2011 final Flashcards
The following audiogram represents the air and bone conduction of both ears in a female with hearing problem. Which structure is likely to be affected?
O : air conduction in right ear
< : bone conduction in right ear
] : air conduction of left ear
square : bone conduction of left ear
- Left auditory nerve
- Right auditory nerve
- Left middle ear
- Right middle ear
• Left auditory nerve
If the left corticobulbar fibers were injured, which side of the face will be affected?
- The right lower side
- The left lower side
- The entire left side
• The right lower side
Note: this is equivalent to injury of the upper motor neurons supplying the motor nucleus of the facial nucleus
Which nucleus receives fibers from the cortex of the flocculonodular lobe?
- The vestibular nucleus
- The fastigial nucleus
• The vestibular nucleus
Where does the corticospinal tract run in the crus cerebri of the midbrain?
- Middle two third
- Medial one sixth
- Lateral one third
• Middle two third
Note: the order of fibers running in the crus cerebri from medial to lateral is: frontopontine, croticospinal, corticonuclear, temporopontine
Which nucleus receives signals regarding touch and pressure from the face?
Main sensory nucleus of trigeminal
Which of the following is likely to be injured due to fracture of the floor of the orbit?
Inferior oblique muscle
Which of the following cranial nerves carries the efferent fibers for the pupillary light reflex?
- III
- II
• III
Which of the following innervates the inner surface of the tympanic membrane?
Glossopharyngeal nerve
Which wall separates the middle ear from the dura?
Tegmental wall
Which wall of the middle ear has the round and oval windows?
Labyrinthine wall
Damage to which of the following structures causes unilateral deafness?
- Cochlear nucleus
- Inferior colliculus
- Lateral lemniscus
• Cochlear nucleus
Where is the primary auditory area located?
Superior temporal gyrus
Which of the following represents a correct sequence of structures involved in the primary circuit of the basal ganglia?
Globus pallidus to thalamus
Injury to which of the following structures can cause retrograde neurodegeneration of the amygdala?
Stria terminalis
Stimulation of which of the following structures can result in excitation of the mammillary bodies?
Fornix
Which nucleus receives fibers carried by the glossopharyngeal nerve
regarding taste sensations?
Nucleus tractus solitaries
Which of the following functional areas is present in the wall of the calcarine sulcus?
- Primary visual area
- Secondary visual area
• Primary visual area
Which of the following tracts are most likely to be injured due to damage to the most anterior part of the internal capsule?
Corticospinal tract
Damage to which of the following nuclei results in pupil dilation?
Edinger-westphal nucleus
Which of the following can cause hydrocephalus?
Aqueduct stenosis
Which of the following is responsible for feedback regulation of body weight?
Leptin
Which of the following is released in response to thirst?
Vasopressin
Which of the following is responsible for stopping the feeding drive?
Amylin
What do the waves on EEG represent?
- EPSPs and IPSPs of the dendrites of cortical neurons
- EPSPs and IPSPs of the dendrites of thalamic neurons
- Action potentials of the cortical neurons
• EPSPs and IPSPs of the dendrites of cortical neurons
Which of the following correctly represents the sensorymotor hierarchy in the higher cortical centers?
Posterior association area -> anterior association area -> premotor area -> primary motor area
Which of the following only fires if a motor action is required?
Anterior association area
What maintains the tone of smooth muscles of the arterioles in the brain?
The partial pressure of CO2 in tissues
Which of the following modulates the effect of norepinephrine by increasing its activity?
Co-release of ATP
Which of the following is correct regarding the receptor potential?
- It is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
- Frequency coded
• It is proportional to the strength of the stimulus
Note: receptor potential is also called generator potential; action potential, on the other hand, is frequency coded
What is the difference between rods and cones?
Type and distribution of the pigments
How does dopamine exert its effect in the basal ganglia?
It activates the direct circuit