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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Vector Borne Exotic Notifiable Infections of Ruminants > Flashcards

Vector Borne Exotic Notifiable Infections of Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

what are notifiable diseases of ruminants (8)

A
  1. bluetongue
  2. rift valley fever
  3. lumpy skin disease
  4. sheep pox and goat pox
  5. contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP)
  6. Rinderpest
  7. Peste de petit ruminants (PPR)
  8. foot and mouth disease
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2
Q

what makes a disease notifiable

A

high mortality

high morbidity

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3
Q

what are epidemilogical features of notifiable diseases in endemic areas

A

mild or inapparent infection in indigenous stock

  • innate immunity
  • maternal immunity

serious disease – lack of immunity

  • imported ‘exotic improver’ stock
  • Imported ‘exotic improver’ stock
  • Young stock
  • Old, infirm, stressed animals
  • Sick animals (immuno-suppressed)
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4
Q

what are epidemilogical features of notifiable diseases in disease free areas

A

sporadic epidemics

high morbidity +/- high mortality

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5
Q

what are the key epidemiological features of vector borne notifiable diseases

A

seasonal – insect vector activity

sporadic epidemics

  • When vector extends its range
  • Freak weather conditions
  • Generally self limiting

Establishment of infection in new areas linked to:

  • Change in vector habitat or husbandry
  • Global warming
  • New strain of virus
  • Poverty
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6
Q

what type of virus is bluetongue

A

arbovirus

orbivirus or the family reoviridae

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7
Q

what is the vector of bluetongue

A

culicoides species (midges)

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8
Q

how is bluetongue transmitted

A

Requires replication in a arthropod vector

Culicoides species — midges

Not contagious — but rarely transmission via placenta and semen

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9
Q

what does the clinical disease of bluetongue depend on (3)

A

species and breed

virus type and strain

immunity

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10
Q

which species does bluetongue virus cause severe disease in

A

sheep

deer

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11
Q

which species are carriers of bluetongue virus

A

cattle and goats are reservoir hosts

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12
Q

how does bluetongue virus replicate in the midge

A
  1. Female midge feeds on viremic ruminant
  2. Ingested virus crosses gut wall
  3. Virus replicates in midge salivary gland (6-8d)
  4. Temperature dependent
  5. Midge becomes viremic (lifelong)
  6. Viremic midge takes next blood meal and injects virus into ruminant
  7. Virus replicates in ruminant cells
  8. “indirect transmission only”
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13
Q

what is midge activity dependent on

A

Temperature

Humidity

Rainfall

Soil

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14
Q

how does bluetongue virus replicate in the ruminant

A

Infected Culicoides deposits virus into skin of ruminant

Virus drains to regional lymph node

Primary virus replication

  • Lymph node endothelial cells and leukocytes

Virus spreads to other lymphatic organs in a transient viremia

Secondary replication

  • Endothelial cells of many organs

Generalized viremia

Virus closely associated with erythrocytes (invaginations)

Some protection against the immune response

Cullicoides spp feed on infected animals become infected

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15
Q

how does bluetongue cause a hemorrhagic fever

A
  1. Virus replicates in endothelial cells and cause cell lysis and cell distortion
  2. Blood vessels become ‘leaky’
  3. Serum and lymphatic fluid leaks out and cause edema and swelling
  4. Severely damaged blood vessels may hemorrhage and cause petechiation
  5. Tissue damage has pyretic effect and causes a fever
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16
Q

what are the sequele of hemorrhagic fever in bluetongue

A

The body reacts to foreign/damaged proteins with inflammation

Increases blood flow:

  • Redness, heat, swelling, edema
  • Conjunctivitis, hyperemia of mucosal membranes
  • Coronitis
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17
Q

what are the severest clinical symptoms that occur in bluetongue

A

Fever does not subside and animal is severely depressed

Lungs severely edemic, air exchange impossible

  • Respiratory distress

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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18
Q

what is the incubation period of bluetongue

A

7-14d

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of bluetongue virus

A

Fever, anorexia, respiratory distress

Conjunctivitis

Oculonasal discharge

Crusting nose and lips

Stomatitis

Oral ulcers

Edema of head, tongue (cyanotic) and legs

Coronitis

Lameness

Abortion

Deformed lambs

Emaciation

Death

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20
Q

what is the morbidity of bluetongue virus

A

80-100%

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21
Q

what is the mortality f bluetongue virus

A

50-70%

22
Q

what are PM findings of bluetongue

A

oral erosions

edema of head and neck

cyanosis of mucous membranes, bluetongue

hemorrhages in bowel, heart and base of pulmonary artery

23
Q

what can be done to prevent bluetongue from coming to europe

A

Nothing?

  • Trade restrictions
  • Disease and production issues
  • Welfare concerns

Control midges

Vaccinate!

24
Q

what diseases have similar transmisison features to bluetongue

A

African horse sickness

Schmallenberg virus

25
Q

where is schmallenberg virus found

A

Present in Japan, Africa, Australia, Israel

26
Q

what does schmallenberg virus cause

A

Associated with fetal abnormalities in calves

CNS signs and arthrogryposis:

  • Insult first third of pregnancy
  • Twisted neck and spine
  • Immobile joints
  • Parrot mouth/overshot jaw
  • Over extended/flexed joints
27
Q

what is schmallenberg virus transmitted by

A

culicoides midges

28
Q

what species are affected by schmallenberg virus

A

Mostly sheep

Few cattle and goats

Only fetal abnormalities

No clinical disease reported in growing or adult animals

29
Q

how is schmallenberg virus diagnosed

A

Clinical signs and post mortem findings

PCR

  • Virus in tissues (brain)

Virus isolation

Histopathology

ELISA

Maternal serum

Fetal fluids

30
Q

what is the current situation of schmallenberg virus in the UK

A

Continue to check for viral presence

Breed out with midge season

Vaccinate high value stock

31
Q

what is the etiology of rift valley fever

A

phlebovirus (bunyaviridae)

32
Q

how is rift valley fever transmitted

A

Arthropod borne

Aedes mosquitos

Transovarian transmission

Aedes eggs can survive years on ground

Epizootics in rainy seasons (flooding)

33
Q

where is RVF distributed

A

Endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa

Occasionally north Africa and Middle East

34
Q

what species are affected by RVF

A

sheep

goats

cattle

man

wild mammals are reservoir

35
Q

is there a vaccine for RVF

A

live attenuated

effective <1 year

36
Q

what are clincial signs of RVF

A

Hemorrhagic fever

Per-acute:

  • Abortion
  • Sudden death in youngstock

Acute:

  • Pyrexia
  • Jaundice
  • Dysentery
  • Hematuria
  • Death

Chronic:

  • Agalactia
  • Wasting
    *
37
Q

what is the incubation period of RVF

A

1-4d

38
Q

what is the morbidity of RVF

A

90-100%

39
Q

what is the mortality of RVF

A

30-100%

adults-young

40
Q

what can be found on pm with RVF

A

hemorrhages

edema

jaundice

focal hepatic necrosis

41
Q

how is RVF diagnosed

A

Virus isolation in blood, liver, spleen, antigen detection by Agar Gel ID or PCR

Antibody

VN

ELISA

HI

42
Q

what is the etiology of lumpy skin disease

A

Capripox virus

43
Q

what is the distribution of lumpy skin disease

A

Endemic Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa

Israel, turkey, middle east

Greece, balkans

44
Q

what species are affected by lumpy skin disease

A

Cattle

Buffalo

Game animals

45
Q

what is the incubation period of lumpy skin disease

A

2-5 weeks

46
Q

how is lumpy skin disease transmitted

A

Biting insects

Stomoxys, aedes, ticks

Skin lesions

Scabs

;Sitfasts’

Oculonasal discharge

Saliva

Milk, semen?

47
Q

when do lumpy skin disease outbreaks occur

A

Late summer and autumn (rainy season)

Increased rainfall and insect activity

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of lumpy skin disease

A

Fever

Depression

Oculonasal discharge

Anorexia

Agalactia

Macules, papules, pox lesions

Cutaneous nodules (deep), ulcerate, scabs, ‘sitfasts’

Edema, enlarged lymph nodes

Prolonged convalescence and emaciation

49
Q

what are the post mortem changes of lumpy skin disease

A

Pox lesions

Nodules through dermis and epidermis, ‘sitfasts’

Ulcers in oropharynx

Lesions in lungs

50
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of lumpy skin disease

A

Morbidity:

5-100% (naive imports)

Mortality:

2-20

51
Q

is there a vaccine for lumpy skin disease

A

Live attenuated LSD <3 yr immunity

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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