Canine Infectious Diseases Flashcards
what are common canine infections in the UK
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)
Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)
Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)
Canine distemper virus (CDV)
Parainfluenza virus (PI-2)
Bordetella bronchoseptica
Leptospira spp.
what are other less common canine infectious diseases in the UK
Canine herpesvirus (CHV)
Salmonella spp.
Campylobacter spp.
Clostridium spp.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nocardia
Borrelia burgorferi
Dermatophytosis
Aspergillus fumigatus
Neospora caninum
Toxoplasma gondii
Giardia lamblia
Helicobacter spp. ??
what are GI pathogens
Canine parvovirus
Canine distemper
Campylobacter
Salmonella spp
Clostridium perfringens
Giardia
Helicobacter spp
what is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus
CPV only grows in rapidly dividing cells –> must also have the appropriate receptor –> intestinal epithelium –> lymphoid tissue –> myocardium (young puppies only)
what is the prediliction site of CPV
intestinal epithelium
why does CPV affect the myocardium tissue of young puppies only and what age of puppy
4-6 weeks old —> after this age the myocardium cells are no longer dividing
what are the breed susceptibility of CPV
Black & tan breeds?
what is the relationship between viremia and disease of CPV
Divides rapidly —> huge surge in virus in the intestinal epithelium and equally huge immune response
Leaves behind a significant amount of damage that takes time to start accumulating
By the time you see the sick puppy, a lot of the virus is gone, but the damage takes awhile to come into clinical presentation
what are the clinical signs of CPV and sequence of them usually
Depression, pyrexia
- Day 1 but Day 7 signs in terms of time after infection
Vomiting
- Day 2
Diarrhea
- Day 3
Dehydration
- Day 4
Death
- Age
- 5 days from first clinical signs
what are ddx for CPV
salmonella can also cause hemorrhagic diarrhea
what are the CBC and biochem changes associated with CPV
Severe protein loss (panhypoproteinemia)
Hypoglycemic
- Septicemia
Hyponatremia
Hypokalemia
Increase in liver enzymes
- Intestinal inflammation
Profound lymphopenia
Often with a increase in neutrophils in some cases
May get anemia due to loss of blood through GI tract
Prolonged clotting times due to inflammation or DIC
Platelet counts may fall in severe cases
what is the treatment of CPV (5)
- isolate
- nursing
- IV fluids
- IV antibacterials
- anti-emetics
what fluid rate should you give a dog with CPV
Will be loosing 3-4x maintenance fluid in diarrhea
Unlikely to be able to drown these dogs in fluids
Typically start at 3-4x maintenance
why use antibacterials in treatment for CPV and what antibiotic would you use
Major cause of death is septicemia
Virus removes intestinal epithelium that no longer prevents bacteria from entering the blood stream
Improve survival
Which one? Will depend on the practice’s prescribing policy
Want a 4 quadrant therapy likely (gram +, -, anaerobes, aerobes)
what antiemetic would you use to treat CPV
Both maropitant and metoclopramide combo? Can be beneficial to use together
what complications would you monitor for in CPV
Septicemia
Intussusception
Dehydration
what interferons can be used to treat CPV and when would you use them
Cytokine
Available as recombinant proteins
Authorized for CPV
Shown the decrease the length of time in hospital and death providing they are given from the 1st day of clinical signs
If given too late the efficacy decreases
Expensive
how is CPV diagnosed
Virus:
- Hemagglutination
- ELISA/‘Snap’
- PCR
Serology
- Hemagglutination
PM
how is CPV vaccinated against
Live vaccines very reliable
solid immunity – probably lifelong
Two doses generally sufficient
Use of live vaccines in pregnant bitches (read data sheet)
what is the relationship of age of puppy and maternal antibodies and the vaccination of CPV
High levels of maternally antibodies are not necessarily a good thing
Dog 2 has low levels of maternal antibodies which will decline at 8 weeks you get a primary response, booster at 12 weeks you get a big surge of antibodies
If puppy is born with high levels of maternal antibody the response is not good because maternal antibodies inactivate the vaccine —> booster at 12 weeks acts as a primary response
Vaccines are routinely given at 3 doses (8, 12, 16-18 weeks)
what are hepatic infectious diseases in canines
infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
leptospirosis
what are the canine adenoviruses and what do they cause
Canine adenovirus 1 Severe systemic illness
- Rubarths disease: infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
- Respiratory disease
CAV-2 (single most viral cause of kennel cough)
- Respiratory disease
what are the clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis
Pyrexia
Jaundice
Vasculitis
- Hemorrhagic effusions
- Ascites
- DIC
- Neurological signs
‘Blue eye’
- Antibody-antigen complexes precipitate in the cornea of the eye
Ascites
Anemia
DIC
what are the ddx of ICH
Cholangiohepatitis
Leptospirosis
IMHA
how is ICH diagnosed
Biochemistry:
- Alk phos.
- ALT
- GGT
- Bile salts
Hematology:
- Leucopenia
Serology
- virus isolation
how is ICH treated
Isolate
IV fluids
Blood transfusion
Antibiotics
Immunosuppressed
Warmth, rest, etc
Most die
how is ICH vaccinated against
Cross-protection between CAV-1 and CAV-2
- Two doses given 2-4 weeks apart
Attenuated CAV-2 is an effective vaccine
- Immunity less likely to be boosted by natural exposure
Keep up with annual boosters
is leptospirosis zoonotic
yes
what is the agent that causes leptospirosis infection
leptospira interrogans sensu lato
what are the other serogroups (serovars) of leptospirosis
L. canicola
L. icterohemorrhagiae
L. bratislava, pomona, gripptotyphosa, hardjo, australis, autumnalis
what is the source of leptospirosis
Acquired from standing, dirty water
Wildlife reservoirs, farm animal reservoirs
what does L. icterohemorrhagiae cause and what do the clinical signs resemble
Pyrexia, leukocytosis
Jaundice
Vasculitis
- Hemorrhagic effusions
- DIC
Clinical signs similar to ICH:Hematology is useful
- Viral leads to low white cell count
- Bacterial leads to high white cell count
what does L. canicola cause
Pyrexia
Renal failure (looks like pyelonephritis)
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Phosphate
- Potassium
how is leptospirosis diagnosed
Dark field microscopy of urine sediment?
Stained histopathology sections and urine sediment
Paired sera
how is leptospirosis treated
IV fluids +/- blood
Careful disposal of urine
- Zoonotic
Antibiotics
- Penicillins, tetracyclines
Nursing
how is leptospirosis vaccinated against
Inactivated vaccine
- Duration of immunity
Protection correlates
- Titres
Effect on excretion?
CARE with dogs for export
Can’t vaccinate dogs going to Australia
what are neurological infections
canine distemper
toxoplasma gondii
neospora caninum
rabies
aujesky’s disease
(tetanus)
where does primary replication of canine distemper virus occur
macrophages and lymphoid cells
where does secondary replication of canine distemper virus occur
epithelial and neuronal tissue
what are the acute signs of canine distemper
immunological
GI
what are the chronic signs of canine distemper
resp
neurological
what are the signs of CDV in the nervous system
Central vestibular disease
Cerebellar disease
Seizures
Myoclonus - less than 50% - pathognomic?
how long do the nervous system signs last in CDV
Relationships with systemic disease
Only noted in 1/3 by owners and 2/3 on examination
Duration
- Days to a few weeks with residual effects
- Chronic relapsing course rare
- Usually they recover and a true chronic course is rare
what are the ddx of CDV
‘Old dog encephalitis’
Granulomatous meningo-encephalomyelitis (GME)
Intra-cranial masses
Hepatic encephalopathy
Chronic distemper
what does the CDV damage
Pitted damaged enamel
Hyperkeratosis of foot pads (‘hard pad’)
Strange sticking out ears
Damaged retina (focal lesions)
how is CDV diagnosed
Conjunctival smears
Lymph nodes aspirates
Serology
CSF
how is CDV vaccinated against
Maternal antibodies uncommon at 12 weeks old
Immunity generally long-lived
Breakdowns relatively common —> 1st year booster is important!
- Vaccine damage
- Early loss of vaccine induced antibody
- Early infection
what are respiratory infections
kennel cough
mycobacterium tuberculosis
nocardia asteroides
aspergillus fumigatus
what causes kennel cough
CAV-2
CAV-1
PI-2
CDV
Bordetella bronchoseptica
Canine influenza virus
secondary bacteria
what type of virus is parainfluenza virus
paramyxovirus
what is the most common cause of kennel cough
parainfluenza virus
co-infection with bordetlla?
how is parainfluenza vaccinated against
live avirulent
what is another major cause of kennel cough
bordetella bronchoseptica
what type of bacteria is bordetella bronchoseptica
gram negative coccobacillus
what does bordetella bronchoseptica cause
persistent infections that last weeks or months
excretion persists after clinical signs have declined
how is bordetella bronchoseptica vaccinated against
intrac live arvulent vaccine
intra nasal
what is the canine influenza virus
Dogs can be infected by human (etc.) influenza viruses
H1N1 and H5N1 strains
Most subclinical
No dog to dog transmission
Unlikely as source to humans
USA only
True, host adapted, dog strain
