2015 module exam Flashcards
What will be recorded by an electrode that measure membrane potential of a cortical neuron if a recording that is shown in picture below is detected by EEG above this cortical area?
- Action potential
- Interictal Paroxysmal depolarization shift
- sustained depolarization
- Interictal Paroxysmal depolarization shift (according to Dr. Zoran)
Which of the following waves is the most desynchronized?
a. A
b. B
c. C
a.A
Which of the following is present in the midline in MRI sagittal section of the brain?
a. Thalamus
b. Basilar artery
c. Transverse sinus
d. PICA
b. Basilar artery
intracranial vault is made up of three compartments, the brain, CSF and?
a. Blood
b. Vessels
c. Choroid plexus d. Ventricles
a. Blood
A young man who was recently diagnosed with schizophrenia. What will help treat his apathy and bluntness affect?
a. Olanzapine
b. Thioridazine
c. Haloperidol
d. Chlorpromazine e. Carbidopa
a. Olanzapine
Which of the following drugs blocks nicotinic receptors and stimulates dopamine release for the treatment of Parkinson?
a. Valproate
b. Benzotropine
c. Amantadine
c. Amantadine
What is a contraindication for treatment with all anti-psychotics?
a. Sickle cell anemia
b. Alzheimer’s disease
c. Epilepsy
d. MS
e. Arthritis
c. Epilepsy
where are the cell bodies of the rods and cones located?
a. Inner plexiform layer
b. Outer plexiform layer
c. Inner nuclear layer
d. Outer nuclear layer
d. Outer nuclear layer
What pathway connects the entorhinal cortex to the dentate gyrus?
a. Mossy fibers pathway
b. Perforant pathway
c. Schaffer
b. Perforant pathway
What will happen in case of damage to the left posterior column of spinal cord?
a. Loss of pain sensation on the right side
b. Loss of pain sensation on the left side
c. Loss of vibratory sensation on the left side
d. Loss of vibratory sensation on the right side
c. Loss of vibratory sensation on the left side
An elderly patient passed away due to a brain tumor. Histopathological examination of the brain showed cells pallisading around central necrosis with proliferation of the capillaries/endothelium. Which of the following tumors is most likely the cause of death in this patient?
a. medulloblastoma
b. Glioblastoma
b. Glioblastoma
What is the origin of the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the submandibular
gland?
- Inferior olivary nucleus
- Superior salivatory nucleus
- Inferior salivatory nucleus
- Superior salivatory nucleus
What nerve is associated with the corneal reflex?
- Oculomotor nerve
- Optic nerve
- Facial nerve
- Trochlear nerve
- Facial nerve
Weakness of pupillary light reflex results from a defect in what nerve?
- Facial
- Trigeminal
- Oculomotor
- Oculomotor
What stage of plasmodium falciparum is the form that causes cerebral malaria/disease?
- Sporozoite?
- Trophozoite
- Merozoites
- Gametozoites
- Trophozoite
What is the mechanism of tiagabine?
- Blocks dopamine receptors 2. Enhances GABA A receptors
- Inhibits GABA reuptake
- Enhances dopamine receptors
- Inhibits GABA reuptake
What type of headache lasts for 5-240 seconds?
- SUNCT
- Cluster
- Tension
- Migraine
- SUNCT
Which gives dopamergic projections to the straitum?
Substantia nigra pars compacta
not pars reticulata
What type of headache is associated with autonomic features with tearing of the eye?
a. Cluster
b. Migraine
c. SUNCT (Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing)
d. Tension
c. SUNCT (Short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache with conjunctival
injection and tearing)
A man lost his wife a year ago and has been complaining of a mild to moderate headache and described it as a “tight band on the head” what is this patient suffering from?
a. Cluster headache
b. SUNCT
c. Tension headache
d. Right migrain
c. Tension headache
Which of the following will sharply increase upon decrease in the cerebral perfusion pressure (cpp)?
a. OEF (oxygen extraction fraction)
b. ICP
c. Cerebral blood volume
a. OEF (oxygen extraction fraction)
The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen is estimated by measuring the (CMRO2) which is an important marker for brain function and brain health. What happens on an EEG when it decreases to <40% due to limitation in the available energy?
- appearance of theta waves
- resuction in frequency of EEG
- reduction in amplitude of EEG
- absence of EEG activity
- absence of EEG activity
What is the normal intracranial pressure in adults?
- 150-220 mmH2O
- 100-150 mmH2O
- 200-220 mmH2O
- 150-220 mmH2O
A person lost complete vision of her right eye, where is the defect?
a. Optic nerve
b. Optic tract
c. Optic chiasma
a. Optic nerve
A person sees a pie in the sky and CT shows he has hemorrhage, where is the lesion?
a. Temporal lobe
b. occipital lobe
c. optic nerve
d. optic tract
a. Temporal lobe
What present the myelin antigen to T cell by MHC class 2?
a. Dendritic cells
b. Astrocytes
c. Tcell- CD4
d. Tcell-CD8
e. Tcell –CD17
a. Dendritic cells
Where are the corticonuclear fibers supplying the abducent nucleus found in the internal capsule?
- Genu
- Anterior limb
- Posterior limb
- Genu (All cranial nerves fibers pass thru the Genu)
What is the origin of the trigeminal lemniscus?
- motor nucleus of trigeminal nerve
- Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
- Spinal tract of trigeminal nerve
- Spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve
There are other origins, like the mesencephalic and main sensory nucleus, but only the spinal nucleus was mentioned
What differentiates a screening test from a Diagnostic one?
- Nature of the assay
- sensitivity and specificity
- sensitivity and specificity
What is found in diffuse axonal injury?
- Necrosis
- Eosinophilic globoid axons
- Basophilic something
- Eosinophilic globoid axons
Which of the following is seen under the microscope in a patient with acute contusion?
- Hemorrhage
- Hemosiderin pigment
- Hemorrhage (its acute)
Note: Hemosiderin pigment is seen in chronic cases
A 78-year-old man suffered from stroke. He lost movement and sensation in right lower limb below the knee. Which structure is affected?
a. Left anterior cerebral artery
b. Right anterior cerebral artery
c. Right middle cerebral artery
d. Left middle cerebral artery
a. Left anterior cerebral artery
What forms great cerebral vein?
a. Superior thalamostriate and superior choroid
b. Right and left internal cerebral vein
b. Right and left internal cerebral vein
The brain of a 63-year-old man, known to have pick disease, is dissected at autopsy. What is the expected pathological finding?
a. Gyral atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobe
b. Atrophy of cerebellum
c. Pallor of subsantia nigra in midbrain
a. Gyral atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobe
Which one of the following auras is mostly associated with migraine?
a. Speech
b. Visual
c. Sensory
d. Auditory
b. Visual
A brain mass beneath the dura was incidentally found in a 42 years old female. Gross examination showed whorls. On histology, it showed spindle cells with psamomma bodies. What is the diagnosis?
a. Medulloblastoma
b. Meningioma
c. Astrocytoma
d. Glioblastoma
b. Meningioma
A child came to the clinic and presented with jerky movements and eventually died, his mother and brother had the same condition and died from it too, what is he suffering from?
a. Myoclonus
b. hemiballism
c. Huntington disease
c. Huntington disease
A 3yr old girl ruptured her eardrum when she inserted a pencil into her ear. Her mother took her to the emergency department after noticing that she was crying and complaining of pain in her ear with a few drops of blood in the external auditory meatus. The attending dr examined the child for possible injury to a nerve that runs across the eardrum. What’s the most likely nerve that is injured?
a. Chorda tympani
b. Trigeminal nerve
c. Oculomotor nerve
d. Vagus nerve
a. Chorda tympani
Mechanism behind eliciting the symptoms in hemiballism?
a. Decreased tonic inhibition from GPi
b. Chronic thalamus disinhibition
c. Increase Gpe tonic discharge
d. Decrease thalamo-cortical pathway
a. Decreased tonic inhibition from GPi
What is true regarding Fragile X syndrome?
a. loss of function of FMR1 by silencing
b. expansion of polyglut FMR1 dinucleotide expansion
c. shortening of CGG in promoter region of FMR1
d. high dinucliotide in inotron of FMR1
a. loss of function of FMR1 by silencing
Which biomolecule act as a prosthetic group for Rhodopsin protein?
a. Cholesterol
b. 11-cis retinal
c. Omega 3 fatty acid
b. 11-cis retinal
Where is the cochlear nucleus located?
a. medial eminence
b. dorsal to ICP
c. ventral to ICP
d. ventral SCP
e. ventral to tegmentum ofpons
f. ventral to basilar part of pons
b. dorsal to ICP
Where do the fibers connecting the right cerebral hemisphere to the left cerebellum located?
a. basilar part of pons
b. Tegmentum part of pons
c. Superior cerebellar peduncle
d. Inferior cerebellar peduncles
a. basilar part of pons
A patient is suffering from internuclear ophthalmoplegia. What structure is involved?
a. MLF
b. Thalamus
c. basal ganglia
a. MLF
If a patient can’t abduct his left eye, what nerve is injured?
a. abducent
b. oculomotor
c. trochlear
a. abducent
Case where a patient was given chemotherapy and later developed areas of demyelination, what would be seen histologically?
a. alpha synuclein inclusions
b. AB42 plaques
c. ground glass cells
d. Lewy bodies
c. ground glass cells
the patient became immunocompromised with the chemo and then a latent JC polyoma virus got activated
What nucleus has an important role in cortical arousal and integration of sub-modalities?
a. intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
b. medial nucleus of the thalamus
c. anterior thalamic nuclei
a. intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus
amino acid is associated with spinocerebellar ataxia?
a. Glycine
b. Asparagine
c. glutamate
c. glutamate
In which stage does the Beta waves start to appear in the sleep cycle?
a. Stage 1
b. Deep sleep
c. REM
d. stage 2
c. REM
Patient presented with endocarditis and on CT he had ring enhancing lesion of the brain, what is the diagnosis?
- brain abscess
- brain hemorrhage
- brain abscess
What causes long term depression of Purkinje fibers?
- simultaneous stimulation of parallel and climbing releasing glutamate
- stimulation of parallel fibers only releasing glutamate
- simultaneous stimulation of parallel and climbing releasing glutamate
What is true about supplementary motor area?
- Bilateral limb movements
- selection of movement from external ques
- Bilateral limb movements
Neurons in what location hold on to information while performing a task?
a. prefrontal cortex
b. occipital cortex
c. temporal cortex
a. prefrontal cortex
Which of the following reflexes are used to correct posture after being unexpectedly pushed from the back?
a. feedback involving brainstem
b. feedforward reflex
a. feedback involving brainstem