2012 final Flashcards
.What describes the mechanism through which long term depression occurs?
Phosphorylation and internalization of AMPA receptors
What develops secondary to long-standing hypertension?
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
▪ Atherosclerosis
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
What is the precursor of lacunar infarcts?
▪ Atherosclerosis
▪ Intracerebral hemorrhage
▪ Atherosclerosis
.What releases epinephrine into the bloodstream?
Adrenal medulla
Which of the following when stimulated induces shivering?
▪ Posterior hypothalamus
▪ Preoptic area
▪ Anterior hypothalamus
▪ Paraventricular nucleus
▪ Posterior hypothalamus
Which of the following is an excitatory neuron?
Granule cells
In which of the following will you find the least synchronization of brain waves?
▪ Healthy individual who is awake with anxiety
▪ Patient with generalized absence seizure
▪ Healthy person when sleeping
▪ A person with diabetic coma
▪ Healthy individual who is awake with anxiety
Efferent fibers from the cerebellum will relay in which nucleus?
▪ Ventral lateral
▪ Ventral anterior
▪ Ventroposteromedial
▪ Ventral lateral
Spastic paralysis in the left leg is due to what?
▪ Lesion in the left lateral corticospinal tract
▪ Lesion in the left anterior corticospinal tract
▪ Lesion in the left lateral corticospinal tract
What is responsible for hearing?
▪ Medial geniculate nucleus
▪ Lateral geniculate nucleus
▪ Interlaminar nucleus
▪ Ventrolateral nucleus
▪ Medial geniculate
A man came with a cerebral blood flow of 10 ml/100g/min (Normal= 50 ml/100g/min). He was given tissue plasminogen after 4 hours. What will happen to the electrical activity of the brain?
▪ Lost forever
▪ Returns immediately with reperfusion
▪ Restored several days after reperfusion
▪ Nothing happens to the electrical activity
▪ Lost forever
Where are giant pyramidal cells found?
Primary motor area
What is supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
Primary visual area
What is the origin of the tectospinal tract?
Superior colliculus
What is located in the left superior temporal gyrus?
Wernicke’s area
What best describes spinal cord tumors (gliomas)?
▪ Intradural intramedullary
▪ Intradural extramedullary
▪ Intradural intramedullary
In which part of the midbrain is the corticospinal tract?
▪ Middle 2/3 of the crus
▪ Lateral 1/6 of the crus
▪ Medial 1/6 of the crus
▪ Tegmentum of midbrain
▪ Middle 2/3 of the crus
Loss of pain sensation in the right arm is due to a lesion in what?
▪ Left spinothalamic tract
▪ Right spinothalamic tract
▪ Left spinothalamic tract
What controls respiration and heartbeat?
Medulla oblongata
Which structures if affected leads to retrograde degeneration of the amygdala?
Striae terminalis
Stimulation of which fibers increases excitation of autonomic nuclei of the brainstem
and spinal cord?
Dorsal longitudinal fasciculus
What causes dilated perivascular spaces with clear halo, refractory spherules, and is stained with silver stain?
Cryptococcus
.What causes meningitis with basal opacity and high lymphocytes in CSF?
Tuberculosis
What plays a major role in controlling cerebral blood flow in normal conditions?
Glutamate release from neurons
Which has little or no effect on cerebral blood flow?
▪ Increased partial pressure of oxygen in interstitial fluid
▪ Increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide in interstitial fluid
▪ Glutamate release from neuron
▪ GABA release from interneuron
▪ NO release from interneuron
▪ Conversion of arachidonic acid to 20-HETE in smooth muscle cells
▪ Increase in pH of interstitial fluid
▪ Increased partial pressure of oxygen in interstitial fluid
What is responsible for cortical arousal?
▪ Reticular nucleus
▪ Interlaminar nuclei
▪ Intralaminar nuclei
▪ Reticular nucleus