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CNS module - 4th year > 2009 module exam > Flashcards

2009 module exam Flashcards

1
Q

Patient with loss of vibration and movement of a limb is due to damage to the lateral side of the left medial leminisci in the pons, what nucleus is affected?

A

Right hand

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2
Q

Which tract is responsible for coordination of eye movement?

A

MLF

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3
Q

A patient with left corticospinal tract lesion

A

Positive Babinski sign of the left foot

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4
Q

Which is a fast adapting receptor?

A

Meissner corpuscle

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5
Q

How do fast adapting receptors perceive the stimulus and generate the potential?

A

Get stimulus at beginning and end

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6
Q

What increases the sensitivity of the muscle to stretch?

A

Gamma motor neuron

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7
Q

What is the afferent pathway elicited in a clinically tested knee jerk?

A

I-a

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8
Q

What is an example of a bilateral reflex?

A

Withdrawal reflex

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9
Q

What initiates the movement in a muscle?

A

Multisynapse in the spinal circuit

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10
Q

What is a function of stretch reflex?

A

Compensates for the unexpected disturbances during maintenance of posture

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11
Q

A patient with muscle atrophy, weakness, flaccid paralysis, diminished reflexes, have a problem in

A

Anterior horn cells

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12
Q

Damage to last finger and ring weakness

A

Ulnar nerve injury

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13
Q

A patient with loss of vibration in left leg and loss of motor functions at the same leg with loss of pain and temperature of the right leg

A

Hemiplegia of the left part of the spinal cord at (T6-T12) (mo mohem mn wain lay wain elmohem elconcept)

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14
Q

Which nerve is related to the red nucleus?

A

Occulomotor

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15
Q

What is the function of the spinal nucleus of CN V?

A

Ipsilateral pain and temperature of the face

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16
Q

What is supplied by the trochlear nerve?

A

Superior oblique

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17
Q

What supplies the pharynx and larynx?

A

Nucleus ambiguous

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18
Q

What is the main cause of CN III palsy?

A

PCA aneurysm

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19
Q

Tubocurarine usually blocks (N1) ach receptors, why does it have no effect on the ANS?

A

Because N1 receptors are not found in ANS

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20
Q

What increases activity of NA receptors?

A

ATP

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21
Q

Demyelination of posterior and lateral spinal columns is caused by

A

Vitamin B deficiency

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22
Q

Patient with MS and INO due to lesion in

A

MLF

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23
Q

Alcoholic patient with MS is probably

A

Central pontine myelinolysis

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24
Q

What is the best way to diagnose MS?

A

IgG index

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25
Q

A patient with headaches, vision problems, and claudications, what is the best way to diagnose him?

A

ESR

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26
Q

Type of immune-mediated activity against MG?

A

Complement

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27
Q

Patient with loss of vision for 3 hours, then returned and after check up tests are normal

A

TIA

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28
Q

Which part of the internal capsule contains corticospinal tract?

A

Posterior limb

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29
Q

Which thalamic nuclei connect to cingulate gyrus?

A

Anterior thalamic nuclei

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30
Q

Which nucleus connect to ML and SL ?

A

VPL

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31
Q

Which cerebral cortex layers are well developed in motor cortex?

A

III and V

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32
Q

Which artery is seen in the circle of willis?

A

Anterior cerebral artery

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33
Q

A patient with shock due to MI

A

Watershed infarction

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34
Q

Which fibers affect the alertness of a person?

A

Reticular formation afferents

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35
Q

The main effector on cerebral blood flow

A

Partial pressure of CO2

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36
Q

Patient with hypotension and cerebral blood flow from 50 became 25. What is a way to increase?

A

Increase in systemic BP

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37
Q

Patient with hypotension and cerebral blood flow from 50 became 25 for half an hour, and then restored. What happened to the neurons at that time?

A

Transient loss of neuronal activity

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38
Q

What is the main way of fuel utilization in ischemia?

A

Induction of glycolytic pathway

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39
Q

What is the neurotransmitter responsible for neuronal death and apoptosis after ischemia?

A

L-glutamate

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40
Q

What is the mechanism of death of neurons in ischemia?

A

Opening of Ca++ channels and precipitation of metabolites

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41
Q

What is the radiopharmaceutical used to diagnose cerebral metabolism?

A

F-18 deoxy glucose

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42
Q

Nuclear imaging from Tc-99m HMPAO showed no blood flow in a patient with stroke and hemiplegia. Which area is affected?

A

Fronto-parietal lobe

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43
Q

What is the function of prefrontal cortex?

A

Creation of working memory

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44
Q

Stroke is the … leading cause of death in Kuwait?

A

4th

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45
Q

Why is the prevalence of stroke low in Kuwait?

A

Young population

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46
Q

What determines the output of globus pallidum?

A

Subthalamic nuclei

47
Q

What sends dopaminergic fibers to striatum?

A

Substania Nigra

48
Q

What is the reason for akinesia in Parkinson’s?

A

Overactivity of indirect circuit

49
Q

What is caused by degeneration of striatal neurons?

A

Huntington’s

50
Q

What is caused by selective subthalamic nucleus lesion?

A

Hemiballism

51
Q

What is caused by neuroleptics?

A

Tardive dyskinesia

52
Q

What is the main mechanism of damping effect of cerebellum?

A

Excitation of purkinji neuron by both fibers

53
Q

Neurophysiologic mechanism of motor skill learning is based on

A

Long term depression

54
Q

What is the main characteristic of essential tremor?

A

Sustained tremor

55
Q

Loss of neurons in substania nigra will lead to

A

Parkinson’s

56
Q

Patient with nystagmus, gaze paresis, bilateral hypotonia, gait ataxia

A

Pancerebellar ataxia

57
Q

Alcoholic patient with gait ataxia

A

Damage to superior vermix

58
Q

Boxer who used to take many blows in the past suffers from which type of tremor?

  • Cerebellar
  • Essential
  • Parkinsonism
A

(we’re not sure which is the right answer)

59
Q

Why is it urgent to diagnose cerebellar infarction?

A

Because surgical evacuation of the hematoma prevent death from brainstem compression

60
Q

What is a cause of Hungtinton’s disease?

A

Expansion of CAG repeats

61
Q

What is the mechanism of dopamine action on the striatum?

A

Inhibit D2 receptors by adenylyl cyclase

62
Q

EBM – when is the lead time?

A

From time of screening until usual time of diagnosis

63
Q

EBM – a pretest probability of 20% with sensitivity of 50% and specificity of 75%. What is the NPV?

A

87%

64
Q

Low O2 and what will lead to ketone bodies formation?

A

Glucose

65
Q

What is the brain wave?

A

Current of ions in dendrites

66
Q

What leads to high amplitude and low frequency of the waves?

A

Synchronization of the waves

67
Q

What causes the spike of the interictal charge?

A

Paroxysmal depolarization shift

68
Q

Patient who is 14 years old develops a seizure and suddenly falls. His brother also has the same condition mainly in the morning with generalized tonic-clonic seizure. What syndrome is this?

A

Juvenile-myoclonic syndrome

69
Q

Which nucleus is important for keeping consciousness?

A

Orexin

70
Q

Patient with fracture to temporal lobe and he is fine but after 30 minutes fell into a coma

A

Extradural hematoma

71
Q

Synchronization of circardian rhythms occur mostly due to

A

Morning light

72
Q

Normal sleep is initiated by activation of

A

VLPO

73
Q

Ventral horn is developed by

A

Basal plate

74
Q

What is the structure affected in kluver-bucy syndrome?

A

Amyglada

75
Q

Short term memory to long term memory is by

A

Long term potentiation

76
Q

Noxious receptors

A

Increase Ca influx

77
Q

AD is characterized by

A

Amyloid plaques, tangles, and neuronal loss

78
Q

What may be best regulated?

A

Energy expenditure

79
Q

What causes tangles formation?

A

Hyperphosphorylation of tau

80
Q

What forms amyloid plaques?

A

aB

81
Q

What is the mechanism of oxidant formation in AD?

A

aB peptides

82
Q

patient with neurodegenerative disorder that shows vacuoles in cerebral cortex w/o pathological findings?

A

Prions disease

83
Q

What is bypassed during visual information (reading)?

A

Wernicke’s area

84
Q

What characterizes Alzheimers?

A

Loss of cerebral cortex

85
Q

What is the normal ICP in supine position?

A

8-18

86
Q

What type of aura is least associated with migraines?

A

Auditory

87
Q

Which type of headache occurs for 15-180 and associated with severe pain?

A

Cluster

88
Q

How do we diagnose a patient with headaches?

A

CT scan

89
Q

7-year-old child with a tumor in the cerebellum and the presence of Homer Wright Rosettes

A

Medulloblastoma

90
Q

Mother with Toxoplasma Gandi and she is pregnant in the first trimester. What will be soon?

A

Ring enhancing lesion

91
Q

Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria

A

Microvascular pathology

92
Q

Patient with thick exudate at cerebellum and pons

A

Tuberculous meningitis

93
Q

Which infection usually causes meningitis in sickle cell patients?

A

Hemophilis influenza

94
Q

Which virus causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis?

A

Measles

95
Q

Which virus causes fatal encephalitis and can be vaccinated by an inactivated vaccine?

A

Rabies

96
Q

Which virus can cause acute post exposure syndromes ADEM?

A

Measles

97
Q

What is the prophylaxis for pregnant women for meningococcal meningitis?

A

Ceftriaxone

98
Q

Patient with meningitis and lactate CSF is 2.5

A

Viral meningitis

99
Q

What is the main cuase of variant prion disease in young people?

A

Eat food with BSE

100
Q

Which nerve is responsible for tightening the tympanic

membrane?

A

Mandibular

101
Q

What causes hyperacusis?

A

Facial nerve injury

102
Q

What causes damage to LL?

A

Cochlear nerve damage

103
Q

Vestibular, visual, and somatosensory system function together in

A

Vestibular nuclei

104
Q

While walking to go sit in class, during swinging of your left leg, which tract is active?

A

Left lateral corticospinal

105
Q

Why does sound amplify in children 3 months?

A

Areolar changes resorption in middle ear

106
Q

Patient with blue eyes, eczema, blondie hair, mental retardation

A

Phenylketonuria

107
Q

Which cell cause AP in eyes?

A

Ganglion cells

108
Q

Between which does retinal detachment occur?

A

Photoreceptors and retinal pigmentation epithelium

109
Q

Patient with tunnel vision

A

Peripheral retina

110
Q

Object agnosia

A

Temporal lobe

111
Q

Patient presents with pie in the sky

A

Temporal lobe affected

112
Q

Someone eats a salty substance. What happens?

A

Membrane depolarization by Na+ through gradient change

113
Q

Which structure lies in the middle of a sagittal section of the brain

A

Pineal gland

CNS module - 4th year (17 decks)

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