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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Canine Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Canine Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are common canine infections in the UK

A

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)

Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)

Canine distemper virus (CDV)

Parainfluenza virus (PI-2)

Bordetella bronchoseptica

Leptospira spp.

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2
Q

what are other less common canine infectious diseases in the UK

A

Canine herpesvirus (CHV)

Salmonella spp.

Campylobacter spp.

Clostridium spp.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Nocardia

Borrelia burgorferi

Dermatophytosis

Aspergillus fumigatus

Neospora caninum

Toxoplasma gondii

Giardia lamblia

Helicobacter spp. ??

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3
Q

what are GI pathogens

A

Canine parvovirus

Canine distemper

Campylobacter

Salmonella spp

Clostridium perfringens

Giardia

Helicobacter spp

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4
Q

what is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus

A

CPV only grows in rapidly dividing cells –> must also have the appropriate receptor –> intestinal epithelium –> lymphoid tissue –> myocardium (young puppies only)

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5
Q

what is the prediliction site of CPV

A

intestinal epithelium

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6
Q

why does CPV affect the myocardium tissue of young puppies only and what age of puppy

A

4-6 weeks old —> after this age the myocardium cells are no longer dividing

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7
Q

what are the breed susceptibility of CPV

A

Black & tan breeds?

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8
Q

what is the relationship between viremia and disease of CPV

A

Divides rapidly —> huge surge in virus in the intestinal epithelium and equally huge immune response

Leaves behind a significant amount of damage that takes time to start accumulating

By the time you see the sick puppy, a lot of the virus is gone, but the damage takes awhile to come into clinical presentation

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9
Q

what are the clinical signs of CPV and sequence of them usually

A

Depression, pyrexia

  • Day 1 but Day 7 signs in terms of time after infection

Vomiting

  • Day 2

Diarrhea

  • Day 3

Dehydration

  • Day 4

Death

  • Age
  • 5 days from first clinical signs
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10
Q

what are ddx for CPV

A

salmonella can also cause hemorrhagic diarrhea

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11
Q

what are the CBC and biochem changes associated with CPV

A

Severe protein loss (panhypoproteinemia)

Hypoglycemic

  • Septicemia

Hyponatremia

Hypokalemia

Increase in liver enzymes

  • Intestinal inflammation

Profound lymphopenia

Often with a increase in neutrophils in some cases

May get anemia due to loss of blood through GI tract

Prolonged clotting times due to inflammation or DIC

Platelet counts may fall in severe cases

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12
Q

what is the treatment of CPV (5)

A
  1. isolate
  2. nursing
  3. IV fluids
  4. IV antibacterials
  5. anti-emetics
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13
Q

what fluid rate should you give a dog with CPV

A

Will be loosing 3-4x maintenance fluid in diarrhea

Unlikely to be able to drown these dogs in fluids

Typically start at 3-4x maintenance

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14
Q

why use antibacterials in treatment for CPV and what antibiotic would you use

A

Major cause of death is septicemia

Virus removes intestinal epithelium that no longer prevents bacteria from entering the blood stream

Improve survival

Which one? Will depend on the practice’s prescribing policy

Want a 4 quadrant therapy likely (gram +, -, anaerobes, aerobes)

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15
Q

what antiemetic would you use to treat CPV

A

Both maropitant and metoclopramide combo? Can be beneficial to use together

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16
Q

what complications would you monitor for in CPV

A

Septicemia

Intussusception

Dehydration

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17
Q

what interferons can be used to treat CPV and when would you use them

A

Cytokine

Available as recombinant proteins

Authorized for CPV

Shown the decrease the length of time in hospital and death providing they are given from the 1st day of clinical signs

If given too late the efficacy decreases

Expensive

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18
Q

how is CPV diagnosed

A

Virus:

  • Hemagglutination
  • ELISA/‘Snap’
  • PCR

Serology

  • Hemagglutination

PM

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19
Q

how is CPV vaccinated against

A

Live vaccines very reliable

solid immunity – probably lifelong

Two doses generally sufficient

Use of live vaccines in pregnant bitches (read data sheet)

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20
Q

what is the relationship of age of puppy and maternal antibodies and the vaccination of CPV

A

High levels of maternally antibodies are not necessarily a good thing

Dog 2 has low levels of maternal antibodies which will decline at 8 weeks you get a primary response, booster at 12 weeks you get a big surge of antibodies

If puppy is born with high levels of maternal antibody the response is not good because maternal antibodies inactivate the vaccine —> booster at 12 weeks acts as a primary response

Vaccines are routinely given at 3 doses (8, 12, 16-18 weeks)

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21
Q

what are hepatic infectious diseases in canines

A

infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

leptospirosis

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22
Q

what are the canine adenoviruses and what do they cause

A

Canine adenovirus 1 Severe systemic illness

  • Rubarths disease: infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
  • Respiratory disease

CAV-2 (single most viral cause of kennel cough)

  • Respiratory disease
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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis

A

Pyrexia

Jaundice

Vasculitis

  • Hemorrhagic effusions
  • Ascites
  • DIC
  • Neurological signs

‘Blue eye’

  • Antibody-antigen complexes precipitate in the cornea of the eye

Ascites

Anemia

DIC

24
Q

what are the ddx of ICH

A

Cholangiohepatitis

Leptospirosis

IMHA

25
Q

how is ICH diagnosed

A

Biochemistry:

  • Alk phos.
  • ALT
  • GGT
  • Bile salts

Hematology:

  • Leucopenia

Serology

  • virus isolation
26
Q

how is ICH treated

A

Isolate

IV fluids

Blood transfusion

Antibiotics

Immunosuppressed

Warmth, rest, etc

Most die

27
Q

how is ICH vaccinated against

A

Cross-protection between CAV-1 and CAV-2

  • Two doses given 2-4 weeks apart

Attenuated CAV-2 is an effective vaccine

  • Immunity less likely to be boosted by natural exposure

Keep up with annual boosters

28
Q

is leptospirosis zoonotic

A

yes

29
Q

what is the agent that causes leptospirosis infection

A

leptospira interrogans sensu lato

30
Q

what are the other serogroups (serovars) of leptospirosis

A

L. canicola

L. icterohemorrhagiae

L. bratislava, pomona, gripptotyphosa, hardjo, australis, autumnalis

31
Q

what is the source of leptospirosis

A

Acquired from standing, dirty water

Wildlife reservoirs, farm animal reservoirs

32
Q

what does L. icterohemorrhagiae cause and what do the clinical signs resemble

A

Pyrexia, leukocytosis

Jaundice

Vasculitis

  • Hemorrhagic effusions
  • DIC

Clinical signs similar to ICH:Hematology is useful

  • Viral leads to low white cell count
  • Bacterial leads to high white cell count
33
Q

what does L. canicola cause

A

Pyrexia

Renal failure (looks like pyelonephritis)

  • Urea
  • Creatinine
  • Phosphate
  • Potassium
34
Q

how is leptospirosis diagnosed

A

Dark field microscopy of urine sediment?

Stained histopathology sections and urine sediment

Paired sera

35
Q

how is leptospirosis treated

A

IV fluids +/- blood

Careful disposal of urine

  • Zoonotic

Antibiotics

  • Penicillins, tetracyclines

Nursing

36
Q

how is leptospirosis vaccinated against

A

Inactivated vaccine

  • Duration of immunity

Protection correlates

  • Titres

Effect on excretion?

CARE with dogs for export

Can’t vaccinate dogs going to Australia

37
Q

what are neurological infections

A

canine distemper

toxoplasma gondii

neospora caninum

rabies

aujesky’s disease

(tetanus)

38
Q

where does primary replication of canine distemper virus occur

A

macrophages and lymphoid cells

39
Q

where does secondary replication of canine distemper virus occur

A

epithelial and neuronal tissue

40
Q

what are the acute signs of canine distemper

A

immunological

GI

41
Q

what are the chronic signs of canine distemper

A

resp

neurological

42
Q

what are the signs of CDV in the nervous system

A

Central vestibular disease

Cerebellar disease

Seizures

Myoclonus - less than 50% - pathognomic?

43
Q

how long do the nervous system signs last in CDV

A

Relationships with systemic disease

Only noted in 1/3 by owners and 2/3 on examination

Duration

  • Days to a few weeks with residual effects
  • Chronic relapsing course rare
  • Usually they recover and a true chronic course is rare
44
Q

what are the ddx of CDV

A

‘Old dog encephalitis’

Granulomatous meningo-encephalomyelitis (GME)

Intra-cranial masses

Hepatic encephalopathy

Chronic distemper

45
Q

what does the CDV damage

A

Pitted damaged enamel

Hyperkeratosis of foot pads (‘hard pad’)

Strange sticking out ears

Damaged retina (focal lesions)

46
Q

how is CDV diagnosed

A

Conjunctival smears

Lymph nodes aspirates

Serology

CSF

47
Q

how is CDV vaccinated against

A

Maternal antibodies uncommon at 12 weeks old

Immunity generally long-lived

Breakdowns relatively common —> 1st year booster is important!

  • Vaccine damage
  • Early loss of vaccine induced antibody
  • Early infection
48
Q

what are respiratory infections

A

kennel cough

mycobacterium tuberculosis

nocardia asteroides

aspergillus fumigatus

49
Q

what causes kennel cough

A

CAV-2

CAV-1

PI-2

CDV

Bordetella bronchoseptica

Canine influenza virus

secondary bacteria

50
Q

what type of virus is parainfluenza virus

A

paramyxovirus

51
Q

what is the most common cause of kennel cough

A

parainfluenza virus

co-infection with bordetlla?

52
Q

how is parainfluenza vaccinated against

A

live avirulent

53
Q

what is another major cause of kennel cough

A

bordetella bronchoseptica

54
Q

what type of bacteria is bordetella bronchoseptica

A

gram negative coccobacillus

55
Q

what does bordetella bronchoseptica cause

A

persistent infections that last weeks or months

excretion persists after clinical signs have declined

56
Q

how is bordetella bronchoseptica vaccinated against

A

intrac live arvulent vaccine

intra nasal

57
Q

what is the canine influenza virus

A

Dogs can be infected by human (etc.) influenza viruses

H1N1 and H5N1 strains

Most subclinical

No dog to dog transmission

Unlikely as source to humans

USA only

True, host adapted, dog strain

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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