1.6 - Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are carbohydrates made of?
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is the ratio of C, H, and O?
1:2:1
What are monosaccharides?
They are simple sugars, that is made up of one sugar.
Mono=one
What are disaccarides?
They are comprised of two monosaccharides,
Di=two
What are oligosaccharides?
Short chains of monosaccharides connected together.
Oligo= a few (between 3-5; no set limit/distinction)
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of monosaccharides
poly=many
What are monomers?
- Monosaccharides that are connected in a repeating pattern to form polymers.
- Think of monomers as a sub-unit to create something larger
What are polymers?
- monomers connected in a repeating pattern to form long chains
- a chain made of smaller pieces
all molecules are polymers
What are the 3 types of simple sugars (monosaccharides) that we need to know?
Frutose, glucose, and galactose
What chemical formula does frutose, glucose, and galactose share?
C6H12O6
What are isomers?
molecues that share the same chemical formula but have different structures and/or positioning of molecues
What happens when glucose is not in a solution?
It arranges itself into a linear chain
What happens when glucose is in a solution?
The glucose chain folds it’s self into a ring.
This is due to the presense of the polarity of hydrogen and water.
What happens to the carbon ends when glucose folds into a ring?
What two possiblilites does the formation of the ring present?
The hydroxyl group on C-1 connects with C-5 to form the single ring.
The hydroxyl group either ends up on the bottom or the top
Alpha or Beta glucose
What are the 2 formations of glucose called?
Alpha-glucose-> single hydrogen at the top (H to H)
- trans position
Beta-glucose-> OH abover the ring
- cis position
When two monosaccharides form to make a disaccharide, what carbons (#) join together?
C-1 and C-4
Maltose is made from:
glucose + glucose
Sucrose is made from:
glucose + frutose
Lactose is made from:
glucose + fructose
The linkage between 2 -OH groups is called…
An ether linkage
(an O is inbetween and connecting 2 molecules)
If alpha-glucose comes first in a disaccharide, what will the linkage be?
α-1,4 ether linkage
OR
α-1,4 glycosidic linkage
Bonds conncected to O are angled downward
If beta-glucose comes first in a disaccharide, what will the linkage be?
β-1,4 ether linkage
Bonds connected to O are in a diagnonal position
True or false:
Disaccharides must be broken down into monosaccarides by special emzymes.
True.
This is done to obtain energy.
If ending is -tose, the emzyme ends in -tase with the same begining
Ex: Lactose is digested by lactase
Is it easier to digest an alpha or beta linkage?
It is easier to digest an alpha linkage
Explain why polysaccarides are “water loving” but don’t dissolve.
Give an example.
- polar
- hydrophilic
- made of many monosaccarides joined together
- combination of alpha & beta linkages
- molecues are too big to be dissovled in water
Example: paper towles-> very absorbent, yet do not dissovle when in contact with water
Plant stock pile glucose for photosynthesis. What does is it used to form?
Amylose and cellulose
What is amylose? Describe it.
List some points about it
- its a starch
- joined using alpha linkages
- can be digested using amylase
- crops that are good sources of starch are essential to human civilliation
What is Amylopechtin?
- a branched version of amylose
- used in jams and jellies
- similar to glycogen
What linkages hold cellulose together?
Beta linkages
What digests cellulose?
Cellulase
Describe cellulose.
- cellulose is rare in nature
- most mammals can’t digest cellulose
- cellulose strands lock together to from strong strands of fibe (ex. cellery)
- used to from plant and animal cells which in turn can form a varitey of things
- having fibre in diet can prevent constipation, but too much isn’t good b/c you can’t digest it for energy
Does cellulose have alpha or beta bonds?
Beta bonds/linkage
Glycogen is formed of what?
Excess suagrs connected together
Where is glycogen stored?
Give some points about glycogen
- In the liver and muscles
- can be formed back into glucose if needed
- VERY branched
- important for energy in the cell
- glucose can be broken off from glycogen when glucose is running low
What is Chitin [kite-en]?
List some points about it.
- polysaccharide made from a monosaccharide that contains nitrogen
- used to form cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of arthropods (ex. spiders)
- also used to make surgical thread
