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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Exotic Fluke Infections > Flashcards

Exotic Fluke Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what are the flukes that have major worldwide importance

A
  1. fasciolidae
  2. dicrocoeliidae
  3. paramphistomatidae
  4. schistosomatidae
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2
Q

what is the final host of fasciola hepatica

A

most mammals

significance in sheep & cattle

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3
Q

what is the intermediate host of fasciola hepatica

A

galba truncatula

small brown snail

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4
Q

where do the fasciola hepatica adults go in the body

A

bile ducts of gall bladder

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5
Q

what is the life cycle of liver fluke

A
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6
Q

when does acute fasciolosis occur

A

autumn/early winter

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7
Q

how soon after ingestion does acute fasciolosis occur

A

2-6 weeks post ingestion of high numbers of metacercariae

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8
Q

what is acute fasciolosis caused by

A

migration of the juvenile flukes

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9
Q

what does acute fasciolosis result in

A

liver damage

hemorrhage

sudden death

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10
Q

when does subacute fasciolosis occur

A

late autumn/winter

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11
Q

how soon after ingestion does sub acute fasciolosis occur

A

6-10 weeks post ingestion of intermediate numbers of metacercariae

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12
Q

what causes sub acute fasciolosis

A

juvenile migration and adult flukes in bile ducts

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13
Q

what does sub acute fasciolosis result in physiologically

A

liver damage

hemorrhagic anemia

edema

ascites

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14
Q

when does chronic fasciolosis occur

A

late winter/early spring

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15
Q

how soon after ingestion does chronic fasciolosis occur

A

4-5 months post ingestion of low numbers of metacercariae

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16
Q

what does chronic fasciolosis result in physiologically (4)

A

progressive loss of condition

emaciation

submandibular edema

ascites

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17
Q

what are the epidemiological factors of fasciolosis (3)

A
  1. availability of snail habitat
  2. moisture
  3. temperature
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18
Q

what is the habitat of the intermediate host of fasciolosis

A

muddy areas/slow moving water

snails breed may-oct

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19
Q

what increases the snail habitat of fasciolosis

A

rainfall

increases snail breeding, production of larval stages in snail and egg development

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20
Q

what are the temps for fasciolosis to thrive

A

mean day/night temp to be >10

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21
Q

how does summer infection of snails occur

A
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22
Q

how does winter infection of snails with fasciolosis occur

A
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23
Q

how is acute fasciolosis treated

A

triclabendazole and move to clean pasture

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24
Q

how is sub acute fasciolosis treated

A

closantel

nitroxynil

move to clean pasture

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25
Q

how is fasciolosis controled by reducing the snail population

A
  1. drainage
  2. fence off saturated pasture
  3. move sheep to dry pasture
  4. molluscicide (none licensed in UK)
  5. treat and quarantine new arrivals
  6. treat cattle
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26
Q

where is fasciola gigantica distributed

A

africa

southern asia

usa (southern and hawaii)

middle east

southern europe

27
Q

what are the differences between fasciola gigantica and hepatica

A

fasciola gigantica more pathogenic

intermediate host are aquatic snails

difference in epidemiology

28
Q

what is the epidemiology of fasciola gigantica

A

the miracidia hatch at beginning of wet season and infect snails and developed by end of wet season

the cercaria shed from snail at beginning of and during dry season

the metacercaria encyst on aquatic plants or water

29
Q

when does disease of fasciola gigantica occur

A

end of dry/beginning of next week

30
Q

what is the ppp of fasciola gigantica

A

13-16 weeks

31
Q

how is fasciola gigantica controlled

A

similar to f hepatica

snail control

32
Q

what is the definitive host of fascioloides magna

A

white tailed deer

33
Q

what is the impact of fascioloides magna

A

failure to mature in cattle and sheep

non patent infection

abberant migration in sheep

extensive liver damage

34
Q

what is the distribution of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

worldwide (europe, uk, usa)

35
Q

what are the main hosts of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

sheep

cattle

horses

rabbits

36
Q

where do the dicrocoelium dendriticum live in the body

A

bile ducts and gall bladder

37
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

land snails/ants

38
Q

what is the life cycle of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A
39
Q

why is dicrocoelium dendriticum called an enslaver parasite

A

encystation of metacercariae in the ant brain

ant climbs herbage and remains clamping its jaws

increases the chance of transmission

40
Q

what is the pathogenesis of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

heavy infection of older sheep

causes fibrosis of and distended bile ducts

progressive cirrhosis

41
Q

how does dicrocoelium dendriticum manifest

A

weakness

anemia

emaciation

loss of production

42
Q

what is the epidemiology of dicrocoelium dendriticum

A

intermediate hosts are independent of water

43
Q

how long do dicrocoelium dendriticum eggs survive

A

months

44
Q

how is dicrocoelium dendriticum treated

A

netobimim (albendazole)

45
Q

what are rumen flukes

A

paramphistomatidae

46
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

A

aquatic snails

47
Q

where do the juvenile paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium go in the body

A

excyst in duodenum attach to mucosa and cause pathology

48
Q

what is the lifecycle of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

A

snail stages as fasciola (4 weeks)

metacercaria are ingested

excyst in duodenum where juveniles attach to intestinal wall and feed (6 weeks)

adults migrate to forestomachs

49
Q

what is the PPP of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

A

7-10 weeks

50
Q

what is the pathogenesis of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium caused by

A

juvenile intestinal phase of infection attch to duodenal mucosa

causes necrosis and hemorrhage erosion of duodenal mucosa

causes gastroenteritis

51
Q

what are the clinical signs of paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium

A

fetid diarrhea

anemia

hypoalbuminemia

intense thirst and anorexia

52
Q

how is paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium diagnosed

A

post mortem – juveniles in duodenum

fecal egg count of limited value

53
Q

how is paramphistomatidae cervi and microbothrium treated

A

oxyclozanide

54
Q

what are the intermediate hosts of schistosomatidae

A

aquatic snails

55
Q

what is the distribution of schistosomatidae

A

tropics

sub tropics

southern europe

56
Q

what is the lifecycle of schistosomatidae

A
57
Q

what is the pathogenesis of schistosomatidae

A

inflammatory response against eggs in veins, mucosa and liver leading to granuloma formation intestinal mucosa and liver

58
Q

what does acute schistosomatidae cause

A

mucosal hemorrhage

anemia

hypoalbuminemia

hepatosplenomegaly

59
Q

what are the clinical signs of schistosomatidae

A

anemia

diarrhea – mucus and blood tinged

thirst

anorexia

emaciation

60
Q

what does chronic schistosomatidae cause

A

marked granuloma of intestine and cirrhosis/periportal fibrosis of liver

reduced productivity

61
Q

how is schistosomatidae diagnosed

A

clinical signs

infected water source

granulomatous lesions and adults in mesenteric veins

eggs

62
Q

how is schistosomatidae controlled

A

clean water source

praziquantel

albendazole

63
Q
A

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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