19 Flashcards
___ results in the production of the catecholamines (norepinephrine and epinephrine)
Tyrosine
GLUT ___ is an insulin-dependent transporter
4
When lactate forms as the end result of anaerobic glycolysis in muscle, it can be converted back into ___ in the ___ (known as the ___ cycle)
glucose
liver
Cori
The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA requires the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase along with ___, ___, ___, ___, ___
Riboflavin, Niacin, Thiamin, pantothenic acid, lipoic acid
Cholecystokinin is responsible for the contraction of the ___
gallbladder
A sodium-glucose linked transporter 1 (SGLT1) uses ___ transport to move glucose from an area of low concentration to a high concentration
active
___ fiber is a non-digestible carbohydrate that has physiological benefits when eaten
functional
What are the 3 branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)?
Leucine, isoleucine, valine
What are the two products of tryptophan metabolism?
melatonin and seratonin
___ is when the DNA code is transcribed to the mRNA template in the nucleus
Transcription
In protein synthesis, what is the process in which mRNA is decoded to produce a specific sequence of amino acids?
translation
What are the two hormones that stimulate protein synthesis?
insulin and testosterone
What are the 3 catabolic hormones?
glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol
What is the only tissue that deaminates BCAAs?
The muscle
What vitamin is required for transamination?
B6
What is the brainās main energy source in a state of starvation?
ketones
What are the 2 amino acids that are solely ketogenic?
leucine and lysine
Where does the TCA cycle take place?
in the mitochondria
Glycolysis occurs in the ___
cytosol
Which neurotransmitter can lead to Parkinsonās dz if levels are too low?
Dopamine
Bile is made in the ___ and stored in the ___
liver
gallbladder
How are exogenous lipids transported in the lymphatic system?
chylomicrons
Which metabolite is needed to combine with acetyl-CoA to form citrate?
oxaloacetate
In a nomenclature, the ānā stands for ___
double bonds
Where does deamination of amino acids occur?
in the liver
Which type of transport requires a carrier but no energy?
passive diffusion
___ and ___ levels rise in response to low blood calcium levels
PTH and calcitriol
___ deficiency and ___ osteoclast activity is associated with osteoporosis
estrogen
increased
What mineral plays a role in blood clotting?
Calcium
Vit ___ is needed for the decarboxylation reactions
B1 (Thiamin)
The large intestine synthesizes vit ___, ___, ___ and ___ from bacteria
vit K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin
___ is involved in anabolic reactions such as fatty acid synthesis
NADPH
Vitamin A is also to enter the portal blood in the form of ___
retinoic acid
___ break down or reabsorb bone
Osteoclasts
What are the 2 amino acids that become conditionally essential during catabolic stress?
Arginine
Glutamine
Which vitamin contains coenzyme A?
B5 (pantothenic acid)
In the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, intake would be rated poor if less than ___% of the RDA
66
USDA conducts over-sampling of ___ and ___ adults over the age of ___
Hispanic and African American
60
Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index looks at ___ and ___ to screen an individual
serum albumin and weight changes
Acanthosis nigricans is a sign of ___
hyperinsulinemia
Smokers have consistently shown to have lower levels of vit ___
C
What are the proper protein recommendations for a pt who received hemodialysis 3 times a week?
1.2 g/kg
Hepatitis ___ occurs through the fecal-oral route and is the type of hepatitis most directly associated with foodborne illness
A
Non-tropical sprue is also known as ___
Celiac Dz
What is considered elevated triglycerides?
> 150
What is considered a high waist circumference for men? and for women?
> 40
>35
What is considered low HDL for men? and for women?
<40
<50
Normocytic anemia (normal MCV, low Hgb/Hct) is associated with ____
arthritis
Which vitamin supplement could lead to drug resistance when taken with Retrovir?
Vit C
What minerals may need to be supplemented with a Billroth II procedure?
Calcium and Iron
Niacin and Vitamin E should be avoided before a permanent cosmetic procedure because they are ____ meds
blooding thinning
Biphosphonate is a medication that prevents ____ and is used to treat ____
loss of bone density
osteoporosis
Individuals on Methotrexate must avoid eating ____ rich foods because it may decrease the effectiveness of the drug
folate
