Virus: Hemagglutination ELISA/‘Snap’ PCR Serology Hemagglutination PM

Canine Infectious Diseases Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are common canine infections in the UK

Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2)

Canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1)

Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2)

Canine distemper virus (CDV)

Parainfluenza virus (PI-2)

Bordetella bronchoseptica

Leptospira spp.

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what are other less common canine infectious diseases in the UK

Canine herpesvirus (CHV)

Salmonella spp.

Campylobacter spp.

Clostridium spp.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Nocardia

Borrelia burgorferi

Dermatophytosis

Aspergillus fumigatus

Neospora caninum

Toxoplasma gondii

Giardia lamblia

Helicobacter spp. ??

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what are GI pathogens

Canine parvovirus

Canine distemper

Campylobacter

Salmonella spp

Clostridium perfringens

Giardia

Helicobacter spp

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what is the pathogenesis of canine parvovirus

CPV only grows in rapidly dividing cells –> must also have the appropriate receptor –> intestinal epithelium –> lymphoid tissue –> myocardium (young puppies only)

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what is the prediliction site of CPV

intestinal epithelium

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why does CPV affect the myocardium tissue of young puppies only and what age of puppy

4-6 weeks old —> after this age the myocardium cells are no longer dividing

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what are the breed susceptibility of CPV

Black & tan breeds?

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what is the relationship between viremia and disease of CPV

Divides rapidly —> huge surge in virus in the intestinal epithelium and equally huge immune response

Leaves behind a significant amount of damage that takes time to start accumulating

By the time you see the sick puppy, a lot of the virus is gone, but the damage takes awhile to come into clinical presentation

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what are the clinical signs of CPV and sequence of them usually

Depression, pyrexia

Day 1 but Day 7 signs in terms of time after infection

Vomiting

Day 2

Diarrhea

Day 3

Dehydration

Day 4

Death

Age
5 days from first clinical signs

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what are ddx for CPV

salmonella can also cause hemorrhagic diarrhea

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what are the CBC and biochem changes associated with CPV

Severe protein loss (panhypoproteinemia)

Hypoglycemic

Septicemia

Hyponatremia

Hypokalemia

Increase in liver enzymes

Intestinal inflammation

Profound lymphopenia

Often with a increase in neutrophils in some cases

May get anemia due to loss of blood through GI tract

Prolonged clotting times due to inflammation or DIC

Platelet counts may fall in severe cases

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what is the treatment of CPV (5)

isolate
nursing
IV fluids
IV antibacterials
anti-emetics

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what fluid rate should you give a dog with CPV

Will be loosing 3-4x maintenance fluid in diarrhea

Unlikely to be able to drown these dogs in fluids

Typically start at 3-4x maintenance

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why use antibacterials in treatment for CPV and what antibiotic would you use

Major cause of death is septicemia

Virus removes intestinal epithelium that no longer prevents bacteria from entering the blood stream

Improve survival

Which one? Will depend on the practice’s prescribing policy

Want a 4 quadrant therapy likely (gram +, -, anaerobes, aerobes)

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what antiemetic would you use to treat CPV

Both maropitant and metoclopramide combo? Can be beneficial to use together

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what complications would you monitor for in CPV

Septicemia

Intussusception

Dehydration

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what interferons can be used to treat CPV and when would you use them

Cytokine

Available as recombinant proteins

Authorized for CPV

Shown the decrease the length of time in hospital and death providing they are given from the 1st day of clinical signs

If given too late the efficacy decreases

Expensive

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how is CPV diagnosed

Virus:

Hemagglutination
ELISA/‘Snap’
PCR

Serology

Hemagglutination

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how is CPV vaccinated against

Live vaccines very reliable

solid immunity – probably lifelong

Two doses generally sufficient

Use of live vaccines in pregnant bitches (read data sheet)

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what is the relationship of age of puppy and maternal antibodies and the vaccination of CPV

High levels of maternally antibodies are not necessarily a good thing

Dog 2 has low levels of maternal antibodies which will decline at 8 weeks you get a primary response, booster at 12 weeks you get a big surge of antibodies

If puppy is born with high levels of maternal antibody the response is not good because maternal antibodies inactivate the vaccine —> booster at 12 weeks acts as a primary response

Vaccines are routinely given at 3 doses (8, 12, 16-18 weeks)

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what are hepatic infectious diseases in canines

infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)

leptospirosis

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what are the canine adenoviruses and what do they cause

Canine adenovirus 1 Severe systemic illness

Rubarths disease: infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)
Respiratory disease

CAV-2 (single most viral cause of kennel cough)

Respiratory disease

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what are the clinical signs of infectious canine hepatitis

Pyrexia

Jaundice

Vasculitis

Hemorrhagic effusions
Ascites
DIC
Neurological signs

‘Blue eye’

Antibody-antigen complexes precipitate in the cornea of the eye

Ascites

Anemia

DIC

what are the ddx of ICH

Cholangiohepatitis

Leptospirosis

IMHA

how is ICH diagnosed

Biochemistry: * Alk phos. * ALT * GGT * Bile salts Hematology: * Leucopenia Serology * virus isolation

how is ICH treated

Isolate IV fluids Blood transfusion Antibiotics Immunosuppressed Warmth, rest, etc Most die

how is ICH vaccinated against

Cross-protection between CAV-1 and CAV-2 * Two doses given 2-4 weeks apart Attenuated CAV-2 is an effective vaccine * Immunity less likely to be boosted by natural exposure Keep up with annual boosters

is leptospirosis zoonotic

yes

what is the agent that causes leptospirosis infection

leptospira interrogans sensu lato

what are the other serogroups (serovars) of leptospirosis

L. canicola L. icterohemorrhagiae L. bratislava, pomona, gripptotyphosa, hardjo, australis, autumnalis

what is the source of leptospirosis

Acquired from standing, dirty water Wildlife reservoirs, farm animal reservoirs

what does L. icterohemorrhagiae cause and what do the clinical signs resemble

Pyrexia, leukocytosis Jaundice Vasculitis * Hemorrhagic effusions * DIC Clinical signs similar to ICH:Hematology is useful * Viral leads to low white cell count * Bacterial leads to high white cell count

what does L. canicola cause

Pyrexia Renal failure (looks like pyelonephritis) * Urea * Creatinine * Phosphate * Potassium

how is leptospirosis diagnosed

Dark field microscopy of urine sediment? Stained histopathology sections and urine sediment Paired sera

how is leptospirosis treated

IV fluids +/- blood Careful disposal of urine * Zoonotic Antibiotics * Penicillins, tetracyclines Nursing

how is leptospirosis vaccinated against

Inactivated vaccine * Duration of immunity Protection correlates * Titres Effect on excretion? CARE with dogs for export Can’t vaccinate dogs going to Australia

what are neurological infections

canine distemper toxoplasma gondii neospora caninum rabies aujesky's disease (tetanus)

where does primary replication of canine distemper virus occur

macrophages and lymphoid cells

where does secondary replication of canine distemper virus occur

epithelial and neuronal tissue

what are the acute signs of canine distemper

immunological GI

what are the chronic signs of canine distemper

resp neurological

what are the signs of CDV in the nervous system

Central vestibular disease Cerebellar disease Seizures Myoclonus - less than 50% - pathognomic?

how long do the nervous system signs last in CDV

Relationships with systemic disease Only noted in 1/3 by owners and 2/3 on examination Duration * Days to a few weeks with residual effects * Chronic relapsing course rare * Usually they recover and a true chronic course is rare

what are the ddx of CDV

'Old dog encephalitis’ Granulomatous meningo-encephalomyelitis (GME) Intra-cranial masses Hepatic encephalopathy Chronic distemper

what does the CDV damage

Pitted damaged enamel Hyperkeratosis of foot pads (‘hard pad’) Strange sticking out ears Damaged retina (focal lesions)

how is CDV diagnosed

Conjunctival smears Lymph nodes aspirates Serology CSF

how is CDV vaccinated against

Maternal antibodies uncommon at 12 weeks old Immunity generally long-lived Breakdowns relatively common —\> 1st year booster is important! * Vaccine damage * Early loss of vaccine induced antibody * Early infection

what are respiratory infections

kennel cough mycobacterium tuberculosis nocardia asteroides aspergillus fumigatus

what causes kennel cough

CAV-2 CAV-1 PI-2 CDV Bordetella bronchoseptica Canine influenza virus secondary bacteria

what type of virus is parainfluenza virus

paramyxovirus

what is the most common cause of kennel cough

parainfluenza virus co-infection with bordetlla?

how is parainfluenza vaccinated against

live avirulent

what is another major cause of kennel cough

bordetella bronchoseptica

what type of bacteria is bordetella bronchoseptica

gram negative coccobacillus

what does bordetella bronchoseptica cause

persistent infections that last weeks or months excretion persists after clinical signs have declined

how is bordetella bronchoseptica vaccinated against

intrac live arvulent vaccine intra nasal

what is the canine influenza virus

Dogs can be infected by human (etc.) influenza viruses H1N1 and H5N1 strains Most subclinical No dog to dog transmission Unlikely as source to humans USA only True, host adapted, dog strain