Vector Borne Exotic Notifiable Infections of Ruminants Flashcards

1
Q

what are notifiable diseases of ruminants (8)

A
  1. bluetongue
  2. rift valley fever
  3. lumpy skin disease
  4. sheep pox and goat pox
  5. contagious bovine pleuro-pneumonia (CBPP)
  6. Rinderpest
  7. Peste de petit ruminants (PPR)
  8. foot and mouth disease
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2
Q

what makes a disease notifiable

A

high mortality

high morbidity

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3
Q

what are epidemilogical features of notifiable diseases in endemic areas

A

mild or inapparent infection in indigenous stock

  • innate immunity
  • maternal immunity

serious disease – lack of immunity

  • imported ‘exotic improver’ stock
  • Imported ‘exotic improver’ stock
  • Young stock
  • Old, infirm, stressed animals
  • Sick animals (immuno-suppressed)
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4
Q

what are epidemilogical features of notifiable diseases in disease free areas

A

sporadic epidemics

high morbidity +/- high mortality

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5
Q

what are the key epidemiological features of vector borne notifiable diseases

A

seasonal – insect vector activity

sporadic epidemics

  • When vector extends its range
  • Freak weather conditions
  • Generally self limiting

Establishment of infection in new areas linked to:

  • Change in vector habitat or husbandry
  • Global warming
  • New strain of virus
  • Poverty
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6
Q

what type of virus is bluetongue

A

arbovirus

orbivirus or the family reoviridae

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7
Q

what is the vector of bluetongue

A

culicoides species (midges)

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8
Q

how is bluetongue transmitted

A

Requires replication in a arthropod vector

Culicoides species — midges

Not contagious — but rarely transmission via placenta and semen

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9
Q

what does the clinical disease of bluetongue depend on (3)

A

species and breed

virus type and strain

immunity

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10
Q

which species does bluetongue virus cause severe disease in

A

sheep

deer

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11
Q

which species are carriers of bluetongue virus

A

cattle and goats are reservoir hosts

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12
Q

how does bluetongue virus replicate in the midge

A
  1. Female midge feeds on viremic ruminant
  2. Ingested virus crosses gut wall
  3. Virus replicates in midge salivary gland (6-8d)
  4. Temperature dependent
  5. Midge becomes viremic (lifelong)
  6. Viremic midge takes next blood meal and injects virus into ruminant
  7. Virus replicates in ruminant cells
  8. “indirect transmission only”
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13
Q

what is midge activity dependent on

A

Temperature

Humidity

Rainfall

Soil

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14
Q

how does bluetongue virus replicate in the ruminant

A

Infected Culicoides deposits virus into skin of ruminant

Virus drains to regional lymph node

Primary virus replication

  • Lymph node endothelial cells and leukocytes

Virus spreads to other lymphatic organs in a transient viremia

Secondary replication

  • Endothelial cells of many organs

Generalized viremia

Virus closely associated with erythrocytes (invaginations)

Some protection against the immune response

Cullicoides spp feed on infected animals become infected

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15
Q

how does bluetongue cause a hemorrhagic fever

A
  1. Virus replicates in endothelial cells and cause cell lysis and cell distortion
  2. Blood vessels become ‘leaky’
  3. Serum and lymphatic fluid leaks out and cause edema and swelling
  4. Severely damaged blood vessels may hemorrhage and cause petechiation
  5. Tissue damage has pyretic effect and causes a fever
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16
Q

what are the sequele of hemorrhagic fever in bluetongue

A

The body reacts to foreign/damaged proteins with inflammation

Increases blood flow:

  • Redness, heat, swelling, edema
  • Conjunctivitis, hyperemia of mucosal membranes
  • Coronitis
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17
Q

what are the severest clinical symptoms that occur in bluetongue

A

Fever does not subside and animal is severely depressed

Lungs severely edemic, air exchange impossible

  • Respiratory distress

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

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18
Q

what is the incubation period of bluetongue

A

7-14d

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19
Q

what are the clinical signs of bluetongue virus

A

Fever, anorexia, respiratory distress

Conjunctivitis

Oculonasal discharge

Crusting nose and lips

Stomatitis

Oral ulcers

Edema of head, tongue (cyanotic) and legs

Coronitis

Lameness

Abortion

Deformed lambs

Emaciation

Death

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20
Q

what is the morbidity of bluetongue virus

A

80-100%

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21
Q

what is the mortality f bluetongue virus

22
Q

what are PM findings of bluetongue

A

oral erosions

edema of head and neck

cyanosis of mucous membranes, bluetongue

hemorrhages in bowel, heart and base of pulmonary artery

23
Q

what can be done to prevent bluetongue from coming to europe

A

Nothing?

  • Trade restrictions
  • Disease and production issues
  • Welfare concerns

Control midges

Vaccinate!

24
Q

what diseases have similar transmisison features to bluetongue

A

African horse sickness

Schmallenberg virus

25
where is schmallenberg virus found
Present in Japan, Africa, Australia, Israel
26
what does schmallenberg virus cause
Associated with fetal abnormalities in calves CNS signs and arthrogryposis: * Insult first third of pregnancy * Twisted neck and spine * Immobile joints * Parrot mouth/overshot jaw * Over extended/flexed joints
27
what is schmallenberg virus transmitted by
culicoides midges
28
what species are affected by schmallenberg virus
Mostly sheep Few cattle and goats Only fetal abnormalities No clinical disease reported in growing or adult animals
29
how is schmallenberg virus diagnosed
Clinical signs and post mortem findings PCR * Virus in tissues (brain) Virus isolation Histopathology ELISA Maternal serum Fetal fluids
30
what is the current situation of schmallenberg virus in the UK
Continue to check for viral presence Breed out with midge season Vaccinate high value stock
31
what is the etiology of rift valley fever
phlebovirus (bunyaviridae)
32
how is rift valley fever transmitted
Arthropod borne **Aedes mosquitos** Transovarian transmission Aedes eggs can survive years on ground Epizootics in rainy seasons (flooding)
33
where is RVF distributed
Endemic in Sub-Saharan Africa Occasionally north Africa and Middle East
34
what species are affected by RVF
sheep goats cattle man wild mammals are reservoir
35
is there a vaccine for RVF
live attenuated effective \<1 year
36
what are clincial signs of RVF
Hemorrhagic fever Per-acute: * Abortion * Sudden death in youngstock Acute: * Pyrexia * Jaundice * Dysentery * Hematuria * Death Chronic: * Agalactia * Wasting *
37
what is the incubation period of RVF
1-4d
38
what is the morbidity of RVF
90-100%
39
what is the mortality of RVF
30-100% adults-young
40
what can be found on pm with RVF
hemorrhages edema jaundice focal hepatic necrosis
41
how is RVF diagnosed
Virus isolation in blood, liver, spleen, antigen detection by Agar Gel ID or PCR Antibody VN ELISA HI
42
what is the etiology of lumpy skin disease
Capripox virus
43
what is the distribution of lumpy skin disease
Endemic Sub-Saharan Africa, North Africa Israel, turkey, middle east Greece, balkans
44
what species are affected by lumpy skin disease
Cattle Buffalo Game animals
45
what is the incubation period of lumpy skin disease
2-5 weeks
46
how is lumpy skin disease transmitted
Biting insects Stomoxys, aedes, ticks Skin lesions Scabs ;Sitfasts’ Oculonasal discharge Saliva Milk, semen?
47
when do lumpy skin disease outbreaks occur
Late summer and autumn (rainy season) Increased rainfall and insect activity
48
what are the clinical signs of lumpy skin disease
Fever Depression Oculonasal discharge Anorexia Agalactia Macules, papules, pox lesions Cutaneous nodules (deep), ulcerate, scabs, ‘sitfasts’ Edema, enlarged lymph nodes Prolonged convalescence and emaciation
49
what are the post mortem changes of lumpy skin disease
Pox lesions Nodules through dermis and epidermis, ‘sitfasts’ Ulcers in oropharynx Lesions in lungs
50
what is the morbidity and mortality of lumpy skin disease
Morbidity: 5-100% (naive imports) Mortality: 2-20
51
is there a vaccine for lumpy skin disease
Live attenuated LSD \<3 yr immunity