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chemistry A > 15C.2 > Flashcards

15C.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

how can we obtain carboxylic acid using oxidation

A

by oxidizing a primary alcohol or aldehyde using potassium dichromate(VI) and heat under reflux (with primary alcohol first forming an aldehyde) then fractionally distill the reaction mixture to obtain a purse sample of carboxylic acid

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2
Q

what is the oxidation reaction for aldehydes and primary alcohols into carboxylic acid

A

page 124

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3
Q

what are nitriles

A

organic compounds containing the CN group

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4
Q

what are the two ways you can obtain pure carboxylic acid

A
  1. oxidation of an aldehyde or a primary alcohol with a potassium dichromate (VI) heating under reflux
  2. hydrolysis of a nitrile by heating under reflux with dilute acid or aqueous alkali
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5
Q

how can we get a carboxylic acid from hydrolysis

A

by heating a nitrile under reflux with either a dilute acid or a aqueous alkali and the carboxylic acid is distilled through fractional distillation, where the C N triple bond breaks and nitrogen from ammonia or an ammonium ion ( note with aq alkali a carboxylate ion is formed but that can be formed in a carboxylic acid by just adding dilute acid)

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6
Q

what are the hydrolysis reactions of nitriles

A

page 124

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7
Q

what are the four main reactions that carboxylic acid undergoes

A
  1. reduction
  2. neutralization
  3. halogenation
  4. esterification
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8
Q

what does the reduction of carboxylic acids from

A

primary alcohol

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9
Q

why doesn’t the reduction of carboxylic acid from aldehyde

A

because aldehydes are more easily reduced compared to carboxylic acid so any aldehyde formed during the reaction will be immediately reduced to a primary alcohol

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10
Q

what is the reducing regent used in reduction of carboxylic acid

A

lithium aluminium hydride LiAlH4 and is used in a solvent of dry ether

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11
Q

what is the reduction equation for reduction of carboxylic acid

A

page 124

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12
Q

how can we neutralized a carboxylic acid

A

even through there week acids they can be completely neutralized using aq alkali

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13
Q

what are the products of neutralization of carboxylic acid

A

carboxylate salt and water

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14
Q

what are the uses of sodium ethanoate

A
  1. hand warmers
  2. additive that give the salt and vinegar flavor for potato chips
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15
Q

what is the equation of the neutralization of sodium ethanoate

A

page 125

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16
Q

what are the carboxylate salt general formula

A

RCOONa and since there ionic it can be RCOO^-Na^+

17
Q

how does the halogenation of carboxylic acid occurs

A

the OH group is replaced by a halogen forming acyl chlorides (COCl), HCl, and phosphorus trichloride oxide (POCl) which is a liquid that mixes with the the acyl so we use fractional distillation to get the acyl

18
Q

what are acyl chlorides

A

they are highly reactive organic compounds made from the halogenation of carboxylic acids and they have the functional group of COX

19
Q

what is the regent used in the halogenation of carboxylic acids

A

phosphorus(V) chloride ( phosphorus pentachloride)

20
Q

why do we carry out halogenation of carboxylic acids in anhydrous conditions

A

because both the regent and the product of acyl chloride can react with water

21
Q

why is heating not required in halogenation of carboxylic acids

A

because it is a very vigorous reaction

22
Q

what is the suffix for acyl chloride

A

oyl chloride

23
Q

what is the chemical equation for that halogenation of carboxylic acids

A

page 125

24
Q

what happens during esterification

A

carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol and a small amount of acid catalyst (often concentrated sulfuric acid) to form an ester and water

25
Q

even with a catalyst esterification is

A

slow and reversible

26
Q

what are the uses of esters

A
  1. solvents
  2. make polymers (polyesters)
  3. responsible for the smells of fruit
  4. most animal fats
  5. most vegetable oil
27
Q

how do we name an ester

A

first is the alkali group from the alcohol then the carboxylate from the carboxylic acid for example ethyl methanoate

28
Q

what is the chemical equation for esterification

A

page 125

chemistry A (77 decks)

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