20 - IFSTA Chapter 20 Flashcards
What are known as the actual procedures and actions to carry out strategies?
Tactics
Idealy, what is the best rescue approach with an aerial device?
Upwind on level ground with no obstructions
What are the two advanatges to position an aerial at a corner?
Reach victims on two sides and safer on the corner if a structual collapse occurs
What is the highest priority of group of victims to rescue?
Most severely threatened by conditions of the hazard
What is the lowest priority of group of victims to rescue?
People in exposed areas
What is the best position for an aerial device?
When the device is extended, rotated and perpendicular to the objective
When using an aerial ladder, where should the first rung of the ladder tip be placed?
Even with the windowsill
When removing trapped victims from a roof, where should the tip of the aerial ladder be placed?
6’ above the roof
What method of victim removal is best used for a heavier person who is concious and able to control his/her own movements but not strong enough to descend on his/her own?
Knee-sit
Which NFPA provides guidance for rope and hardware for lifting a load?
1983
If rope is passed through the pulley with the working end anchored to something other than the ladder itself, what happens to the load on the device?
It becomes twice the weight of the load on the other device
What ppe must all personnel have if working near water?
PFD
Where should the driver/operator position the aerial when providing ventilation for a flat roof?
On the unburned side, as close as possible from the area being ventilated
Elevated master streams are most commonly used in what type of fire attack?
Defensive
What is known as an aggressive attack of a fire from the exterior with a large diameter fire stream?
Blitz attack
How much weight to the structure does 200 gpm add?
2000 lbs
If only one master stream nozzle is available, how should the stream be managed between the fire building and the exposure?
It should be alternated
When does a fog stream ineffective?
High winds
When using the aerial to rescue victims from an aircraft, where should the device be positioned?
So the aerial reaches the leading edge of the wing
What is the most effective way to perform a blitz attack?
Defelect water off the ceiling of the fire room
Any driver/operator who is operating an aerial apparatus that is equipped with or without a pump is required to also meet the requirements of what standard?
NFPA 1001
What is the NFPA standard on comprehensive occupational medical program for fire departments?
NFPA 1582
Which NFPA standard contains a list of frequencies that a driver/operator must be able to hear?
NFPA 1582
Where is the most common place for a collision to occur?
Intersection
What should a driver/operator maintain in order to lower the chances of being involed in a collision?
Situational awareness
The water tank should be at what level to provide better braking and subsequent road surface traction?
Full tank
What two NFPA standards establish requirements for seat belt use on fire apparatus?
NFPA 1901, 1500
What light comes on in the dash when the exhaust system is very hot?
HEST indicator
After a driver/operator continues to ignore an empty DEF tank, the apparatus may be limited to what speed?
5 mph
An idle time of what is usually sufficient to return a hot engine to normal operating temperature?
3 - 5 minutes
What is the angle of approach?
Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the front tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the front of the apparatus
What is the angle of departure?
Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the lowest projection at the rear of the apparatus
What is the breakover angle?
Angle formed by level ground and a line from the point where the rear tires touch the ground to the bottom of the frame at the wheelbase midpoint
NFPA 1901 requires what in every apparatus?
Placard that lists vehicle weight in feet and tons
At what speed may an emergency vehicle outrun the effective range of its audible warning device?
50 mph
When more than one emergency vehicle is responding along the same route, they should travel what distance appart?
300 - 500 feet
NFPA 1500 requires responding apparatus to do what before proceeding through an intersection?
Come to a complete stop
NFPA 1901 requires that all apparatus with a GVWR of what, be equipped with an auxiliary braking system?
36,000 lb
What is the least capable of the four auxiliary brake devices?
Exhaust brakes
All fire apparatus training and testing should follow what NFPA standard?
NFPA 1451
the best rescue approach is made from
upwind on level grade and without obstructions.
If possible, the driver/operator should position aerial apparatus used for rescue at the corner of the building. There are two advantages to positioning on a corner:
You can reach victims on 2 sides of the building, you are safer on the corner in the event of a collapse.
If a rescue is to be made from an area threatened by fire, hoselines can be used to protect the victims, rescuers, and the aerial device. The prefered procedure is to
The preferred procedure is to use a wide-angle fog stream
In situations that require using aerial apparatus for rescue, the main objective is to
reach as many victims or points of egress as possible with a minimum number of aerial movements.
Highest priority for rescues should be given to
Those who are in the greatest amount of real or perceived danger
Which occupants of a structure are typically in the greatest danger?
occupants located on or immediately above the fire floor
rescuers should give preference to individuals who are
in a panicked state and appear ready to jump if they do not see that help is imminent.
When two or more groups of victims appear to be in the same amount of danger. Which one should be rescued first?
the larger of the two groups should have the aerial device extended to them first
When extending the aerial to the roof to the assist with ventialtion
Extend the fly sections so that a minimum of 6 feet protrudes over the edge of the roof.
The best position for rescues is one in which
the extended and rotated aerial device is perpendicular to the objective
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the unsupported position
the tip should be placed above the target spot according to the manufacturer’s recommendation.
In many cases, optimum positioning is not possible, and the aerial ladder must be extended toward the objective spot at an angle. extend the ladder so that the
beam on the building side of the ladder is above and over the objective
When maneuvering any aerial device to reach a victim trapped in an elevated position, the aerial device should initially be
aimed above the victim and then lowered
When removing trapped victims from a roof the tip of the aerial ladder should be placed
so that at least 6 feet extends above the edge of the roof
A firefighter should always lead the adult victim down the ladder.
Lead victims down the ladder
When rescuing conscious victims with an aerial platform. With the top railing positioned level with the windowsill or balcony railing
The top railing should be positioned level with the windowsill or balcony railing
How many firefighters are required to move an unconcsious victim onto an aerial platform?
2
Victims jumping onto the aerial device
can cause catastrophic failure.
What might an aerial be equipped with to be used for rope rescue operation?
lifting eye
When providing access for ventilating a flat roof, the driver/operator should position the aerial apparatus on the unburned side of the structure as close as possible to the area being ventilated.
on the unburned side of the structure
What represents the overall plans needed to successfully mitigate an emergency and terminate an incident?
Operational strategies
Which of these is not an operational strategy consideration?
Weather
What are the actual procedures and actions taken to seccessfully carry out strategies?
Tactics
What allows for early and correct aerial placement?
Communication
Where should aerial devices position to avoid products of combustion or toxic vapors?
Upwind
What should happen if the aerial device is being used as an emergency escape?
It should not be repositioned
What is the advantage of positioning the aerial apparatus on the corner of the building?
It can access two sides
Who is given the highest priority for rescue by the aerial device?
Occupants located on or immediately above the fire floor
Why is the best position for the aerial device perpendicular to the objective?
Twisting stresses imposed on the aerial are reduced
How should the aerial ladder be positioned if it needs to be supported?
Both base rails are evenly in contact with the supporting object
How should the aerial device be maneuvered to reach a victim?
The aerial device should be aimed above the victim then lowered to them
How should the aerial ladder be positioned at a window for rescue?
The first rung of the ladder tip should be placed even with the window sill
How should the aerial platform be positioned at a window for rescue?
The platform should be placed so the top rail of the platform is even with the window sill
How should the aerial ladder be positioned for rescue from a roof?
The tip of the aerial ladder should be placed so at least six feet extends above the edge of the roof
What is the term for the vertical extension of an exterior wall above the roofline of a building?
Parapet wall
What is the term for a wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients and can be used with a harness for lifting?
Stokes basket
How many firefighters are prefered for assisting victims in boarding and descending the aerial ladder?
2
How should windows be taken out if the wind is blowing across the face of the building?
From downwind to upwind
At what rate does water add weight to a structure?
2,000 pounds for every 250 gpm
Where should the aerial ladder be positioned when used for large commercial passenger aircraft rescues?
Positioned to the aft of entry doors
Aerial deployment is categorized under what type of on scene communication?
Tactical
How should the aerial be postioned to avoid products of combustion
upwind
An aerial ladder or platform can be used for victim removal if
interior and exterior stairways are not accessable
If possible the aerial should be located at a corner, due to collapse potential and
to reach victims from two sides
When protecting the aerial or personnel on the ladder from heat/fire what is the safest regarding water usage
cool using a wide fog
To remove victims from a window using a platform when off center, postion the platform
at an angle to the window either in front or behind
Upon arrival of aerial, if a group of victims are to be removed via aerial ladder, position the turn table
directly in line with victims
To prioritize victim removal, which is first priority
most threatened by hazard
What type of aerial ladder should be raised above target for victim removal
unsupported
When performing a rescue with aerial ladder, the ladder should be in what positon at the window
first rung even with sill
What is the easiest postion of a platform aerial for victim removal
over the top rail
Where should an aerial ladder be placed for a roof rescue
at least 6 feet above roof edge
If encountered on a roof, this type of wall may require a roof ladder for access from an aerial
parapet
When moving a victim onto an aerial with 2 fire fighters, where should they be utilized
inside the building and on the tip of aerial
The “knee-sit” method for what kind of victim removal down a ladder
conscious able to control movements
For every 250gpm flowing into a structure, how much water weight is being added per minute
2000 lbs
During aircraft rescues, you may use the aerial apparatus to…
Gain access to the aricraft and to remove any victims
Because heat is transmitted through water, to protect exposures with a hose line it is best to do what with the stream
apply directly to the exposure
When using an elevated master stream in a blitz attack…
place nozzle in the lower portion of the window and direct the stream toward the ceiling.
On scene postioning is important because occasionally the most valuable exposure on scene is what
fire apparatus
Which of the following is most important for the driver/operator to monitor while rescuing people in hazard areas?
Fire conditions
Which of the following will most likely dictate what type of stream should be used at a fire incident?
The fire conditions
Which of the following will be a strong indication that victims are in the worst situation during a fire?
Visible fire conditions
When positioning the aerial device for a rescue from a window, how must the tip must be positioned in relation to the area of the window opening?
The window opening is not diminished by the tip
By directing the master stream at the ceiling of a target fire area, this should penetrate the area without doing what exactly?
Disturbing the thermal layering
Where is the typical location that poses the greatest danger for occupants in a building fire?
Floor immediately above the fire
Determining which victims are in the most danger is a judgment call made by the incident commander, truck company officer, or who else?
Aerial apparatus driver/operator
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the unsupported position, where should the tip be positioned when rescuing a victim?
Above the target spot
In an ideal situation, where is the best rescue approach made from without obstruction?
Upwind on level grade
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the supported position, where should the tip be positioned when rescuing a victim?
Resting evenly in contact with the supporting object
Which of the following best describes why firefighters should exercise caution when entering a structure that has been subjected to a long-term master stream blitz attack?
Risk of water damage or collapse
Which of the following is most likely the purpose for an aerial apparatus to be called to an incident involving an aircraft crash?
To gain access to victims
Which of the following most likely affects the chance of an exposure catching fire?
Construction type and proximity of exposure
How many firefighters are preferred to assist victims in boarding and descending an aerial ladder during a rescue?
Two
Why should there always be a straight forward exit route for apparatus at an incident?
In the event that operations must be abandoned
Which group of people should be rescued first if every group appears to be in the same amount of danger?
The larger group
Which of the following is most appropriate regarding carrying small children and adults down an aerial ladder?
It should be a last resort
Which of the following types of nozzle streams would most likely be adversely influenced by atmospheric or fire created winds?
Fog stream
Which method of carrying victims down an aerial ladder requires the firefighter to lace both hands under the victim’s body and grasp the handrails?
Across the rails
There are three type of communications; on scene communications, tactical communications, and what other type?
Pre arrival communications
When ever possible, position the aerial device with the wind where to avoid products of combustion?
Up wind
Where is the best positioning on a building for an aerial device?
On the corner
What are the three types of communication for a successful aerial operation?
Pre-arrival, on scene, tactical
What are the two advantages to positioning an aerial apparatus on the corner?
Reach victims on both sides and safer for structural collapse
What is the 1st priority for victim removal with an aerial device?
Severely threatened
Where should the turn table be in comparison to the victim?
Perpendicular
Where should the tip of the aerial device be in conjunction to the building?
Unsupported tip at the target
Why should the ladder tip be raised above the victim then lowered to them?
To prevent the victim from jumping
When the tip of an aerial device is at an angle compared to the building , how should it be?
The beam closest to the building should be slightly over the roof line
This type of exterior wall is carried above the roof line?
Parapet
How should a tower bucket be positioned to a building?
With the door of the basket straight to the building
When positioning the tip of the aerial device, how far above the building should it be?
6’
Why should victims being removed from the building have a firefighter with them on an aerial device?
To prevent falls
What is the preferred way to move larger victims that are conous but not strong enough to walk?
Knee-sit
What carry is the most diffacult and requires two firefighters on the ladder?
Over the shoulder
How should an aerial device be positioned when braking windows from the tip?
Slightly above and up wind
What is it called when you use a 2-1/2” or larger fire stream on a fire?
Blitz attach
What should be a concern with a defensive attach?
Water weight causing a collapse
What can be used to disrupt the thermal Colum and reduce convection heat?
Fog stream
What is a concern about positioning near water?
Unstable or wet ground
The driver operator should position aerial apparatus used for rescue where?
Corner of the building
Building occupants located where are in the greatest danger?
Fire floor
The second priority for rescue is for who?
Largest number of people
How many different priorities are there in rescueing victims?
4
The driver operator should try to keep the aerial device how in relation to the victims?
Perpendicular
When performing a rescue in a window, place the first rung of the ladded where?
Even with the windowsill
When approaching a window squarely with the platform, how should you position the platform?
Top rail of the platform even with the windowsill
When removing trapped victims from a roof, the tip of the aerial ladder should be placed so that at least how much extends above the edge of the roof?
6 feet
How should infants or small children be carried as the firefighter descends the ladder?
Cradled in the firefighter’s arm
The over-the-shoulder carry is the most difficult and should only be performed with how many firefighters on the ladder?
2
If the rope is passed through the pulley with the working end anchored to something other than the ladder itself, the load on the device becomes how much heaver then the weight of the load on the other end of the rope?
2x
When an aerial apparatus is used for water rescue and in order to reach the victim, it is usually nescessary to spot the apparatus how close from the water’s edge?
A few feet
When extending the aerial ladder to the roof how far above the roofline should it be?
6 feet
When using the aerial ladder for ventilation of windows on the second floor where should it be positioned?
Slightly above the window and slightly upwind
What type of nozzle provides excellent penetration into fire areas?
Solid stream nozzle
Water reflection of the ceiling at what angle allows for it to deflect and hit the seat of the fire?
30 degrees
Water weight in structural collapse adds weight to the structure at a rate of 2,000 pounds for every how many GPM?
250 GPM
Conditions that may affect exposure hazards include all of the following except what?
Age of the building
Fog streams may not work due to a variety of conditions except for what?
Low GPM due to low pressure
During aircraft rescue fire fighting operations all ladders should be placed where?
To the rear of entry doors
Why should the driver not elevate the aerial device to an aircraft?
Aircraft is resting in or near electric lines
During aircraft rescue, where should all the ladders be positioned?
To the aft of entry doors
What is the second best option for rescuing victims from an aircraft?
Place portable stairs at exit doors of aircraft
The stream should not be rotated beyond the safe limits required when using which type of pattern:
Sweep
What needs to happen in the event that fire conditions worsen and operations must be abandoned?
Always have a straight forward exit route
How could protection from convective fire spread be acomplished?
By large fog streams into thermal column
Which practice is dependent upon availability of water, required flow and available resources?
The use of two nozzles from an aerial platform
Which of the following is most accurate about fires in severe situations?
Fire could create its own wind conditions
Besides fire conditions, what can contribute to exposure fires?
Wind
What could help prolong exposed combustible material its resistance to ignition?
Increased moisture content
Conduction, convection and radiation are examples of ?
Ways for fire spread to exposures
Which tactic can eliminate difficult hose lays up interior stairwells?
The use of aerial as an exterior standpipe
Where should the apparatus be positioned if possible to allow to push the fire and convection waves away?
On the unburned side of the building
How should elevated master streams be applied when used in a blitz attack?
Only flowed long enough to darken down the fire
What is the best way to effect a blitz attack?
Try to deflect water off the ceiling
Which tactic carefully places a solid or straight master stream from exterior?
Blitz attack
Which is most accurate about directing master stream at the ceiling will penetrate the area?
Without disturbing the thermal layering
Who decides the use of aerial master streams?
Incident commander
When are elevated master streams most commonly used?
Defensive operations
When should the aerial be positioned slightly above the window and slightly to the upwind side?
When doing ventilation
Which of the following is not a successful communication style for aerial operations?
Command communication
Where on a structure should the aerial be positioned in order to access multiple sides of the building?
The Corner
If the aerial ladder is designed to be used in the unsupported position, the tip should be placed where?
Above the target spot
What is the purpose of raising the aerial to a point above the victim then lowered to the victim for rescue?
Prevent victim from jumping onto aerial
How far above the roof line should an aerial ladder be placed for rescue?
At least 6 feet
Where should the ladder tip be placed when rescuing a victim from a window?
Even with the windowsill
What is the best tool to utilize when encountering a parapet wall?
Roof ladder
If more than two firefighters are available during rescue using an aerial ladder, where should the firefighters be located?
One inside the structure while the others remain on the tip
When firefighters are operating on the roof, the driver/operator should positions the ladder how far above the roofline?
At least 6 feet
What is the ideal placement of the nozzle attached to an aerial ladder when preforming master stream operations?
Lower portion of the window opening so that the fire stream may be directed upward toward the ceiling
What is the ideal angle for a master stream on an aerial flowing into the fire room?
30 degrees
Which type of aerial master stream is mostly affected by atmospheric or fire created winds?
Fog streams
Which of the following is not a factor in determining the use of two nozzles from an aerial platform?
Number of structures involved
What type of stream can be sprayed into a thermal column and help reduce the amount of convection heat that can spread to exposures?
Fog streams
When the aerial ladder must be extended toward the objective spot at an angle, where should the tip be positioned?
Position so building side beam is above and over the objective
When using aerial platforms, where should the platform be placed in relation to the windowsill?
Top rail of the platform is even with the windowsill
Which method of carrying a victim down a ladder is the most difficult and most risky?
Over-the-shoulder
What dictates how many victims may be moved using an aerial platform?
Device load rating
When using an elevating platform, where should the bottom of the platform be positioned in relation to the roofs edge?
Even with or extended slightly over the roofs edge
What of the following is not a benefit of directing an aerial master stream at the ceiling of the target fire area?
Allows crew to monitor progress of fire suppression
Communications consist of on scene communications, tactical communications, and?
pre arrival communications
Whenever possible, the driver/operator should position the aerial device?
upwind of the fire
Aerial devices at fire incidents should position to?
maximize building coverage
When may it be necessary to use an aerial device to bring victims down from a structure?
when fire conditions do not allow access to interior stairs or exterior fire escapes
In an ideal situations, the best rescue approach is made from?
upwind on grade level
Determining which victims are in the most danger is a judgment call made by the incident commander, truck officer, or?
aerial apparatus driver/operator
Where is the typical location that poses the greatest danger for occupants in a building fire?
floor immediately above the fire
Which of the following will be a strong indication that victims are in the worst situation during a fire?
visible fire conditions
During an emergency situation, rescuers should give preference to individuals who are?
in a panicked state
Which group of people should be rescued first if every group appears to be in the same amount of danger?
the largest group
Which of the following is MOST important for the driver/operator to monitor while rescuing people in hard areas?
fire conditions
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the unsupported position, where should the tip be positioned when rescuing a victim?
above the target spot
If an aerial ladder is designed to be used in the supported position, where should the tip be positioned when rescuing a victim?
resting evenly in contact with the support object
When positioning the aerial device for a rescue from a window, the tip must be positioned so that the area of the window opening?
is not diminished
Which of the following is MOST appropriate if assisting the rescue of victims off parapet style roofs?
a roof ladder
How many firefighters are preferred to assist victims I boarding and descending an aerial ladder during a rescue?
two
Which method of carrying victims down an aerial ladder involves the victim sitting on the firefighters knees?
knee sit
Which of the following determines the number of passengers who may be lowered into the platform?
the load capacity ratings
Which of the following is the MOST appropriate person to lower in a basket type litter?
an unconscious or injured person
The eye on aerial devices is for use with rope type rescue operations?
with limited capacity
What are the procedures and actions taken to successfully carry out strategies?
Tactics
What is the best position for an aerial device?
When an extended and rotated aerial device is perpendicular to the objective
What should a firefighter be prepared to do when rescuing a victim from an aerial device?
climb the ladder and instruct the victim how and when to board the aerial
What is am important consideration when removing victims from a window?
placement of the aerial device tip
When removing trapped victims from a roof or an elevated flat section of a building, how should the aerial ladder be placed?
extended six feet above the edge of the flat section or roof
What is the definition of a parapet wall?
Vertical extension of an exterior wall, and sometimes an interior fire wall, above the
Which would be most advantageous when dealing with parapet walls?
an articulating aerial device
What will determine the number of passengers who may be lowered into the platform?
load capacity and space inside the platform
If the rope is passed through a pulley with the working end anchored to the ground, what happens to the load?
The load becomes twice the weight of the load on the running end
What is the first safety issue that affects aerial apparatus at water rescue incidents?
lack of suitable location to stabilize
What can proper aerial placement do for ventilation operations?
make it quicker and safer
What must be considered when a defensive attack is employed?
building collapse
What must the driver/operator know if the incident commander decides to utilize the aerial master stream?
volume to be delivered, type of stream, and placement of stream
What should be carried on the apparatus and be available for use from the aerial device?
smooth bore and fog nozzles
What is often conducted when the fire is on upper stories and while firefighters are perparing to enter the building?
blitz attack with an aerial device
For every 250GPM applied from a master stream, how many pounds of weight are added to the structure?
2,000 pounds
Fire conditions that prohibit safely advancing handlines, large amounts of water needed to extinguish the fire, IC opting to sacrifice a portion of the building are all indicators of what?
defensive attack
What will dictate the type of stream to be used from the elevated aerial device?
fire conditions
What are the ways that fire can spread to expsoures?
conduction, convection, radiation
Who should get preference for rescue during an emergency situation?
occupants in a panicked state
What are known as the actual procedures and actions to carry out strategies?
Tactics
Idealy, what is the best rescue approach with an aerial device?
Upwind on level ground with no obstructions
What are the two advanatges to position an aerial at a corner?
Reach victims on two sides and safer on the corner if a structual collapse occurs
What is the highest priority of group of victims to rescue?
Most severely threatened by conditions of the hazard
What is the lowest priority of group of victims to rescue?
People in exposed areas
What is the best position for an aerial device?
When the device is extended, rotated and perpendicular to the objective
When using an aerial ladder, where should the first rung of the ladder tip be placed?
Even with the windowsill
When removing trapped victims from a roof, where should the tip of the aerial ladder be placed?
6’ above the roof
What method of victim removal is best used for a heavier person who is concious and able to control his/her own movements but not strong enough to descend on his/her own?
Knee-sit
Which NFPA provides guidance for rope and hardware for lifting a load?
1983
If rope is passed through the pulley with the working end anchored to something other than the ladder itself, what happens to the load on the device?
It becomes twice the weight of the load on the other device
What ppe must all personnel have if working near water?
PFD
Where should the driver/operator position the aerial when providing ventilation for a flat roof?
On the unburned side, as close as possible from the area being ventilated
Elevated master streams are most commonly used in what type of fire attack?
Defensive
What is known as an aggressive attack of a fire from the exterior with a large diameter fire stream?
Blitz attack
How much weight to the structure does 200 gpm add?
2000 lbs
If only one master stream nozzle is available, how should the stream be managed between the fire building and the exposure?
It should be alternated
When does a fog stream ineffective?
High winds
When using the aerial to rescue victims from an aircraft, where should the device be positioned?
So the aerial reaches the leading edge of the wing
What is the most effective way to perform a blitz attack?
Defelect water off the ceiling of the fire room
what the actual procedures and actions to carry out strategies called?
tactics
what 3 types of communication?
pre arrival,on scene, tactical
where best position for aerial device to avoid toxic products of combustion?
upwind
what are aerial apparatus used for on fires?
rescue, ventilation and elevated fire attack
what determines the number of people a platform can rescue at once?
load capacity
how should an aerial device go towards a victim?
lowered down to
when the aerial being used as an unsupported position, how should it be placed?
tip above the target
what can some older aerial apparatus do for maximum load capacity in a supported position
place both rails evenly in contact with the object
how many firefighters should be assigned to assist victims to climbing down a ladder?
2
how far should tip of ladder extend above the roof line?
6ft
how should a firefighter help a capable adult down the ladder?
lead them down
what must you do before flowing master stream into a building?
make sure there are no firefighters or victims
which master stream in used for penetration into a building?
solid stream nozzle
when do nozzles lose some of their effectiveness?
not discharging at their rates flow
how much weight does water add to a structure for every 250 gpm flow?
2000lbs
what the objective to a defensive attack?
contain fire to a specific area
how long should elevated master streams be used in a blitz attack?
just long enough to darken down the fire
what conditions must aerial drivers keep checking on?
fire conditions
what should be know when carrying kids and adults down a ladder?
last resort
what must be used when operating over a parapets?
a roof ladder
When an aerial device is set up as an emergency escape from a roof it should not be repositioned unless
the change is communicated and acknowledged
When fire conditions do not allow victims to be brought down the interior stairs or exterior fire escapes, it may be necessary to use what to get them down?
An aerial device
the apparatus should be parked so that the aerial device turntable is
Upwind of the target
If possible, the driver/operator should position aerial apparatus used for rescue
At the corner of the building
Two advantages to positioning on a corner
1: You can potentially reach victims on two sides of a building 2: You are potentially safer on the corner if a structure collapse occurs
If a rescue is to be made from an area threatened by fire
hoselines can be used to protect the victims
If protective homeliness are needed The preferred procedure is to use a
wide-angle fog stream
the driver/operator should position the apparatus so that the turntable is directly in line with the target
If the victim is to be lifted over the top rail
the turntable must be positioned a little forward or behind the target because the platform gates are typically on the side of the platform.
If the victim enters the platform through the hinged gate
The best way to learn the ideal approach angles for your aerial apparatus is to
Train
In situations that require using aerial apparatus for rescue, the main objective is to
reach as many victims or points of egress as possible with a minimum number of aerial movements
Those who are in the greatest amount of real or perceived danger should be given the
Highest priority
Determining which victims are in the most danger is a judgment call made by the
Incident Commander, truck company officer, or aerial apparatus driver/operator
Typically, occupants located where will be in the greatest danger?
on or immediately above the fire floor
Rescuers should do what with individuals who are in a panicked state and appear ready to jump?
give preference
firefighters should not pass up those in greatest danger just to
rescue a panicked person who is in a safe area
involves multiple victims who may be located in different parts of the fire building
The Second Priority
When the extended and rotated aerial device is perpendicular to the objective
The best position
the people in the exposed area
The Fourth Priority
Victims that are not in immediate danger
they can be evacuated using interior stairways or fire escapes
When ever possible, position the aerial device with the wind where to avoid products of combustion?
Up wind
Where is the best positioning on a building for an aerial device?
On the corner
What are the three types of communication for a successful aerial operation?
Pre-arrival, on scene, tactical
What are the two advantages to positioning an aerial apparatus on the corner?
Reach victims on both sides and safer for structural collapse
What is the 1st priority for victim removal with an aerial device?
Severely threatened
Where should the turn table be in comparison to the victim?
Perpendicular
Where should the tip of the aerial device be in conjunction to the building?
Unsupported tip at the target
Why should the ladder tip be raised above the victim then lowered to them?
To prevent the victim from jumping
When the tip of an aerial device is at an angle compared to the building , how should it be?
The beam closest to the building should be slightly over the roof line
This type of exterior wall is carried above the roof line?
Parapet
How should a tower bucket be positioned to a building?
With the door of the basket straight to the building
When positioning the tip of the aerial device, how far above the building should it be?
6’
Why should victims being removed from the building have a firefighter with them on an aerial device?
To prevent falls
What is the preferred way to move larger victims that are conous but not strong enough to walk?
Knee-sit
What carry is the most diffacult and requires two firefighters on the ladder?
Over the shoulder
How should an aerial device be positioned when braking windows from the tip?
Slightly above and up wind
What is it called when you use a 2-1/2” or larger fire stream on a fire?
Blitz attach
What should be a concern with a defensive attach?
Water weight causing a collapse
What can be used to disrupt the thermal Colum and reduce convection heat?
Fog stream
What is a concern about positioning near water?
Unstable or wet ground
What represents the overall plans needed to successfully mitigate an emergency and terminate an incident?
Operational strategies
Which of these is not an operational strategy consideration?
Weather
What are the actual procedures and actions taken to seccessfully carry out strategies?
Tactics
What allows for early and correct aerial placement?
Communication
Where should aerial devices position to avoid products of combustion or toxic vapors?
Upwind
What should happen if the aerial device is being used as an emergency escape?
It should not be repositioned
What is the advantage of positioning the aerial apparatus on the corner of the building?
It can access two sides
Who is given the highest priority for rescue by the aerial device?
Occupants located on or immediately above the fire floor
Why is the best position for the aerial device perpendicular to the objective?
Twisting stresses imposed on the aerial are reduced
How should the aerial ladder be positioned if it needs to be supported?
Both base rails are evenly in contact with the supporting object
How should the aerial device be maneuvered to reach a victim?
The aerial device should be aimed above the victim then lowered to them
How should the aerial ladder be positioned at a window for rescue?
The first rung of the ladder tip should be placed even with the window sill
How should the aerial platform be positioned at a window for rescue?
The platform should be placed so the top rail of the platform is even with the window sill
How should the aerial ladder be positioned for rescue from a roof?
The tip of the aerial ladder should be placed so at least six feet extends above the edge of the roof
What is the term for the vertical extension of an exterior wall above the roofline of a building?
Parapet wall
What is the term for a wire or plastic basket-type litter suitable for transporting patients and can be used with a harness for lifting?
Stokes basket
How many firefighters are prefered for assisting victims in boarding and descending the aerial ladder?
2
How should windows be taken out if the wind is blowing across the face of the building?
From downwind to upwind
At what rate does water add weight to a structure?
2,000 pounds for every 250 gpm
Where should the aerial ladder be positioned when used for large commercial passenger aircraft rescues?
Positioned to the aft of entry doors
Whenever possible, the aerials device should be positioned where?
Upwind
Which of the following is an advantage to positioning on a corner of a building?
You can potentially reach victims on two sides of a building
Whenever possible, the aerials device should be positioned where for rescue?
At the corner of the building
If a rescue needs to be made and the aerial is threatened by fire, what is the preferred method of protection?
Wide-angle fog
If a victim is to be lifted over the top rail of a tower, where should the driver position the turntable?
Directly in line with the target
If a victim enters the platform through a hinged gate, where should the turntable be positioned?
A little forward or behind the target
Typically, where are the occupants that are in the greatest danger?
On or immediately above the fire
Rescuers should give priority to which victims?
Individuals that are panicked
When more than one group requires rescuing, which group should be rescued first?
The larger group
In this position, the twisting stress on the aerial is reduced.
Positioned perpendicular to the building
When optimum positioning is not possible, the ladder should be extended where?
Above and over the objective
When maneuvering an aerial device to reach a victim in an elevated position, how should the aerial be positioned?
Above the victim, then lowered
Once an aerial is in place, what should be engaged to made the device as rigid as possible?
Extension Locks
When using an aerial ladder, the first run of the ladder tip should be where?
Even with the window sill
When using aerial platforms, where should the platform be placed for rescue?
So the top rail of the platform is even with the window sill
When removing trapped victims from a roof, the tip of the aerial ladder should be placed at least how many feet extendeds above the end of the roof?
6’
When lowering victims in a platform, where should the second firefighter be during the lowering of victims?
At the load point to calm remaining victims
What is the NFPA Standard on Operations and Training for Technical Search and Rescue Incidents?
NFPA 1670
When breaking windows to provide cross ventilation, position the aerial where?
Slightly above the window to the upwind side
If the aerial will be used for master stream operations, where should the turntable be positioned?
Directly in line with the target
If an aerial device is designed to be used in the unsupported position, where should the tip be positioned when rescuing a victim?
above the target spot
Whenever possible, the driver/operator should position the aerial device:
upwind of the fire
Which of the following is an alternate method to position the platforms top rail to the windowsill?
position the platform so that the access gate through the platform railing is adjacent to the window opening
How many firefighters are preferred to assist victims in boarding and descending an aerial ladder during a rescue?
2
Which ladder is most appropriate when gaining access to a flat roof that is occluded by a parapet wall?
a roof ladder
When positioning the aerial device for a rescue from a window, the tip must be positioned so that the area of the window opening:
is not diminished
In an ideal situation, the best rescue approach using an aerial apparatus is made from:
upwind on level grade
Which of the following nozzle streams is the most effective for protecting the apparatus from convectional heat waves?
fog stream
Which of the following nozzle streams would most likely be influenced by atmospheric or fire created winds?
fog stream
Water can contribute to a building collapse. Per IFSTA as a general rule of thumb, for every 250 GPMs of water flowed into structure roughly:
2000 lbs is added
Using elevated master streams during a blitz attack, the driver operator should flow water until:
the fire is darkened down
When using the aerial device as a high point anchoring system, the load force is effectively:
doubled
When positioning an aerial device to gain access to a flat roof, the tip of there aerial should be:
6 feet above the roof line
Where should the beam of the aerial device be placed when approaching a structure on an angle?
the beam is on the building side of the ladder above the objective
How many firefighters are required to move an unconscious person down the aerial device?
2
Where should the aerial device be positioned when providing access to a flat roof for ventilation?
on the unburned side of the structure
What is the best positioning for an aerial device for providing horizontal ventilation?
slightly above the objective on the upwind side
When trying to accomplish water deflection using an aerial master stream, the nozzle should be positioned:
even with the bottom of the window
When is an aerial master stream used in blitz attack operation?
when fire is on the upper floors while firefighters are preparing to enter the structure
Where is the best place to position an aerial device with coinciding aerial master stream to limit the spread of fire and toxic gases into the structure?
the unburned side of the building
