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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Zoonosis & Shared Infection > Flashcards

Zoonosis & Shared Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what type of bacteria is bacillus

A

gram positive large rods

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2
Q

are bacillus aerobic or anaerobic

A

aerobes or faculative anaerobes

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3
Q

are bacillus slow or fast growing

A

very fast growing

large colonies at 24 hours

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4
Q

what is anthrax caused by

A

bacillus anthracis

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5
Q

what are susceptible to bacillus anthracis

A

ruminants – highly susceptible

pigs, horses moderately susceptible

carnivores comparatively resistant

birds almost totally resistant

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6
Q

what is the epidemiology of anthrax

A

Endospore formation most important factor in persistence of anthrax in environment and spread to other animals

Endospores survive for decades in soil

Outbreaks occur in herbivores when pasture contaminated spores

Spores bought to surface by flood, excavation, subsidence, earthworm activity

Infection acquired by ingestion of spores (inhalation, skin abrasion more common in man)

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7
Q

what are the virulence factors of anthrax

A

Presence of poly-D-glutamic acid capsule and complex toxin

Both violence factors encoded on plasmids

Expression regulated by host temp and carbon dioxide

Capsule inhibits phagocytosis

Toxin consists of 3 antigenic components (protective, edema and lethal factors)

PA acts as the binding moiety for both edema and lethal factor

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8
Q

what is the edema factor of anthrax

A

calmodulin dependent adenylate cyclase increases cAMP causes build up fo fluid in tissues

also inhibits neutrophilic function

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9
Q

what is the lethal toxin of anthrax and what does it do

A

Zinc metalloprotease plus PA which act as binding domain

Stimulates macrophages to release IL-1 beta and TNF alpha and cleave MAP kinase

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10
Q

what does the lethal toxin of anthrax cause

A

Causes swelling, darkening of tissue, edema and necrosis

Septicemia leads to increased vascular permeability, hemorrhage, shock and death

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11
Q

what is the incubation period of anthrax

A

hours to days

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12
Q

what does anthrax cause in cattle and sheep

A

septic and rapidly fatal

most animals found dead

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13
Q

what is characteristic feature of anthrax bacilli in the last hours of life

A

massive bacteremia

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14
Q

how is anthrax diagnosed

A

Carcasses are bloated, putrefy and do not exhibit rigor mortis

Bleeding issues from mouth, nostrils, anus

Blood collected from animal stained with polychrome methylene blue

Blue bacteria pink capsules

Inoculate agar plates for growth

Characteristic colonial morphology, biochemical tests

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15
Q

what is the apperance of b anthracis after staining

A

capsule and square ends

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16
Q

what are the forms of anthrax in humans

A

cutaneous

pulmonary

intestinal

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17
Q

what is the cutaneous form in humans of anthrax

A

Endospores enter abraded skin — septicemia if untreated

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18
Q

what is the pulmonary form of anthrax in humans

A

Inhalation of spores

woolsorters disease

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19
Q

what is the intestinal form of anthrax in humans

A

ingestion of infective material

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20
Q

how is anthrax controlled

A

Do not open carcass as this will facilitate spore formation and environmental contamination

Report to regulatory authority

Annual vaccination

Stern live spore vaccine, capsule minus toxin +ve in endemic regions

Chemoprophylaxis

Carcass incinerated or buried away from water sources

Contaminated material disinfected in 10% formalin

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21
Q

what is the plague caused by

A

Yersinia pestis

22
Q

what type of bacteria is Yersinia pestis

A

gram negative bacterium

23
Q

how is the plague infection spread

A

zoonotic infection in rodents transferred by fleas

organisms in blood of rodents, blood (+ organism) taken up by fleas and flea bites humans (or dogs or cats)

humans infected by flea bites

24
Q

where is the plague endemic to

A

africa

asia

USA (southwest and pacific coast)

25
Q

what species are susceptible to the plague

A

Varies of different wild rodent species

Prairie dogs are extremely susceptible – 99% mortality

Kangaroo rats in North America

26
Q

what does the clinical infection of the plague cause

A

Both dogs and cats in endemic areas

Cats are particularly susceptible and may be a source

  • Usually acquired by ingesting rodents

Bubonic, septicemia, pneumonic

27
Q

what are cats with pneumonic plague a source of

A

human infection through aerosol generation

human infection can be acquired through cat scratches and bites and fleas

28
Q

what are the plague syndromes in humans

A

Bubonic:

  • Fever painful lymphadenopathy

Septicemia:

  • Fever, hypotension with or without bubonic

Pneumonic:

  • Cough, hemoptysis with or without bubonic

Meningitis:

  • Fever, nuchal rigidity usually without bubonic
29
Q

what are virulence factors specific to Yersinia pestis (5)

A

Fraction 1 (F1) antigen

HPI

Ymt protein on plasmid

His locus

Pla

30
Q

what are the functions of Fraction 1 (F1) antigen

A

Capsule around bacteria which prevents opsonization

31
Q

what are the functions of HPI

A

for iron acquisition (also Ye and Yp)

32
Q

what are the functions of HPI of Y pestis

A

Ymt protein on plasmid is a phospholipase D required for survival in flea gut

33
Q

what are functions of Hms locus of Y pestis

A

Hms locus required for efficient transmission to subcut sites

34
Q

what is the function of Pla plasmid of Y pestis

A

Pla is plasmid encoded and essential to disseminate from subcut tissue to lymph nodes or bloodstream

35
Q

how is Y pestis diagnosed

A

Specimens sent to labs

  • Pus, blood, lymph node aspirate

Giemsa stained smears of pus

  • bipolar rods

Culture

DFA tests (direct fluorescent antibody)

Passive hemagglutination on paired samples from infected cats

  • Rising titre suggests active infection
36
Q

how is Y pestis treated

A

Cats with suspected plague isolated

IV tetracycline or chloramphenicol for bubonic plague

Endemic areas dogs, cats routinely treated for fleas

37
Q

how is Y pestis controlled

A

Rodent control

Effective human and animal surveillance

Avoid sick/dead animals

Avoid endemic areas or outbreak areas

Vaccination

Isolate human cases

Treat human cases with antibiotics

38
Q

what is the causative agent of Glanders

A

Burkholderia mallei

39
Q

what is Burkholderia mallei

A

gram negative rod

40
Q

where is Glanders infection

A

middle east

india

pakistan

china

mongolia

41
Q

what is Glanders characterized by

A

Contagious disease of Equidae

Nodules and ulcers in resp tract and skin

42
Q

how is Glanders transmitted

A

Ingestion of food or water contaminated by nasal discharge of infected horses

Inhalation or skin abrasions

43
Q

what are the clinical features of Glanders in horses

A

Acute septicemia

  • with fever, mucopurulent nasal discharge and resp signs

Chronic disease more common

  • Presenting as nasal, pulmonary and cutaneous forms

Ulcerative nodules

  • Develop on mucosa of the nasal turbinates and nasal septum

Animals may die after months or recover and shed organisms from RT or skin

Pathogenesis not well defined — organism is dangerous to work with

44
Q

how is Glanders diagnosed

A

Clinical signs

Lab diagnosis by sending pus, lesion discharge, blood for serology

Grows on sample media

Serology

Mallein test

45
Q

how is Glanders treated and controlled

A

Test and slaughter

Antibiotics inappropriate as treated animals may carry the organism and transmit it

Cleaning and disinfecting

46
Q

what is melioidosis caused by

A

Burkholderia pseudomallei

47
Q

where is melioidosis endemic

A

Endemic in soil and water in south east Asia

48
Q

how is melioidosis transmitted

A

Infection from ingestion, inhalation, skin abrasion from soil/water contact

Opportunistic pathogen, stress-immunosuppression predisposes to clinical disease

49
Q

what species are susceptible to melioidosis

A

Many animal species susceptible, including humans

50
Q

what occurs following infection of melioidosis

A

Subclinical infection occurs in which the organism may remain latent and then re-activate

Infection may be acute or chronic, septicemic, resp, disseminated and characterized by abscess formation

51
Q

how is melioidosis diagnosed

A

Organism may be cultured on blood agar or Ashdowns medium

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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