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RD exam > 12 > Flashcards

12 Flashcards

1
Q

Normal sodium lab levels

A

135-145

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2
Q

Normal potassium lab levels

A

3.5 - 5 (there are 3-5 bananas in a bunch)

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3
Q

Normal phosphorus lab levels

A

3 - 4.5

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4
Q

Calcium normal lab levels

A

9 - 11

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5
Q

How many mg of calcium does a pregnant teenager need?

A

1300

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6
Q

How many mg of calcium does an adult need?

A

1000-1200

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7
Q

Normal BUN levels

A

10-20 mg/dL (a hamburger BUN is between $10 - $20

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8
Q

Normal Cr levels

A

0.6 - 1.4 mg/dl (creatiNINE, 0.9 is right in the middle of 0.6 and 1.4)

(Carly is 0.6 yo and her older brother Robert has 14 yo)

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9
Q

BUN:Cr ratio

A

between 10:1 and 15:1

Because Carly and Robert are eating the BUN, the price will decrease to $10 - $15

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10
Q

Normal Glucose levels

A

70 - 100 mg/dl

Our energy starts to decline during our elderly years, especially when we are 70-100 years old

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11
Q

Normal albumin levels

A

3.5 - 5 (same as potassium)

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12
Q

Normal AST levels

A

9 - 40 U/L (aSt -> School, average school day is 9-4)

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13
Q

Normal ALT levels

A

7 - 60 U/L (aLt -> Labor, average work day is 7-6)

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14
Q

What is an alternative hypothesis?

A

it’s when there is a significance in the hypothesis

what you might believe to be true or hope to prove true

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15
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

it’s something you can change or manipulate (example: how well you prepare for the exam)

TREATMENT

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16
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

a dependent variable depends on the independent (the RD test score depends on how much you study for the exam)

RESPONSE / OUTCOME VARIABLE

17
Q

What are the 4 types of variables?

A

numerical continuous, numerical discrete, rank order/ordinal scale, nominal/non-ordered scale

18
Q

What is a numerical continuous?

A

used for underlying continuous scale

example: blood pressure, weight, age, lab values

19
Q

What is numeral discrete?

A

described only in whole numbers

data with numbers, but they don’t continue

example: 1 initial session

20
Q

What is the rank order/ordinal scale?

A

variables with different stages

example: stage of dz, ranking pain from 1-10

21
Q

What is a nominal/non-ordered scale?

A

variables that fit into a category without a special order, such as gender, marital status

used as labels for identification

22
Q

In order for the P-value to be significant the value should be ___

A

less than or equal to 0.05

23
Q

What are the values for the standard deviation?

A

68%, 95%, 99.7%

24
Q

What does qualitative research mean?

A

quaLitative (Letters) -> descriptive/basic research

Formulate a hypothesis, small sample size, explore an idea

25
Q

What does quantitative research mean?

A

quaNtitative (numbers) -> analytical/applied research

actually testing the hypothesis
large sample size
statistical analysis

26
Q

What is epidemiological research?

A

it’s the research that is used to focus on health care planning because is looking at dz patters

27
Q

Interviews, focus groups (delphi), surveys, questionnaires are examples of which method of descriptive research?

A

qualitative

28
Q

Which method of descriptive research determines the degree to which a relationship exists between two or more variables?

A

correlational/exploratory/ecological

29
Q

This research design investigates possible cause and effect relationships by exposing one or more groups to one or more treatment conditions and compare the results (uses control group)

Example: randomized clinical/control trial/Parallel design

A

Experimental Design

30
Q

In this research design, each experimental group received different treatment during the study. The subjects cross over to the other treatment during the study, therefore both serve as their own control group and decrease variance

A

Cross-over design

31
Q

This research design is a time series study used to see the causal impact of an investigation before and after an event without randomization (no control group)

example: pre and post-intervention, plate waste before and after the SNLP regulations changed

A

Quasi-experimental/observational

32
Q

This research design compares two existing groups who had a different outcome (those with a dz to those without the dz)

Appropriate for investigating an outbreak or rare dz

A

Case-Control (Compares)

example: E. Coli outbreak - compare children who did not contract E. Coli but ate at the same restaurant as children who contracted E. Coli

33
Q

This research consists of a combination of small studies with similar peer review studies and designs

Most have inclusion and exclusion

A

Meta-analysis

34
Q

What is a cohort study?

A

Incidence

Longitudinal study where you track participants over A PERIOD OF TIME

They are participants with common characteristics and you want to see if they develop a dz

35
Q

What is a Cross-sectional study?

A

Prevalence

Snapshot of a particular group of people at a given point in time

36
Q

The degree of consistency in which a test measures what is supposed to measure

Extent to which a measurement is consistent and free of error

A

Reliability

RD exam (24 decks)

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