2012 final Flashcards
.What describes the mechanism through which long term depression occurs?
Phosphorylation and internalization of AMPA receptors
What develops secondary to long-standing hypertension?
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
▪ Atherosclerosis
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
What is the precursor of lacunar infarcts?
▪ Atherosclerosis
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
▪ Atherosclerosis
.What releases epinephrine into the bloodstream?
Adrenal medulla
Which of the following when stimulated induces shivering?
▪ Posterior hypothalamus
▪ Preoptic area
▪ Anterior hypothalamus
▪ Paraventricular nucleus
▪ Posterior hypothalamus
Which of the following is an excitatory neuron?
Granule cells
In which of the following will you find the least synchronization of brain waves?
▪ Healthy individual who is awake with anxiety
▪ Patient with generalized absence seizure
▪ Healthy person when sleeping
▪ A person with diabetic coma
▪ Healthy individual who is awake with anxiety
Efferent fibers from the cerebellum will relay in which nucleus?
▪ Ventral lateral
▪ Ventral anterior
▪ Ventroposteromedial
▪ Ventral lateral
Spastic paralysis in the left leg is due to what?
▪ Lesion in the left lateral corticospinal tract
▪ Lesion in the left anterior corticospinal tract
▪ Lesion in the left lateral corticospinal tract
What is responsible for hearing?
▪ Medial geniculate nucleus
▪ Lateral geniculate nucleus
▪ Interlaminar nucleus
▪ Ventrolateral nucleus
▪ Medial geniculate
A man came with a cerebral blood flow of 10 ml/100g/min (Normal= 50 ml/100g/min). He was given tissue plasminogen after 4 hours. What will happen to the electrical activity of the brain?
▪ Lost forever
▪ Returns immediately with reperfusion
▪ Restored several days after reperfusion
▪ Nothing happens to the electrical activity
▪ Lost forever
Where are giant pyramidal cells found?
Primary motor area
What is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
Primary visual area
What is the origin of the tectospinal tract?
Superior colliculus
What is located in the left superior temporal gyrus?
Wernicke’s area
What best describes spinal cord tumors (gliomas)?
▪ Intradural intramedullary
▪ Intradural extramedullary
▪ Intradural intramedullary
In which part of the midbrain is the corticospinal tract?
▪ Middle 2/3 of the crus
▪ Lateral 1/6 of the crus
▪ Medial 1/6 of the crus
▪ Tegmentum of midbrain
▪ Middle 2/3 of the crus
Loss of pain sensation in the right arm is due to a lesion in what?
▪ Left spinothalamic tract
▪ Right spinothalamic tract
▪ Left spinothalamic tract
What controls respiration and heartbeat?
Medulla oblongata
Which structures if affected leads to retrograde degeneration of the amygdala?
Striae terminalis
Stimulation of which fibers increases excitation of autonomic nuclei of the brainstem
and spinal cord?
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
What causes dilated perivascular spaces with clear halo, refractory spherules, and is stained with silver stain?
Cryptococcus
.What causes meningitis with basal opacity and high lymphocytes in CSF?
Tuberculosis
What plays a major role in controlling cerebral blood flow in normal conditions?
Glutamate release from neurons
Which has little or no effect on cerebral blood flow?
▪ Increased partial pressure of oxygen in interstitial fluid
▪ Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in interstitial fluid
▪ Glutamate release from neuron
▪ GABA release from interneuron
▪ NO release from interneuron
▪ Conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-HETE in smooth muscle cells
▪ Increase in pH of interstitial fluid
▪ Increased partial pressure of oxygen in interstitial fluid
What is responsible for cortical arousal?
▪ Reticular nucleus
▪ Interlaminar nuclei
▪ Intralaminar nuclei
▪ Reticular nucleus
Slowness of pupillary response to light is due to compression of which nerve?
▪ CN3
▪ CN2
▪ CN3
Which cranial nerve defect causes adduction of eyeball?
Abducent nerve
What is the mechanism of action of clomiphene?
▪ Inhibit estrogen negative feedback on the pituitary gland
▪ Decreases LH and FSH
▪ Prevent sperm transport
▪ Decreases endometrial receptivity
▪ Inhibit estrogen negative feedback on the pituitary gland
Which prophylaxis is given for a woman whose husband had meningococcal meningitis after returning from Hajj?
Ceftriaxone
What activates the inhibitory 5HT1A receptor?
Buspirone
What activates melatonin 1 and 2 receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Ramelteon
What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine?
▪ Inhibit serotonin uptake
▪ Increase monoamine A
▪ Decrease monoamine A
▪ Increase monoamine B
▪ Inhibit serotonin uptake
.What does amoxicillin inhibit?
▪ Cell wall
▪ DNA
▪ Protein
▪ Cell wall
What causes subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord?
Vitamin B12 deficiency
What is responsible for perception of motor attributes such as motion and speed of
objects?
Parietal association area
What is true in the case of occipital association defect?
Can name an object but can’t draw it
What is the pathway of receptor induced sympathetic activation?
▪ Receptor → dorsal root ganglion → ventral root ganglion → paravertebral ganglion → prevertebral ganglion
▪ Receptor → dorsal root ganglion → thalamus → paravertebral ganglion → prevertebral ganglion
▪ Receptor → dorsal root ganglion → hypothalamus → prevertebral ganglion
▪ Receptor → dorsal root ganglion → ventral root ganglion → paravertebral ganglion → prevertebral ganglion
Which part of the brain is responsible for converting short-term memory to long-term
memory?
Hippocampus
What is responsible for selecting movement sequences in response to external cues?
▪ Premotor area 6
▪ Supplementary motor area
▪ Premotor area 6
What is the mechanism of antibody-induced damage of acetylcholine receptors in
myasthenia gravis?
▪ Complement
▪ Cytotoxic T cells
▪ Natural Killer cells
▪ Complement
Damage to which structure results in balance disturbance?
▪ Macula of utricle ▪ Spiral ganglia ▪ Organ of Corti ▪ Outer hair cell ▪ Inner hair cell
▪ Macula of utricle
.What best describes the basal nuclei?
▪ The head of caudate is connected to the putamen
▪ Striatum is caudate and red nucleus
▪ The internal capsule is lateral to the globus pallidus
▪ The tectum of midbrain is part of the basal nuclei
▪ The head of the caudate is medial to the anterior horn of lateral ventricle
▪ The head of caudate is connected to the putamen
Which fibers are affected in the degeneration of the anterior most part of the posterior limb of the internal capsule?
▪ Corticospinal
▪ Frontopontine
▪ Thalamopontine
▪ Corticonuclear
▪ Corticospinal
A baby was brought unconscious to the hospital by his parents. His mother was vigorously shaking him. Imaging showed massive subdural hematoma. Which of the following structures is ruptured?
Emissary veins
A 19-year old college student presents to the emergency room with headache, fever,
and neck pain. Which empirical therapy would you start with?
▪ Vancomycin and cefotaxime ▪ Gentamicin and cefotaxime ▪ Ampicillin and vancomycin ▪ Acyclovir and vancomycin ▪ Ampicillin and gentamicin
▪ Vancomycin and cefotaxime
A disease is transmitted from the mother to the fetus during birth. What will be seen in imaging of his brain?
Ring enhancing lesion
The siblings of a 3-year old child are infected with Hemophilus influenza. What
prophylaxis is used?
▪ Rifampicin
▪ Penicillin
▪ Ampicillin
▪ Rifampicin
What suppresses inappropriate movement?
Basal ganglia
What type of vaccine is HiB?
▪ Conjugated
▪ Polysaccharide
▪ Peptide
▪ Polypeptide
▪ Conjugated
In a family, a mother has Fragile X Syndrome and the father is normal. Both son and daughter inherent the disease but the affected males do not pass the mutation. What type of inheritance is this?
▪ Sex-linked dominant
▪ Sex-linked recessive
▪ Autosomal dominant
▪ Autosomal recessive
▪ Sex-linked dominant
Which of the following neurodegenerative disorders is inherited as autosomal dominant?
▪ Huntington disease
▪ Alzheimer disease
▪ Friedreich ataxia
▪ Parkinson disease
▪ Huntington disease
.In the lumbar region, tuberculosis spread to an adjacent muscle causing an abscess. Pus from the abscess traveled through the fascial sheath of the muscle and to the superomedial part of the thigh. What is the affected muscle?
▪ Psoas major
▪ Quadratus lamborum
▪ Rectus abdominis
▪ Internal oblique
▪ Psoas major
Which antipsychotic is used only in refractory cases due to its serious side effects such as bone marrow suppression?
Clozapine
.Which drug doesn’t have an antiemetic effect?
▪ Aripiprazole ▪ Thioridazine ▪ Fluphenazine ▪ Haloperidol ▪ Risperidone ▪ Olanzapine ▪ Clozapine
▪ Aripiprazole
Which drug causes orthostatic hypotension?
Clozapine
How does lidocaine work?
▪ Block Na+ channels
▪ Block K+ channels
▪ Block MYASS channels
▪ Block Ca2+ channels
▪ Block Na+ channels
Which stain will be ordered to for staining an unstained brain section from a dead patient who had multiple sclerosis?
▪ Luxol fast blue
▪ H&E
▪ JC virus stain
▪ Anti-aquaporin 4
▪ Luxol fast blue
Mutation in which gene causes generalized epilepsy with febrile seizure plus?
▪ SCN1B
▪ KV1.1
▪ CLCN2A
▪ SCN1B
What increases negative predictive value?
Increased sensitivity and decreased pretest probability
A study was done and a hazard ratio was calculated. What is the type of study, nature of outcome, and type of regression used?
Cohort – Time-to-event – Cox
What uses gamma fibers for afferent transmission?
▪ Muscle spindle
▪ Golgi tendon organ
▪ Ruffini’s end-organ
▪ Muscle spindle
What is the proposed mechanism of brain entrainment to induce sleep?
▪ Repetitive sound stimulation with the frequency of theta
▪ Overlap sound stimulation with the frequency of theta and alpha
▪ Repetitive electrical stimulation of different Brodmann areas
▪ Repetitive image projections with the frequency of delta waves
▪ Repetitive sound stimulation with the frequency of theta
Which of the following is true regarding cortical columns of the sensory cortex?
▪ Each sensory column receives from one sensory modality
▪ Many columns receive from a single area of skin
▪ Each sensory column receives from one sensory modality
What differentiates between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Listeria monocytogenes in the CSF?
▪ Lymphocyte count ▪ Gram stain ▪ Protein ▪ Lactose ▪ Glucose
▪ Lymphocyte count
