2009 final Flashcards
Spinal cord injury below L1 causes
Muscle atrophy of both legs
Right-spinothalamic lesion
Pain (pin-brick) at the left leg
Responsible for the generation of walking
Multisynaptic circuit
Sensitive to stretch
Gamma motor neurons
A patient with poliomyelitis will have damage in
Anterior horn cells
A patient with upper motor neuron lesion. What could be a sign?
Hyper-reflexia
Medial 2 fingers suffer from paralysis with interossei
Ulnar nerve injury
What could affect the function of the lateral leminiscus?
Cochlear nuclei
Dysphagia + dysarthria
Nucleus ambiguous
What is the most common disorder of demyelination?
Multiple sclerosis
Which nuclei is associated with pupillary reflex?
Edinger-westphal nucleus
Occlusion of anterior spinal artery will lead to
Loss of touch sense in both legs
A patient came with diplopia, when asked to look medially toward the nose and down, he was able to look medially but not down. Which nerve is affected?
Trochlear nerve
A patient with loss of discriminative touch in the right hand and forearm, with loss of pain and temperature and movement. What can conclude that this is a brain-stem injury?
Horner syndrome to the right eye
In a patient with internuclear opthalmoplegia, what will be a sign?
Diplopia
What is induced in response to a drop in intracellular pH in ischemia?
Na-H exchanger
What controls glucose metabolism and cerebral metabolic rate?
Glutamate-glutamine cycle by astrocytes
What controls local cerebral blood flow under normal condition?
Glutamate release
A change in the cerebral blood flow is mainly due to
a change in CO2 concentration
What is noticed in Wernicke’s aphasia?
Impaired comprehension of words and sentences
Where is the auditory radiation seen?
Sublenticular part
Which cerebral layer is where we mainly see the corticospinal tract
V
Which artery supplies the medial surface of the cerebrum?
Anterior cerebral artery
Which artery if damaged will cause loss of vision?
Posterior cerebral artery
Sciatica
Extradural in spinal cord
Hypothalamus
Best seen on sagittal section
What vessel is ruptured in subdural hematoma?
Bridging veins
Which disease is associated with 200 or more GAA repeats?
Friedrich’s ataxia
Fragile X syndrome is characterized by
Transcriptional silencing
What is the axon of the granular neuron in the cerebellum?
Parallel fibers
Damage to the right limbs
Right intermediate zone of cerebellum
Damage to superior cerebellar peduncle will affect
Dentothalamic pathway
Which gives its output to the prefrontal cortex?
Caudate
What is a feature of idiopathic parkinson’s?
Rigidity (cogwheel) and resting tremor with brakykinesia
Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor
Carbidopa
Which drug inhibits dopamine metabolism in the brain?
Selegiline
Muscarinic acetylcholine antagonist
Benztropine
EBM: A diagnostic test with pre-test probability of 50%, if it became 10% what will happen?
Sensitivity and specificity will not change, PPV will decrease, NPV will increase
EBM: There was a four-squares box with numbers, if the patient was tested positive, what is the chance of her having the disease?
You calculate it by using the formula (A/A+B)
EBM: What is the importance of the gold standard?
Define disease and non-disease states
EBM: You did a case control study regarding contraceptive use and breast cancer, your cases were taken from the hospital while your controls were taken from the infertility department. What is the problem with the study?
Controls are not appropriate
EBM: The prevalence of getting other types of cancer if you have breast cancer is 6%, while in controls it’s 3%. What measures this?
Odds Ratio
EBM: An RCT was done with an intention to treat analysis. What was the purpose of that?
Keep randomization intact at all cost
