Exotic Fluke Infections

Question 1

what are the flukes that have major worldwide importance

Answer 1

1. fasciolidae
2. dicrocoeliidae
3. paramphistomatidae
4. schistosomatidae

Question 2

what is the final host of fasciola hepatica

Answer 2

most mammals

significance in sheep & cattle

Question 3

what is the intermediate host of fasciola hepatica

Answer 3

galba truncatula

small brown snail

Question 4

where do the fasciola hepatica adults go in the body

Answer 4

bile ducts of gall bladder

Question 5

what is the life cycle of liver fluke

Answer 5

Question 6

when does acute fasciolosis occur

Answer 6

autumn/early winter

Question 7

how soon after ingestion does acute fasciolosis occur

Answer 7

2-6 weeks post ingestion of high numbers of metacercariae

Question 8

what is acute fasciolosis caused by

Answer 8

migration of the juvenile flukes

Question 9

what does acute fasciolosis result in

Answer 9

liver damage

hemorrhage

sudden death

Question 10

when does subacute fasciolosis occur

Answer 10

late autumn/winter

Question 11

how soon after ingestion does sub acute fasciolosis occur

Answer 11

6-10 weeks post ingestion of intermediate numbers of metacercariae

Question 12

what causes sub acute fasciolosis

Answer 12

juvenile migration and adult flukes in bile ducts

Question 13

what does sub acute fasciolosis result in physiologically

Answer 13

liver damage

hemorrhagic anemia

edema

ascites

Question 14

when does chronic fasciolosis occur

Answer 14

late winter/early spring

Question 15

how soon after ingestion does chronic fasciolosis occur

Answer 15

4-5 months post ingestion of low numbers of metacercariae

Question 16

what does chronic fasciolosis result in physiologically (4)

Answer 16

progressive loss of condition

emaciation

submandibular edema

ascites

Question 17

what are the epidemiological factors of fasciolosis (3)

Answer 17

1. availability of snail habitat
2. moisture
3. temperature

Question 18

what is the habitat of the intermediate host of fasciolosis

Answer 18

muddy areas/slow moving water

snails breed may-oct

Question 19

what increases the snail habitat of fasciolosis

Answer 19

rainfall

increases snail breeding, production of larval stages in snail and egg development

Question 20

what are the temps for fasciolosis to thrive

Answer 20

mean day/night temp to be >10

Question 21

how does summer infection of snails occur

Answer 21

Question 22

how does winter infection of snails with fasciolosis occur

Answer 22

Question 23

how is acute fasciolosis treated

Answer 23

triclabendazole and move to clean pasture

Question 24

how is sub acute fasciolosis treated

Answer 24

closantel

nitroxynil

move to clean pasture

Question 25

how is fasciolosis controled by reducing the snail population

Answer 25

1. drainage 2. fence off saturated pasture 3. move sheep to dry pasture 4. molluscicide (none licensed in UK) 5. treat and quarantine new arrivals 6. treat cattle

Question 26

where is fasciola gigantica distributed

Answer 26

africa southern asia usa (southern and hawaii) middle east southern europe

Question 27

what are the differences between fasciola gigantica and hepatica

Answer 27

fasciola gigantica more pathogenic intermediate host are aquatic snails difference in epidemiology

Question 28

what is the epidemiology of fasciola gigantica

Answer 28

the miracidia hatch at beginning of wet season and infect snails and developed by end of wet season the cercaria shed from snail at beginning of and during dry season the metacercaria encyst on aquatic plants or water

Question 29

when does disease of fasciola gigantica occur

Answer 29

end of dry/beginning of next week

Question 30

what is the ppp of fasciola gigantica

Answer 30

13-16 weeks

Question 31

how is fasciola gigantica controlled

Answer 31

similar to f hepatica snail control

Question 32

what is the definitive host of fascioloides magna

Answer 32

white tailed deer

Question 33

what is the impact of fascioloides magna

Answer 33

failure to mature in cattle and sheep non patent infection abberant migration in sheep extensive liver damage

Question 34

what is the distribution of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 34

worldwide (europe, uk, usa)

Question 35

what are the main hosts of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 35

sheep cattle horses rabbits

Question 36

where do the dicrocoelium dendriticum live in the body

Answer 36

bile ducts and gall bladder

Question 37

what are the intermediate hosts of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 37

land snails/ants

Question 38

what is the life cycle of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 38

Question 39

why is dicrocoelium dendriticum called an enslaver parasite

Answer 39

encystation of metacercariae in the ant brain ant climbs herbage and remains clamping its jaws increases the chance of transmission

Question 40

what is the pathogenesis of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 40

heavy infection of older sheep causes fibrosis of and distended bile ducts progressive cirrhosis

Question 41

how does dicrocoelium dendriticum manifest

Answer 41

weakness anemia emaciation loss of production

Question 42

what is the epidemiology of dicrocoelium dendriticum

Answer 42

intermediate hosts are independent of water

Question 43

how long do dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs survive

Answer 43

months

Question 44

how is dicrocoelium dendriticum treated

Answer 44

netobimim (albendazole)

Question 45

what are rumen flukes

Answer 45

paramphistomatidae

Question 46

what are the intermediate hosts of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

Answer 46

aquatic snails

Question 47

where do the juvenile paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium go in the body

Answer 47

excyst in duodenum attach to mucosa and cause pathology

Question 48

what is the lifecycle of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

Answer 48

snail stages as fasciola (4 weeks) metacercaria are ingested excyst in duodenum where juveniles attach to intestinal wall and feed (6 weeks) adults migrate to forestomachs

Question 49

what is the PPP of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

Answer 49

7-10 weeks

Question 50

what is the pathogenesis of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium caused by

Answer 50

juvenile intestinal phase of infection attch to duodenal mucosa causes necrosis and hemorrhage erosion of duodenal mucosa causes gastroenteritis

Question 51

what are the clinical signs of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

Answer 51

fetid diarrhea anemia hypoalbuminemia intense thirst and anorexia

Question 52

how is paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium diagnosed

Answer 52

post mortem -- juveniles in duodenum fecal egg count of limited value

Question 53

how is paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium treated

Answer 53

oxyclozanide

Question 54

what are the intermediate hosts of schistosomatidae

Answer 54

aquatic snails

Question 55

what is the distribution of schistosomatidae

Answer 55

tropics sub tropics southern europe

Question 56

what is the lifecycle of schistosomatidae

Answer 56

Question 57

what is the pathogenesis of schistosomatidae

Answer 57

inflammatory response against eggs in veins, mucosa and liver leading to **granuloma formation** intestinal mucosa and liver

Question 58

what does acute schistosomatidae cause

Answer 58

mucosal hemorrhage anemia hypoalbuminemia hepatosplenomegaly

Question 59

what are the clinical signs of schistosomatidae

Answer 59

anemia diarrhea -- mucus and blood tinged thirst anorexia emaciation

Question 60

what does chronic schistosomatidae cause

Answer 60

marked granuloma of intestine and cirrhosis/periportal fibrosis of liver reduced productivity

Question 61

how is schistosomatidae diagnosed

Answer 61

clinical signs infected water source granulomatous lesions and adults in mesenteric veins eggs

Question 62

how is schistosomatidae controlled

Answer 62

clean water source praziquantel albendazole

Answer 63