16 + 17 Diabetes mellitus | 17. Glucose in the blood - common data for the parameters

Question 1

What Monitors Blood Glucose Levels?

Answer 1

Beta-Cells

In Pancreatic Islets

Producing Insulin

Question 2

What Happens When there is DECREASED Blood Glucose Level?

Answer 2

1) a-Cells in Pancreas RELEASE Glucagon
2) Acts on Liver Cells to INCREASE BGL
3) Glycogen INTO Glucose = Glycogenolysis
4) Glucose is RELEASED INTO Bloodstream

Question 3

What Happens When there is INCREASED Blood Glucose Level?

Answer 3

1) b-Cells in Pancreas RELEASE Insulin
2) Acts on Liver Cells to DECREASE BGL
3) Glucose INTO Glycogen= Glycogenesis
4) Glucose is stored in muscle and fat

Question 4

Which Hormones INCREASE Blood Glucose Levels?

Answer 4

Cortisol

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone

Somatostatin

Adrenaline

Question 5

How does Carbohydrates Get Metabolised?

Answer 5

1) Broken Down into Glucose
2) is carried in blood and transferred to cells for energy
3) In Cells, Glucose is PHOSPHORYLATEED into Glucose-6-Phosphate = TO PRESERVE Conc Gradient

Question 6

What is Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 6

Insulin Dependent

Pancreas DOES NOT make Insulin

Young People

Question 7

What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Answer 7

Insulin Independent

Body Develops RESISTANCE to Insulin

Obese People

Question 8

What does Insulin INSUFFICIENCY Lead to?

Answer 8

INCREASED Glycogenolysis

INCREASED Capacity of Gluconeogenesis

ALTERED Glycolysis + Glycogen Synthesis

Question 9

What is Ketogenesis?

Answer 9

Production of Ketone Bodies

From Fatty Acids

Question 10

What Causes Ketogenesis?

Answer 10

INCREASED Lipolysis, due to LACK OF INSULIN

Causing Build-up of Acetyl-CoA

Krebs Cycle Enzymes are SUPPRESSED

Question 11

What is Ketonuria?

Answer 11

HIGH Ketone Bodies in Urine

Glucose is NOT USED Properly in DM / Starvation

HENCE Ketone Bodies is Passed Via Urine

Question 12

What is Glucosuria?

Answer 12

HIGH Glucose Level in Urine

EXCEEDING Renal Threshold

Normal Renal Threshold = 8.9 - 10 mmol /L

Question 13

What is Osmotic Diuresis?

Answer 13

INCREASED Urination Rate

Due to Presence of Glucose, Ketones OR Sodium in Kidney

Causing ADDITIONAL Water in Urine Output

Question 14

What is Polyuria?

Answer 14

Production of LARGE AMOUNTS of Urine

Due to HIGH Glucose Levels

In Diabetes Mellitus

Question 15

What are the Reference Ranges of Normal Fasting Blood Glucose Level

Answer 15

2.78 - 6.1 mmol / L

Question 16

What is the Reference Range of Random Blood Glucose Level?

Answer 16

< 7.8 mmol / L

Question 17

What are the Reference Ranges of IMPAIRED Fasting Blood Glucose Level

Answer 17

5.6 - 6.9 mmol / L

Question 18

What are the Analytical Methods for Blood Glucose?

Answer 18

1. Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS)
2. Random Blood Sugar (RBS)
3. 2hr Post-Prandial Blood Sugar
4. Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

Question 19

1| What does the Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) Measure?

Answer 19

Blood Glucose AFTER 8 - 10 Hrs

1st Test to Check for Diabetes

Question 20

2| What does the Random Blood Sugar (RBS) Measure?

Answer 20

Several Random Measurements

Throughout the Day

Useful as Glucose Levels in Normal People DO NOT Vary, throughout the day

Question 21

3| What does the 2hr Postprandial Measure?

Answer 21

Glucose EXACTLY 2Hrs AFTER Eating a Meal

Question 22

4| What does the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) Measure?

Answer 22

Diagnose Diabetes Mellitus

Diagnose Hypoglycaemia / Malabsorption Syndrome

Question 23

What are the 2 MOST COMMON Enzyme Methods?

Answer 23

1. Glucose Oxidase = Automated Glucose Oxidase Methods

2. Hexokinase = Automated Hexokinase Methods

Question 24

Which Enzyme Method is MORE Accurate and Sensitive?

Answer 24

Hexokinase = Automated Hexokinase Methods

Question 25

What is the Value of HYPER-Glycaemia (INCREASED Glucose Level)?

Answer 25

HIGHER than 10 mmol / L

Question 26

What Causes HYPER-Glycaemia (INCREASED Glucose Level)?

Answer 26

Diabetes

Cushing’s Syndrome

Acromegaly

Stress

Heart Attack

Question 27

What is the Value of HYPO-Glycaemia (DECREASED Glucose Level)?

Answer 27

LESS than 2.8 mmol / L

Question 28

What Causes HYPER-Glycaemia (INCREASED Glucose Level)?

Answer 28

Insulinoma

Medicines Used to Treat Diabetes

Addison’s Disease