scanning electron microscope

153
Q

Techniques that allow TEM study of cells without fixation or embedding (unfixed frozen cells, with fractured membranes or cut surfaces coated with carbon and heavy metal to make a replica of the surface for analysis)

A

Cryofracture

Freeze etching

154
Q

Outermost component of the cell, separating the cytoplasm from its extracellular environment

A

Cell/Plasma membrane

Plasmalemma

155
Q

Plasma membrane contains proteins called _____ linked to both cytoplasmic protein filaments and ECM components

A

Integrins

156
Q

Fluid component of the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol

157
Q

Metabolically active structures in the cytoplasm

Maybe membranous or nonmembranous protein complexes

A

Organelles

158
Q

Determines the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

A

Cytoskeleton

159
Q

Minor cytoplasmic structures that are generally deposits of carbohydrates, lipids or pirgments

A

Inclusion

160
Q

Functions as a selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell and facilitating the transport of specific molecules
Keeps the ion content of the cytoplasm constant

A

Cell/Plasma Membrane

161
Q

Delicate cell surface coating

Some of the outer lipids include oligosaccharide chains that extend outward from the cells surface are called __________

A

Glycocalyx

162
Q

Proteins in cell membrane that are directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer itself

A

Integral proteins

163
Q

Proteins in cell membrane that exhibit a looser association with one of the two membrane surfaces

A

Peripheral proteins

164
Q

Amphipathic, with a phosphate group charge on the polar head and two long, nonpolar fatty acid chains

A

Phospholipid

165
Q

Membranes of animal cells have as their major lipid components ______ and _____

A

Phospholipid and cholesterol

166
Q

Small electron-dense particles

Assemble the protein chain from amino acids

A

Ribosome

167
Q

Synthesize cytosolic and cytoskeletal proteins and proteins for import into the nucleus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes

A

Free ribosome

168
Q

Synthesize proteins that are to be incorporated into membranes, stored in lysosomes or eventually secreted from the cell

A

Ribosomes attached to the membranes of ER

169
Q

Convoluted membranous network

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

170
Q

Network of ER extends from the surface of the nucleus to the cell membrane and encloses a series of intercommunicating channels and sacs called ____

A

Cisternae

171
Q

Prominent in cells, specialized from protein secretion
Consists of saclike as well as parallel stacks of flattened cisternae
Presence of ribosomes

A

Rough ER

172
Q

Synthesis and segretation of proteins not destined for cytosol
Initial glycosylation of glycoproteins
Posttranslational modifications of newly formed polypeptides
Assembly of multichain proteins

A

Rough ER

173
Q

Not basophilic (lack ribosomes)
Have enzymes for glycogen and lipid metabolism, detoxification reaction and temporary calcium sequestration
Phospholipid and steroid synthesis

A

Smooth ER

174
Q

Completes the posttranslational modifications of proteins synthesized in the RER and then packages and addresses these proteins to proper destinations

A

Golgi apparatus

175
Q

Transport material from RER cisternae to the golgi apparatus

Move along cytoskeletal polymers by motor proteins

A

Transport vesicles

176
Q

Golgi-receiving region

A

cis face

177
Q

Golgi-shippineg region

A

trans face

178
Q

Site of intracellular digestion and turnover of celluar components

A

Lysosomes

179
Q

Contain hydrolytic enzymes

Particularly abundant in cells with great phagocytic activity

A

Lysosomes

180
Q

Enzymes of lysosomes have optimal activity at an ____ pH

A

acidic (around 5.0)

181
Q

Indigestible material is rerained within a small vacuolar remnant (after digestion of macromolecules by lysosome)

A

Residual body

182
Q

In some long-lived cells (neurons, heart muscle), residual bodies can accumulate over time as granules of ______

A

Lipofuscin

183
Q

Process of digestion of excess or nonfunctional organelles and other cytoplasmic structures

A

Autophagy

184
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelles with arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic respiration and production of ATP

A

MItochondria

185
Q

Two compartments of mitochondria

A

Matrix

Intermembrane space

186
Q

Inner membrane of mitochondria is folded to form a series of long infoldings called _____
Project into the matrix and greatly increase this membrane’s surface area

A

Cristae

187
Q

Spherical organelles enclosed by a single membrane and named for their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide

A

Peroxisomes

188
Q

Peroxidase that can break down hydrogen peroxide

A

Catalase

189
Q

Peroxidase that oxidize substrates by removing hydrogen atoms that are transferred to molecular oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide

A

Oxidase

190
Q

Complex array of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
Determine the shape of cell
Movement of organelles and cytoplasmic vesicles
Movement of entire cells

A

Cytoskeleton

191
Q

Microtubules are organized into larger arryas called axonemes in the cytoplasmic extensions called ___ and ___

A

Cilia

Flagella

192
Q

Composed of actin
Allow cellular motility and most contractile activity in cells, by reversible assmebly of the actin filaments and interactions between these filaments and the associated protein

A

Microfilament

193
Q

Class of filaments intermediate in size between the other two
More stable than the other two

A

Intermediate filaments

194
Q

Have little or no metabolic activity but contain accumulated metabolites or other substances not encolsed by membrane

A

Inclusion

195
Q

Accumulation of lipid molecules

A

Fat droplets

196
Q

Aggregates of the carbohydrate polymer in which glucose is stored
Visible when stained with PAS

A

Glycogen granules

197
Q

Yellowish-brown pigment visualized by H&E staining in many cells, especially in stable nondividing cells
Wear-and-tear piagment

A

Lipofuscin

198
Q

Dense brown aggregate of denatured ferritin proteins with many atoms of bound iron

A

Hemosiderin

199
Q

Viscous fluid medium of cytoplasm with dissolved solutes

Provide support for organelles

A

Cytosol

200
Q

Command center of the cell

A

Nucleus

201
Q

Forms a selectively permeable barrier between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments

A

Nuclear envelope

202
Q

Mass of DNA and associated protein

A

Chromatin

203
Q

Nuclear envelope has two concentric membranes are separated by a narrow ______

A

perinuclear space

204
Q

The inner and outer nuclear membranes are bridged at _____
Large assemblies of nucleoporins with eightfold symmetry through which proteins and protein-RNA complexes move in both directions

A

nuclear pore complexes

205
Q

DNA molecule wraps around histones to form ___

A

nucleosome

206
Q

Very basophilic or electron-dense area of chromatin localized where rRNA transcription and ribosomal subunits assembly occur

A

Nucleolus

01 Cell (22 decks)

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