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Mega Step 1 Deck > Zoonotic Infections > Flashcards

Zoonotic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what is a zoonotic disease

A

a disease in which initial acquisition comes from an animal, either directly, indirectly (contaminated food, water, unpasteurized milk), or via a vector

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2
Q

brucella sp - physiology and structure

A

*gram negative coccobacilli
*facultative intracellular
*aerobe
*requires chocolate agar with CO2 for culture

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3
Q

brucella sp - virulence

A

*facultative intracellular (survives in macrophages)
*inhibits myeloperoxidase-peroxide system
*spread through LYMPHATICS

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4
Q

brucella sp - pathophysiology

A

*usually ingested (unpasteurized milk or soft cheese) but can be direct inoculation
*host response is GRANULOMATOUS

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5
Q

Brucella melitensis - animal host

A

goats

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6
Q

Brucella abortus - animal host

A

cows

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7
Q

Brucella suis - animal host

A

pigs

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8
Q

Brucella canis - animal host

A

dogs

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9
Q

where does brucella infection have the highest incidence

A

Mongolia & Turkey
(middle east, north africa, mediterranean)

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10
Q

brucellosis - clinical presentation

A

fever
malaise/fatigue
headaches
HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY
lymphadenopathy

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11
Q

brucella - control measures

A

*pasteurize milk and cheese
*vaccinate food-producing animals

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12
Q

tularemia - agent

A

Franciscella tularensis
*gram negative coccobacillus
*aerobic
*facultative intracellular
*highly virulent

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13
Q

tularemia - reservoir and vectors

A

*reservoir = mammalian animals
*vectors = rabbits, ticks, deer flies

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14
Q

tularemia - transmission

A

inhalation, ingestion, or other contact with infected animals (ex. slaughtering a rabbit)

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15
Q

tularemia - clinical features

A

*ulceroglandular tularemia: fever, chills, ulcerated skin lesion, painful regional lymphadenopathy
*can lead to really severe septic shock (low BP, organ dysfunction)

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16
Q

tularemia - control measures

A

*education of hunters (wear gloves and wash hands)
*avoid reservoirs and vectors of infection
*there is a vaccine but rarely used

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17
Q

Q fever - agent

A

*Coxiella brunettia (a proteobacteria)
*strict obligate intracellular pathogen
*short pleomorphic rod
*survives in macrophages (thus primary site of infection)
*disseminates through LYMPHATICS

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18
Q

Q fever (C. brunetti) - virulence factors

A
  1. phase I antigen (cellular entry and attachment; highly infectious)
  2. phase II antigen (more virulent, but not infectious)
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19
Q

Q fever - epidemiology

A

*acquired form ungulate (hoofed) animals [cattle, sheep, goats, etc]
*often acquired during assisting with birthing or placenta contact
*AEROSOL transmission
*more prevalence in Europe (France)

20
Q

Q fever - clinical presentation

A

*flu-like s/s with fever, headache, malaise
*can cause PNEUMONIA and HEPATITIS

21
Q

Q fever - diagnosis

A

serology: antibodies against both phase I and phase II antigens

22
Q

plague - agent

A

*yersinia pestis
*gram negative coccobacillus
*SAFETY PIN STAINING

23
Q

plague (yersinia pestis) - virulence factors

A

type III secretion system (T3SS): facilitates uptake and survival in the macrophage

24
Q

plague - reservoir & transmission

A

*reservoir = mammals & rodents or their fleas
*transmission = direct contact with infected animals (PRAIRIE DOGS, squirrels, cats) or airborne from infected person

25
Q

plague - clinical syndromes

A

*short incubation period (1-7 days)
*syndromes: bubonic, septicemic, pneumonic, etc

26
Q

plague - symptoms

A

-sudden onset of fever, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, chest pain
-GI symptoms common
-high mortality

27
Q

plague - control

A

*rodent and flea control
*antibiotic prophylaxis of contacts or infected individuals or exposures

28
Q

anthrax - agent

A

*Bacillus anthracis
*gram positive, spore-forming bacillus

29
Q

what is the major concern with anthrax

A

use as a bioterrorism agent

30
Q

anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) - reservoir & transmission

A

*reservoir = herbivores (cattle, goats, sheep); capable of surviving in environment for long periods of time
*transmission = contact, ingestion, or inhalation
*contaminated HIDES are common source of infection

31
Q

anthrax - 3 clinical presentations

A
  1. cutaneous (spore in skin; causes ulcer)
  2. intestinal
  3. pulmonary (severe; inhalation; into macrophages and spread through lymphatics)
32
Q

anthrax - virulence factors

A

1) edema toxin (ATP -> cAMP -> leaky capillaries -> edema)
2) lethal toxin (inflammation & cell death)
*protective factor helps protect these toxins from degradation by human proteases

33
Q

what disease is associated with MEDIASTINAL WIDENING in a patient in septic shock

A

ANTHRAX (pulmonary/inhalational anthrax)

34
Q

anthrax - treatment and prophylaxis

A

ciprofloxacin is recommended

35
Q

cat scratch fever - agent

A

*Bartonella henselae
*probably the most common zoonotic infection in the US

36
Q

cat scratch fever - clinical presentation

A

*fever with papule at inoculation site
*regional adenopathy
*comes from bite, lick, or scratch of a cat (usually outdoor kittens)

37
Q

pasteurella multocida

A

*facultative anaerobic gram negative coccobacilli
*commensals in oropharynx of dogs and cats (bite = think ab this)

38
Q

pasteurella multocida - virulence factors

A

capsule and endotoxin

39
Q

pasteurella multocida - common risk factors

A

iron storage disease or liver disease

40
Q

pasteurella multocida - 3 types of infections

A
  1. animal bite
  2. pneumonia
  3. systemic infection with septic shock
41
Q

rabies - agent

A

*Lyssavirus (a rhabdovirus)
*bullet shaped

42
Q

rabies - transmission

A

saliva of infected mammal, usually a bite

43
Q

rabies - most frequent source in india

A

dog bite

44
Q

rabies - most frequent source in US

A

bats

45
Q

rabies - pathophysiology

A

inoculation at site of bite and reaches CNS through retrograde trafficking of virus through peripheral nerve

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