Immunology Overview Flashcards
peripheral (secondary) immune system organs
lymph nodes & spleen
*where cells RESIDE
central (primary) lymphoid organs
bone marrow & thymus
*where immune cells are MADE
cells of adaptive immunity
lymphocytes (B & T cells)
plasma cells
cells of innate immunity
NK cells
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
dendritic cells
mast cells
monocytes
mast cells
dendritic cells
responsible for T cell activation and initiation of adaptive immune responses
*interaction between innate and adaptive immunity
lymphocytes
production of antibodies (B cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (T cells)
plasma cells
fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies
natural killer cells
kills cells infected with certain viruses
neutrophils
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms (especially BACTERIA)
eosinophils
killing of antibody-coated parasites through release of granule contents
basophils
controlling immune response to parasites
mast cells
expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents
monocytes
circulating precursor to macrophage
macrophage
phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms; activation of T cells and initiation of immune response
innate immunity
-physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
-cells (neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells)
-complement
-rapid in onset
-antigen-nonspecific
-initiates events required for adaptive immune response
adaptive immunity
-cell mediated immunity (T cells)
-antibody producing B cells
-requires several days
-highly antigen-specific
-exhibits immunologic (antigen-specific) memory
3 main functions of innate immunity
- initiate a rapid response against the pathogen
- limit the spread of infection
- initiate the adaptive immune response at secondary lymphoid site (e.g. draining a lymph node)
complement system
an immune response system comprised by a series of plasma proteins produced by the liver
key step of complement system
C3 convertase is the rate-limiting enzyme that converts C3 to C3a and C3b
toll-like receptors
a family of cell surface proteins that are involved in the recognition of microbial pathogens and activation of the innate immune response
*stimulate dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production, leading to adaptive immune response
B cell receptor (BCR) composition
composed of a heavy and a light chain
*aka antibodies
T cell receptor (TCR) composition
composed of alpha and beta chains
Th 1 cells express which cytokines
IL-2
Interferon-gamma
TNF-alpha
IL-2
*T cell proliferation
*stimulates growth of helper, cytotoxic, and regulatory T cells, and NK cells
interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)
- macrophage activation: stimulates macrophages to kill phagocytosed pathogens; activates macrophages to induce granuloma formation
- increased HLA expression: increases MHC expression and antigen presentation by all cells
Th2 cells express which cytokines
IL-4
IL-5
IL-6
IL-10
IL-13
IL-4
- B cell activation
- class switching to IgG and IgE
- induces differentiation of T cells into Th2 cells
IL-5
- B cell activation
- eosinophil growth and differentiation
- enhances class switching to IgA
IL-6
- B cell activation; enhances Th2 cell development
- causes fever and stimulates production of acute-phase proteins
IL-10
- inhibits the generation of Th1 cells
- atTENuates the inflammatory response (inhibits activated macrophages and dendritic cells)
IL-13
B cell activation; class switching to IgG1 and IgE
which immunoglobulin(s) enhance phagocytosis (opsonic)
IgG
which immunoglobulin(s) neutralize toxins
IgM, IgG, IgA
which immunoglobulin(s) prevent adherence of pathogens
IgM, IgG, IgA
which immunoglobulin(s) activate classical complement system
IgM, IgG
which immunoglobulin(s) can transport across the placenta
IgG
which immunoglobulin(s) cause sensitization of mast cells in allergic responses
IgE
which immunoglobulin(s) are active at mucosal surfaces
IgA, IgG
which immunoglobulin(s) are antigen receptors on naive B cells
IgM, IgD
