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Cards on Lead Up to Exams > 15/4/22 > Flashcards

15/4/22 Flashcards

1
Q

How can you tell the difference between hypomania and mania?

What type of bipolar disorder is associated with each?

A

Hypomania is mania that is not affecting the patient’s daily life

Type 1 - mania
Type 2 - hypomania

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2
Q

What drug is used for alcohol withdrawl?

A

Chlordiazepoxide

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3
Q

What endocrine condition can paitents develop due to lithium toxicity?

A

Hypothyrodism

Nephrotic DI

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4
Q

What side effects can you get from clozapine?

A

Agranulocytosis
Constipation
Weight gain
Hypersalivation

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5
Q

Explain how you would counsel a patient who has missed
= 1 COCP
= 2 COCP (throught each week of the cycle)

A

1 pill = take yesterday and today’s pill together

2 pills = take yesterday and today’s pill together + use condoms until there has been 7 days of proper pill taking

Week 1: + EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
Week 2: No need for EC
Week 3: Finish pack of pills and omit the pill free interval

(due to hormonal protection being at a minimal level in week 1 so no pill could cause a chance of ovulation)

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6
Q

How does the Cu-IUD work?

A

Decreases sperm motility and survival (creates a hostile environment for sperm)

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7
Q

What is the relationship between cancers and the COCP?

A

Protective

  • ovarian
  • endometrial

Increased risk

  • breast
  • cervical
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8
Q

If a patient starts the following contraceptions halfway through their cycle when do they no longer need to use barrier methods?

  • IUD
  • POP
  • COCP, injection, implant, IUS
A

IUD - immediately
POP - 2 days
COCP, injection, implant and IUS - 7 days

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9
Q

If POP is taken within how many days of the beginning of the cycle do they not need protection?

A

Up to and including day 5

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10
Q

After how long post birth do women not need protection?

A

21 days

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11
Q

POP and IUD/IUS can be started/inserted any time post birth. How does this change for COCP?

A

Can only be used after 21 days!!

Completely contradicted if breastfeeding <6weeks post-partum

Can be used in >6weeks and <6 months

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12
Q

Sytes and chalazion are both lumps of the eyelid. How can you tell the difference?

A

Styes are painful - staphylococcal infection of lash follicule

Unlike chalazion

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13
Q

How do you manage styes and chalazions and belpharitis?

A

Lid hygiene - warm compresses x2 day

Fluoxicillin if stye has cellulitis

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14
Q

Name 4 symptoms of optic neuritis

A

Red desaturation
Pain on eye movements
Decrease in visual acuity
RAPD - relative afferent pupil defect

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15
Q

How do you manage conjunctivitis?

A

Warm compress x2 day
Lid hygiene
HAND hygiene - to stop spread

If bacterial suspected - topical chloramphenicol drops

Cool compresses in viral

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16
Q

What clinical sign may you see outwith the eye in viral conjunctivits

A

Pre-auriclar lymphadenopathy

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17
Q

“Stormy-sunset” appearance on fundoscopy?

What else will they present with?

A

Central retinal vein occlusion

Sudden visual loss
Painless

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18
Q

What are you looking for on funduscopy?

A
  • 3 C’s
  • Peripheral retina
  • Macula

C’s
1 - cup
2 - colour
3 - contour

19
Q

DD list for blurred optic nerve disc

What clinical presentation can this cause?

A

Papillits - inflammation of optic nerve head - optic neuritis (seen in MS)
CRVO
Malignant HTN
Papilloedema

Increase in blind spot

20
Q

What is the definition of papilloedema?

A

BILATERAL blurred disc margins in CONTEXT of raised ICP

Only if these conditions are met

21
Q

Pale disc = bright/dark disc?

A

Bright disc = pale disc

22
Q 
What does
- silver wiring
- AV nipping
- dot blots
- blurred optic disc margain
suggest?
A

HTN retinopathy

23
Q

Scleritis vs episcleritis

A

Scleritis = deep boring pain as sclera is where intraocular muscles insert
- need oral steroids and immunosuppresion

Episcleritis - benign but can be more red
- need just NSAIDS

24
Q

What is the management of acute closed angle glucoma?

What is the management of open angled?

A

Closed (due to fault in aqueous humor being able to get out through iris)

  • IV acetazolamide
  • pilocarpine = constrict pupil and pull out of closed angle
  • lay patient flat
  • BILATERAL peripheral laser iridotomy

Open (due to fault in trabecular network reabsorbing aqueous humour)

  1. latanoprost - prostagladin analgoue - decrease IOP - increase patency of trabecular network
  2. B-blockers - reduce aqueous production
25
Q

How do acute closed angle glucoma present?

A

Red painful eye
Fixed oval shaped pupil
Loss of vision
Cloudy corneal oedema

26
Q

What does an increased cup to disc ratio suggest?

A

Raised IOP

27
Q

Appearance of glare from bright light = ?

A

Cataracts

28
Q

What kind of vision loss happens in ARMD?

A

Central vision loss

29
Q

What is the management of dry vs met AMD?

A

Dry - no cure

  1. smoking cessation
  2. v healthy diet with lots of omega-3 fatty acids
  3. vitamin supplements

Wet
- inject intra-vitreal anti-VEGF

30
Q

A -ve perscription = what
What lens do you use?

What kind of sight loss is associated with retinal detachment?

A

-ve = shortsighted = can see things close up = need concave lens

+ve = longsighted = can see things far away = need convex lens

Shortsighted

31
Q

Easy way to remember causes of sudden vision loss

A

ABCD

ARMD - wet
Blocked vessel/bleed
Closed angle glucoma
Detachement of retina

32
Q

What is meant by endopthalmitis?

When is it normally seen?

A

Inflammation of whole eye

Post surgery

33
Q

What eye sign is associated with Argyl-Robertson pupil?

What is it?

A

Tertiary syphilis

Accomodate but don’t react = ‘Prostitute’s pupil’

34
Q

What is the term for pupils not the same size?

A

Anisocoria

35
Q

Parasympathetic or sympathetic control pupil dilation?

A

Sympathetic = fight or flight = need as much light in eye as possible

36
Q

What muscle is responsible for majority of eyelid elevation - what controls it?

What muscle is repsonible for rest and what controls that?

Relate this to ptosis

A

Majority (90%) - levator palpebrae superioris - parasympathetic - ptosis in CN3 palsy

Minority (10%) - Muller muscle - sympathetic innveration - Horner syndrome ptosis

37
Q

How does anterior uveitis look like?

Causes?

A

Inflammation of the uvea - coloured part of the eye

Ciliary injection (redness around the iris) with hypopyon

Seronegative spondyloarthropathies

  • AS
  • Psoriasis
  • Reactive (reiter triad - urethritis, arthriris, conjunctivitis - “can’t see, can’t pee, can’t climb a tree)

Bechets
Sarcoidosis
IBD

38
Q

What is doxazosin used for?

A

BPH and HTN - alpha 1 antagonist

39
Q

What is the best way to image a cervical neck fracture?

Why?

A

CT scan - makes it easier to see bony features

40
Q

What kind of drug is oxybutynin?

A

Anti-cholingeric

41
Q

Difference in presentation between a gastric and duodenal ulcer?

A

Gastric - worse when eating

Duodenal - better when eating

42
Q

What is the management of gout?

A

Acute

  1. NSAIDS
  2. Colchine
  3. Steroids

Prophlyaxis = allopurinol

  • can be continued in further acute flare-ups
  • start 2 weeks after first acute bout
43
Q

Where are changes most likely to be found in early Alzhiemer’s?

A

Temporal

44
Q

What kind of hormone replacement should be offered to patients with premature menopause?

A

Combinded until 51

  • need oestrogen to prevent bone breakdown
  • need progesterone to prevent unopposed oestrogen from causing endo cancer

Cards on Lead Up to Exams (41 decks)

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