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Module 20: Global Vet Med > The Plagues: Notifiable Ruminant Diseases > Flashcards

The Plagues: Notifiable Ruminant Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what are the notifiable plagues of ruminants

A

sheep pox and goat pox

contagious bovine pleuropneumonia

rinderpest

peste des petits ruminants (PPR)

foot and mouth disease

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2
Q

what is the virus of sheep and goat pox

A

capripox

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3
Q

where is sheep and goat pox distributed

A

north africa

asia

southern europe

mediterranean basin

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4
Q

what is the incubation period of sheep and goat pox

A

4-7d

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5
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of sheep and goat pox

A

Mortality:

10-80% (naive, sudden death)

Morbidity:

10-100% (naive)

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6
Q

is there a vaccine for sheep and goat pox

A

yes live attenuated <2 years immunity

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7
Q

what are the clinical signs of sheep and goat pox

A

Fever

Oculo-nasal discharge

Cutaneous pox lesions

Scabs

Oral lesions

Death

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8
Q

what are the post mortem lesions of sheep and goat pox

A

Typical pox lesions

“Sitfasts”

Visceral pocks in lung (liver, kidney)

Secondary pneumonia

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9
Q

how is sheep and goat pox transmitted

A

Direct — aersols from early clinical cases (ulcerated oral papules)

Abrasions

Indirect:

Fodder, bedding, wool, fomites, insects

No carriers

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10
Q

what are the key epidemiological features of the plagues or contgions

A

Disease free areas — agent intrusion

Sporadic epidemics: high morbidity +/- high mortality

  • Imported diseased animal
  • Smuggling infected live animals or animal products
  • Loss of border controls (war, strife, civil breakdown)
  • Nomads (traditional) (drought, flooding, strife)
  • Carrier animals
  • Wild animals

Mechanical spread

  • Fomites
  • insects
  • animals
  • Birds
  • Aerosol spread

Establishment of infection in new areas:

  • Failure of control procedures
  • Poverty
  • New strain of agent
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11
Q

what type of disease does contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) cause

A

slowly progressive, often fatal, proliferative interstitial pneumonia of cattle caused by mycoplasma mycoides mycoides

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12
Q

what causes contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

mycoplasma mycoides mycoides

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13
Q

where is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) distributed

A

sub sarahan africa

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14
Q

what species does contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) affect

A

cattle (buffalo)

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15
Q

what is the incubation period of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

3-6 weeks

occ 6 months

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16
Q

what is the morbidity and mortality of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

morbidity <90% in susceptible herds

mortality 50% of clinical cases

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs in adults of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

Proliferative interstitial pneumonia

Hyper-acute

  • Death by asphyxiation

Acute

  • Pyrexia
  • Coughing
  • Respiratory distress
  • Thoracic pain — arched back, head stretched forward
  • Death

Chronic

  • Slowly progressive pneumonia signs
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18
Q

what are the clinical signs of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) in calves

A

Polyarthritis not pneumonia

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19
Q

what are the post mortem findings of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)

A

Usually one lung affected

Interstitial pneumonia, lung ‘hepatisation’

  • Pathologic alteration of lung tissue such that it resembles liver tissue

Pleurisy, thoracic edema <30 liters

Sequestrum

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20
Q

how is contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) transmitted

A

Excretion early in disease

Direct

  • Aersols
  • Droplets

Indirect

  • Urine, placental fluids

Sequestrum breakdown (stress, immunosuppression) <2 years

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21
Q

is there a vaccine for CBPP

A

yes

6 month immunity

injection rxns

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22
Q

what causes rinderpest (cattle plague)

A

morbillivirus

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23
Q

where is rinderpest distributed

A

last reported in east africa, pakistan

oct 2010 it was eradicated

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24
Q

what species does rinderpest affect

A

Cattle, buffalo, even-toed ungulates, pigs

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25
Q

how is rinderpest transmitted

A

By direct contact with a sick animal or its excretions (10 days)

Possibly indirect though meat (rare)

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26
Q

is there a rinderpest vaccine

A

yes

very effective

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27
Q

what is the incubation period of rinderpest

A

3-15 days

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28
Q

what are the clinical signs of rinderpest

A

Oculo-nasal discharge (‘weeping cattle’)

Erosion and necrosis of buccal mucosa

Foetid breath, dysentery

Rapid wasting, death

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29
Q

what is the mortality and morbidity of rinderpest

A

Mortality:

<100%

Morbidity:

<100%

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30
Q

what are PM lesions in rinderpest

A

Erosions in mouth, nasal cavity, esophagus

Intestinal hemorrhages ‘zebra striped colon’

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31
Q

what is the cause of peste des petit-ruminants (PPR)

A

morbillivirus

32
Q

where is peste des petit-ruminants (PPR) distributed

A

africa

middle east

s india

asia

33
Q

what are the species affected by peste des petit-ruminants (PPR)

A

goats and sheep

34
Q

what are the clinical signs of peste des petit-ruminants (PPR)

A

Sudden death to chronic disease

Oculo-nasal discharge

Oral erosions

Hair stands erect

Enteritis

Broncho-pneumonia

Panting

Diarrhea

Death

Chronic

  • Recurring erosions
  • Intermittent fever
  • Catarrh & diarrhea (sheep in Africa, goats in India)
35
Q

how is peste des petit-ruminants (PPR) transmitted

A

direct contact with a sick animal or its excretions

36
Q

what is the mortality and morbidity of peste des petit-ruminants (PPR)

A

Mortality:

<100%

Morbidity:

<100%

37
Q

what are the PM findings of PPR

A

Dehydrated carcass

Necrotic stomatitis

Purulent pneumonia

Zebra stripes in colon

38
Q

is there a vaccine for PPR

A

yes attenutated live or modified in cell culture

39
Q

why is PPR eradication a possibility

A

One serotype

No carrier state

No sustainable wildlife reservoir

Effective diagnostic tools

Effective vaccines

40
Q

what causes foot and mouth disease

A

Picornavirdae

Aphthovirus

41
Q

what does foot and mouth disease affect

A

all cloven hoofed animals

42
Q

where is foot and mouth disease endemic

A

africa

asia

middle east

south america

43
Q

how many serotypes are there of foot and mouth disease and is there cross protection

A

7

no cross protection

44
Q

who are the carriers of foot and mouth disease

A

Convalescent ruminants

Some vaccinates

Wild animals

Hedgehogs

Rodents

Birds

45
Q

where does the primary replication phase occur in foot and mouth disease

A

2-3 d

pharyngeal area

virus enters bloodstream and seeds target tissue

46
Q

where does the secondary replication phase of foot and mouth disease occur

A

4-5d

Epithelium (mouth, feet, udder)

Muscles (heart), organs (lungs, kidneys, bowel)

Glands (thyroid, lymph)

47
Q

how long does healing and recovery take for foot and mouth disease

A

<6 months

secondary infections

carriers

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of foot and mouth disease

A

Anorexia

Pyrexia 41ºC

Dullness

Reduced milk yield

Death in youngstock

Abortion

Vesicles (blisters)

Salivation

Lameness

49
Q

where do the vesicles of foot and mouth disease occur

A

Mouth

  • Tongue, lips, gums, dental pad

Feet

  • Interdigital space
  • Coronary band

Udder

Snout

50
Q

what are the ddx for oral lesions in cattle

A

al lesions:

Vesicular stomatitis

Bluetongue

Rinderpest

Mucosal disease

IBR

Malignant catarrhal fever

Necrotic stomatitis

Bovine papular stomatitis

Trauma or irritates

51
Q

what are the ddx for teat lesions

A

Cow pox

Pseudo-cowpox

Bovine herpes mammillitis

Bluetongue

52
Q

what are the ddx for foot and mouth in pigs

A

Swine vesicular disease

Vesicular exanthema

Enterotoxemia

Encephalomyocarditis virus

Abortion agents

53
Q

what are the ddx for foot and mouth disease in sheep

A

Bluetongue

Foot rot

Orf

Enterotoxemia

Abortion agent

54
Q

how is foot and mouth disease diagnosed

A

Virus — vesicular material

  • PCR
  • ELISA
  • Cell culture (bovine thyroid, BHK)
  • CFT

Antibody — serum

  • ELISA
  • Virus neutralization test
55
Q

how is foot and mouth disease transmitted

A

Inhalation or ingestion

Highly contagious

Highly infectious

56
Q

how does the foot and mouth virus survive

A

Virus survival is high in moist, cool conditions

The farm environment rapidly becomes heavily contaminated with the virus

57
Q

what are the methods of spread of foot and mouth disease

A

Infected animals

Fomites

Infected animal products

Airborne

Carriers

58
Q

what is the incubaiton period of foot and mouth disease

A

2-14 days

59
Q

who are the carriers of foot and mouth disease

A

Convalescent ruminants

Some vaccinated ruminants

<9 months sheep

<3 years cattle

<5 years African buffalo

60
Q

are there effective vaccines for foot and mouth disease

A

Effective vaccines

Vaccine delivery needs cold chain

Identification of vaccinated animals

  • Vaccinate and slaughter
  • Vaccinate to live
61
Q

what are the key epidemiological features of foot and mouth disease

A
  1. Seven serotypes
  2. Stable in cool, damp, medium pH
  3. Multiplication is extremely rapid
  4. Highly contagious and highly infectious
  5. Carriers exist
  6. Effective vaccines available
62
Q

who are the virus procuders of foot and mouth disease

A

pigs

63
Q

who are the virus indicators of foot and mouth disease

A

cattle

64
Q

who are the virus carriers of foot and motuh disease

A

sheep

inapparent infection

65
Q

what are the prevention and control strategies of foot and mouth disease

A

Prevent introduction to country

  • Import controls on live animals
  • Import controls on animal products
  • Monitor neighbouring countries

Prevent infection of livestock

  • Post import check of live animals
  • Swill feeding strictly controlled/banned
  • Continuous surveillance

Prevent spread from infected animals

  • Notification
  • Movement controls and ‘stamping-out’
66
Q

how do you notifiy foot and mouth disease if you suspect it

A

Veterinary surgeon or farmer must notify Police or Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA) who initiate an immediate investigation

Vet stays on farm — consultation case with APHA veterinary officer

Vet leaves farm — report case — automatic farm standstill, police involved

67
Q

if the veterinary official suspects foot and mouth disease what happens

A

Suspect premises defined and restricted, isolates all livestock, controls movement of people and all things

Temporary control zone <10km stock standstill around the suspect premises

Samples sent to FMD World Reference Laboratory

  • Initial ELISA result in 4 hours
  • Negative — restrictions lifted
  • Positive — ‘stamping out’ policy implemented
68
Q

what is the stamping out policy of foot and mouth disease

A

National animal movement restrictions

Exports of animals and products suspended

Infected premises (IP) procedures:

  • Livestock valuation, slaughter, disposal, cleansing and disinfection

3km protection zone (PZ):

  • Total agriculture standstill, intensive veterinary surveillance on all farms

10km surveillance zone (SZ):

  • Ban on countryside activities, targeted surveillance

Controlled zones beyond 10km

National and local disease control centres established

69
Q

what is the national disease control centre (NDCC) and what do they do in a suspected foot and mouth disease case

A

CVO in charge

Suspend exports

Implements national contingency plan

Monitors national disease control procedures

Assesses and changes control procedures

Informs minister/cabinet on epidemic progress

Informs EU and OIE of epidemic progress

Implements post-epidemic protocols

70
Q

what is the local disease control centre role in a suspected case of foot and mouth disease

A

Slaughter and disposal of livestock on IPs

Cleansing and disinfection of IP

Tracings — contact animals (slaughter or isolation)

  • Persons, vehicles
  • Tracings ‘windows’

Epidemiological investigation

Veterinary surveillance — PZ & SZ, DCs, LLUs

Standstill implementation (3km PZ & 10km SZ)

Movements to abattoir, grazing etc — only by license

Post-epidemic surveillance in PZ and SZ

Restocking IPs — sentinels

71
Q

what is the 3km protection zone in a foot and mouth disease case

A

Ban on agriculture movements

Biosecurity encouraged/enforced

Movement restrictions on all farms

Daily vet visits to premises contiguous to IP

Stock on all farms mapped

Milk code implemented

72
Q

what is the 10km surveillance zone of foot and mouth disease

A

Ban on agriculture movements

Ban on countryside activities

Large livestock units restricted and subjected to daily vet visits (7 days)

Milk code implemented

All farms contacted

Biosecurity encouraged

73
Q

what is the milk code for foot and mouth disease

A

Virus filters fitted to milk tankers

Drivers, tankers must clean and disinfect on/off farms and processing plant/dairy

Milk pasteurization

Tanker routes approved and monitored

74
Q

how are the protection and surveillence zones implemented

A

by police

APHA

75
Q

what is teh FMD virus plume modelling

A

viral output

  • species affected
  • number affected
  • age lesions

Meteorology

  • wind speed and direction
  • relative humidity
  • cloud cover
  • precipitation
  • topography

prediction model

  • met officer computer
  • viral plumes 10km grid
  • risk assessment
76
Q

summarize the principles and eradication of FMD

A

Stock standstill

  • Infected premises
  • Neighbouring farms
  • Surrounding areas

Movement controls on

  • Livestock hauliers
  • Farmers
  • Vehicles
  • Events
  • Dogs
  • Shooting
  • Parties
  • Livestock markets

Stop virus spread

  • Movement standstill
  • Protection zone
  • Surveillance zone

Stop virus production

  • Kill infected animal

Kill the virus

  • Destroy carcass
  • Cleanse and disinfect
77
Q

what are the future control of notifiable diseases

A

Enhanced biosecurity at farms, markets, shows

Swill feeding banned

Continuous farm livestock movement controls

Stricter import controls on meat products

Formalized contingency planning

Stamping out policy

Vaccination procedures in place

Pre-emptive informed by modelling

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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