12 Flashcards
Normal sodium lab levels
135-145
Normal potassium lab levels
3.5 - 5 (there are 3-5 bananas in a bunch)
Normal phosphorus lab levels
3 - 4.5
Calcium normal lab levels
9 - 11
How many mg of calcium does a pregnant teenager need?
1300
How many mg of calcium does an adult need?
1000-1200
Normal BUN levels
10-20 mg/dL (a hamburger BUN is between $10 - $20
Normal Cr levels
0.6 - 1.4 mg/dl (creatiNINE, 0.9 is right in the middle of 0.6 and 1.4)
(Carly is 0.6 yo and her older brother Robert has 14 yo)
BUN:Cr ratio
between 10:1 and 15:1
Because Carly and Robert are eating the BUN, the price will decrease to $10 - $15
Normal Glucose levels
70 - 100 mg/dl
Our energy starts to decline during our elderly years, especially when we are 70-100 years old
Normal albumin levels
3.5 - 5 (same as potassium)
Normal AST levels
9 - 40 U/L (aSt -> School, average school day is 9-4)
Normal ALT levels
7 - 60 U/L (aLt -> Labor, average work day is 7-6)
What is an alternative hypothesis?
it’s when there is a significance in the hypothesis
what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true
What is an independent variable?
it’s something you can change or manipulate (example: how well you prepare for the exam)
TREATMENT
What is a dependent variable?
a dependent variable depends on the independent (the RD test score depends on how much you study for the exam)
RESPONSE / OUTCOME VARIABLE
What are the 4 types of variables?
numerical continuous, numerical discrete, rank order/ordinal scale, nominal/non-ordered scale
What is a numerical continuous?
used for underlying continuous scale
example: blood pressure, weight, age, lab values
What is numeral discrete?
described only in whole numbers
data with numbers, but they don’t continue
example: 1 initial session
What is the rank order/ordinal scale?
variables with different stages
example: stage of dz, ranking pain from 1-10
What is a nominal/non-ordered scale?
variables that fit into a category without a special order, such as gender, marital status
used as labels for identification
In order for the P-value to be significant the value should be ___
less than or equal to 0.05
What are the values for the standard deviation?
68%, 95%, 99.7%
What does qualitative research mean?
quaLitative (Letters) -> descriptive/basic research
Formulate a hypothesis, small sample size, explore an idea
What does quantitative research mean?
quaNtitative (numbers) -> analytical/applied research
actually testing the hypothesis
large sample size
statistical analysis
What is epidemiological research?
it’s the research that is used to focus on health care planning because is looking at dz patters
Interviews, focus groups (delphi), surveys, questionnaires are examples of which method of descriptive research?
qualitative
Which method of descriptive research determines the degree to which a relationship exists between two or more variables?
correlational/exploratory/ecological
This research design investigates possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more groups to one or more treatment conditions and compare the results (uses control group)
Example: randomized clinical/control trial/Parallel design
Experimental Design
In this research design, each experimental group received different treatment during the study. The subjects cross over to the other treatment during the study, therefore both serve as their own control group and decrease variance
Cross-over design
This research design is a time series study used to see the causal impact of an investigation before and after an event without randomization (no control group)
example: pre and post-intervention, plate waste before and after the SNLP regulations changed
Quasi-experimental/observational
This research design compares two existing groups who had a different outcome (those with a dz to those without the dz)
Appropriate for investigating an outbreak or rare dz
Case-Control (Compares)
example: E. Coli outbreak - compare children who did not contract E. Coli but ate at the same restaurant as children who contracted E. Coli
This research consists of a combination of small studies with similar peer review studies and designs
Most have inclusion and exclusion
Meta-analysis
What is a cohort study?
Incidence
Longitudinal study where you track participants over A PERIOD OF TIME
They are participants with common characteristics and you want to see if they develop a dz
What is a Cross-sectional study?
Prevalence
Snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time
The degree of consistency in which a test measures what is supposed to measure
Extent to which a measurement is consistent and free of error
Reliability
