2016 final Flashcards
which of the following functions of the retina will be affected by a drug that inhibits Adenylate cyclase?
A) color vision
B) light/dark discrimination
C) night vision
D) motion detection
?
What is the side effect of tacrine that makes it not used in alzheimers patients?
A) nephrotoxicity
B) hepatotoxicity
C) cardiotoxicity
B) hepatotoxicity
what structure would be least likely affected from cavernous sinus thrombosis?
A) Trochlear nerve B) Ophthalmic nerve C) Maxillary branch of Trigeminal (V2) D) Mandibular branch of Trigeminal (V3) E) Abducens nerve
D) Mandibular branch of Trigeminal (V3)
What is the best treatment plan for a patient diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease?
A) Carbidopa-selegiline-amantadine
B) Levodopa-carbidopa-entacopone
C) Cabidopa-domperidone-benzotropine
D) Domperidone-ropinirole-amantadine
B) Levodopa-carbidopa-entacopone
what type of headache lasts for 5-240 seconds?
A) Cluster
B) SUNCT
C) Tension
D) Migraine
B) SUNCT
70 year old hypertensive man came to the emergency room with right sided leg and arm numbness
Neurological examination: Ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis, in the left side
Loss of pain and temperature in the left side. What is affected?
A) Lateral medullary, left side B) Medial medullary, left side C) Hypothalamus, right side D) Pontine tegmentum, right side E) Medullary tegmentum, right side
A) Lateral medullary, left side
( the question in the exam had some contradictory signs, but the we had only one choice having lateral medullary which is towards the left)
what nerve accompanies the ophthalmic artery?
A) Nasociliary B) Lacrimal C) Abducens D) Frontal E) Supraorbital
A) Nasociliary
what is true about Alzheimer’s
ApoE4 increases the risk
which cellular network is responsible for the accuracy of sound localization?
A) Cellular network of inner hair cells
B) Neuronal connections in the ganglion cells
C) Interneurons in the cochlear nuclei
D) Neuronal network in the superior olivary nuclei
D) Neuronal network in the superior olivary nuclei
unilateral cerebellar signs, right side dysdiadokinesia, nystagmus stroking to the right, swaying towards the right
A) Right cerebellar lesion
B) Left cerebellar lesion
A) Right cerebellar lesion
- Sensory-motor hierarchy?
A) Primary sensory > PAA > AAA > premotor > primary motor
splenium of the corpus callosum bulges to which part of the lateral ventricle
A) Anterior horn
B) Posterior horn
C) Inferior horn
D) Central horn
C) Inferior horn
which bacteria cause of meningitis is treated with IV antibiotics and dexamethasone?
A) Listeria monocytogenes
B) S. agalectia
C) E. coli
D) S. pneumonie
D) S. pneumonie
which of the following is responsible for depolarization by mechanosensory receptors of touch stimulus
By stretch
what is the nucleus that gives preganglionic fibers to the submandibular gland?
Superior salivatory nucleus
which of these cortical areas does the band of baillarger pass through
A) visual cortex
B) frontal cortex
C) somatosensory cortex
D) temporal cortex
A) visual cortex
Motor nucleus of the vagus nerve:
A) nucleus tractus solitarius
B) nucleus ambiguous
B) nucleus ambiguous
mechanism of action of Imipramine
inhibit the neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin
young boy had a car accident, lost 3 liters of blood and died after 3 days. What can be seen in his brain
- Edema
- Cyst
- Uncal heniation
- Wedge-shaped infarction
- Subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Wedge-shaped infarction
what drug needs to cross the blood brain barrier
A) Domperidone
B) Selegiline
C) Benserazide
B) Selegiline
why does the majority of antipsychotic drugs cause extra pyramidal symptoms?
A) Low affinity binding to D2R
B) Binding to nAch receptors
C) Blocking D2R in the nigrostriatal pathway
C) Blocking D2R in the nigrostriatal pathway
defect in the genes encoding for neural crest cells to migrate will affect the development of which of the following:
A) Sulcus limitans
B) Basal plate
C) Ventral root of the spinal cord
D) Dorsal root ganglion
D) Dorsal root ganglion
a 33 years old got a severe accident and became unconscious. He was unresponsive to noxious stimulation and EEG showed cerebral silence. What is the state of his consciousness
A) Conscious
B) Coma
C) Brain death
D) Deep sleep
C) Brain death
location of broca’s area:
A) Superior frontal gyrus
B) Inferior frontal gyrus
B) Inferior frontal gyrus
comparing the CSF to blood, which of the following has an equal value in both
A) Amino acids B) Hydrogen C) Glucose D) Potassium E) Osmolarity
E) Osmolarity
young female has difficulty in writing using her right hand, and her hand wiring was illegible. She has loss of light touch in her left leg. CSF showed oligoclonal bands and high IgG index, what will be found in the pathological examination of her brain:
A) Lymphocytic perivascular infiltration and white matter demyelination
B) Gliosis and atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen
A) Lymphocytic perivascular infiltration and white matter demyelination
what structure would be affected in the early course of Alzheimer’s disease
A) Amygdala
B) Entorhinal cortex
C) Temporal cortex
D) Frontal cortex
B) Entorhinal cortex
function of the thalamic reticular nucleus:
A) Modulation of impulses going from the thalamus to the cortex
B) Promote or inhibit (can’t remember) the movement from the thalamus to the primary motor cortex
C) Arousal
D) Gives fibers to the hippocampus
A) Modulation of impulses going from the thalamus to the cortex
Difference in stroke in males and females:
A) The risk is similar in males and females after menopause
B) Higher deaths among males
A) The risk is similar in males and females after menopause
what will happen if mossey fibers origin were blocked due to a pharmacological drug or lesion
A) Decreased dampening of the cerebellum
B) Decrease contraction of muscles of posture
C) Decrease in the correction function of the cerebellum
A) Decreased dampening of the cerebellum
function of the red nucleus
A relay to connect the cerebellum to lower motor neurons of the spinal cord
difference of PrPc from PrPsc
PrPsc has more beta conformation
which enzyme is responsible for the first step of amyloid plaque formation
A) Beta secretase
B) Gamma secretase
C) Alpha secretase
A) Beta secretase
pregnant woman in her second trimester had an ultrasound where it showed an underdeveloped occipital bone with a protrusion of sac of brain tissue. What is the abnormality
A) Meningoencephalocele
B) Meningocele
C) Meningohydroencephalocele D) Craniorechischis
A) Meningoencephalocele
which bacterial cause of meningitis is treated with parenteral antibiotics and dexamathazone
A) E.coli
B) S.pneumoniae
C) Listeria monocytogens
D) S.agalactia
B) S.pneumoniae
which of the following causes reversable inhibition to acetylcholine esterase
Donepezil
Lumbar puncture was done for a patient with HIV, CSF was cloudy and the analysis showed: high lymphocytes, low glucose, high proteins. CSF culture was negative after 5 days
A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B) Viral meningitis
A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
CSF analysis of normal glucose, high proteins, high lymphocytes
Viral meningitis
The most common cause of viral meningitis
A) Enterococci
B) Herpes
A) Enterococci
after whiplash injury MRI showed hyperintense lesions in the white matter. What is the type of injury
A) Diffuse axonal injury
B) Hematoma
C) Coup
D) Counter coup
A) Diffuse axonal injury
Leptin and insulin actions in the hypothalamus:
A) Inhibit NPY/AgRP and stimulate POMC
B) Stimulate NPY/AgRP and inhibit POMC
A) Inhibit NPY/AgRP and stimulate POMC
which of the following is true about Fredrich’s ataxia
A) Overexpression of GAA
B) Silencing of GAA
C) Mutation of FMR1
A) Overexpression of GAA
CAG codon is translated to which of the following
A) Glutamine
B) Glycine
C) Alanin
A) Glutamine
Father describing an incidence where his son appeared conscious at the beginning, listen to what was said and staring to one point (or something like that), then he fell, became unconscious and stated to have jerking movements. What is the diagnosis
A) Partial seizure with secondary generalization
B) Tonic seizure
C) Clonic seizure
D) Atonic seizure
A) Partial seizure with secondary generalization
relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) and red color desaturation occur in a defect of which of the following
A) Oculomotor nerve
B) Optic nerve
C) Color blindness
D) Glaucoma
B) Optic nerve
what change will occur in the autoregulation curve in case of chronic hypertension
A) The curve will shift to the right
B) The curve will shift to the left
C) The upper limit will shift to the right
D) The lower limit will shift to the right
A) The curve will shift to the right
which blood vessel plays a role in CBF autoregulation?
A) Carotid artery and circle of Willis
B) Pial arteries
C) Penetrating artery
D) Parenchymal artery
B) Pial arteries
Patient in the hospital with enlargement of the central canal at the level of C3-C5. Which of the following does he most likely have?
A) Lack of pain sensation in the right side of his neck
B) Lack of pain sensation in the left side of his neck
C) Lack of pain sensation on both sides
D) Lack of proprioception in the right side
E) Lack of discriminative touch in the left
C) Lack of pain sensation on both sides
the visual field defect pie in the sky will result from damage of which of the following
Temporal lobe
when intracellular calcium increases, this protein will cause phosphorylation and form tangles
A) Tau
B) Amyloid
C) GSK3-beta
C) GSK3-beta
Note: the question in the exam was put in a way where students at first would think about the protein that will “undergo” phosphorylation which in this case is “tau”. However, when reading it carefully, it is asking about the protein that will cause phosphorylation of tau, and in this case it is the enzyme GSK3-beta (glycogen synthase kinase 3) and remember that enzymes are proteins
which of the following is correct about fast adapting receptor
A) Register the start and the end of the stimulus
B) Register the start only
C) Register the duration of the stimulus
A) Register the start and the end of the stimulus
young man had a car accident and lost 1 liter of blood, but he was still conscious and felt thirsty. What is the most likely signaling mechanism
A) Hypothalamic osmoreceptors
B) Carotid baroreceptors
C) Aortic chemoreceptors
D) Glucocorticoid receptors
B) Carotid baroreceptors
damage of which of the following will result in right homonymous hemianopia , blurry vision, and visual acuity of 20/100
Posterior cerebral artery
pontine fibers in the basilar part originate from which of the following
A) Contralateral pontine nuclei
B) Ipsilateral pontine nuclei
A) Contralateral pontine nuclei
a patient had a stroke before 1 hour, what will be expected on examination
A) Hypotonia
B) Hypertonia
C) Babinski sign
A) Hypotonia
question about the diagnosis of a patient that seems awake but does not respond to visual, auditory, tactile, or noxious stimuli
A) Persistent vegetative state
B) Coma
C) Brain dead
A) Persistent vegetative state
injury to the neck leading to droopy shoulder and head tilt. Which nerve is affected
A) X B) XI C) IX D) V E) VI
B) XI
what type of vaccine is Hib
A) Conjugate
B) Polysaccharide
A) Conjugate
which of the following structures are parts of papez circuit
A) Entorrhinal cortex and hippocampus
B) Mamillary body and amygdala
C) Hippocampus and amygdala
A) Entorrhinal cortex and hippocampus
which of the following channels is responsible for ischemic necrosis of neural cells in the brain
A) Na pump
B) Na/H exchanger
C) Na/Ca exchanger
C) Na/Ca exchanger
young female presented with tinnitus. A mass was excised from the cerebellopontine angle which showed Verocay bodies. What is the diagnosis
Schwannoma
by which mechanism does opsin bind to transducin
A) Removal of all-trans retinal
B) Regeneration of 11-cis Retinal
A) Removal of al-trans retinal
A patient has vertical diplopia when going downstairs and he tilts his head to the opposite
side to avoid diplopia. What is the muscle affected
A) Lacteral rectus
B) Inferior oblique
C) Medial rectus
D) Superior oblique
D) Superior oblique
which drug is used for chemoprophylaxis against gram negative diplococci
Rifampicin
which structure is important for balance
A) Crista ampularis
B) Organ of corti
A) Crista ampularis
what is the effect of dopamine on the somatomotor circuit in the basal ganglia
A) Inhibit globus pallidus internus and disinhibit the thalamus
B) Inhibit the globus pallidus externus and disinhibit the subthalamic nucleus
A) Inhibit globus pallidus internus and disinhibit the thalamus
what will be expected to occur if the connection below the cortex but above the red nucleus is lost
Arms flexed towards the body
A patient with a history of head trauma after a fall presents to the ER. CT scans shows a hemorrhage between the dura and subarachnoid layers. What increases the risk for bleeding in this case
A) Brain atrophy
B) Amyloid
C) Atherosclerosis
D) Hypertension
A) Brain atrophy
in which level of the auditory pathway we can differentiate between sounds coming from different directions
Superior olivary nucleus
What is true about multiple sclerosis
Worsening of eye symptoms with increased temperature
a patient had ipsilateral oculomotor nerve damage with contralateral hemiplegia. What is the location of the lesion
Medial midbrain
the order of brain waves from the highest to the lowest frequency
Gamma > beta > alpha > theta > delta
what drug is used to treat a neonate with meningitis due to Hib
A) Cefotaxime
B) Vancomycin
A) Cefotaxime
what is the driving force of CSF production in the choroid plexus
A) Active transport of sodium along the capillary epithelial cells
B) Osmotic gradient along the choroidal cells (osmotic gradient of sodium in the choroidal epithelial cells)
C) Filtrate of the plasma
D) Bulk flow from the brain to the CSF
B) Osmotic gradient along the choroidal cells (osmotic gradient of sodium in the choroidal epithelial cells)
which of the following receives efferent taste fibers carried by the glossopharyngeal nerve
A) Nucleus tractus solitarius
B) Anterior 2/3 of the tongue
C) Motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve
A) Nucleus tractus solitarius
patient presented with involuntary movements of the limbs and chorea. What is the diagnosis
Huntington disease
A patient suffered from an ischemic stroke due to occlusion of the MCA. He wasn’t able to choose words about what he intended to say. His ability of repeating words was also compromised. Additionally, he had a problem in word comprehension. Which of the following conditions might this patient have?
A) Wernicke’s aphasia
B) Conductive aphasia
C) Broca’s aphasia
A) Wernicke’s aphasia
eason behind large representation of the hand in the cortex
Perform fine motor tasks
what is released in spinocerebellar ataxia?
A) Glycine
B) Glutamate
C) GABA
B) Glutamate
