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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Rabies and Leishmaniasis in Small Animals > Flashcards

Rabies and Leishmaniasis in Small Animals Flashcards

1
Q

what are imported diseases in the UK

A

rabies

leishmaniosis

ehrlichiosis

babesiosis

dirofilariasis

brucellosis

ancylostomiasis

tularaemia

fungal – various

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2
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rabies

A

Replication at bite wound

Entry to sensory nerve via ACh receptor

Entry to spinal cord

Replication in brain

Passage in cranial nerve to salivary gland

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3
Q

what are the signs of rabies

A

depends on the form

encephalitic (furious) vs paralytic (dumb) form are difficult to distinguish between

both progress to paralysis, coma, circulatory insufficiency and death

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4
Q

what are the behavioural changes in rabies

A

Excitability, nervousness, hypersensitivity, abnormal vocalization, abnormal sexual behaviour, and attacking/eating inanimate objects

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5
Q

what are the cranial nerve deficits in rabies

A

Dysphonia and dysphagia

  • Resulting in drooling of saliva
  • Seizures are rare
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6
Q

what are the peripheral nerve deficits in rabies

A

Paralysis starts in the bitten limb

Progresses to other limbs

Finally pharyngeal and respiratory muscles

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7
Q

what are the signs of rabies in cats

A

rarer

furious form more prominent

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8
Q

what are the ddx for behavioural changes in rabies (4)

A
  1. Space occupying brain diseases
  • Brain neoplasia
  • Hydrocephalus
  1. Metabolic diseases
  • Hepatic or uremia encephalopathy, hypoglycemia
  • Toxicity ex. lead
  • Thiamine deficiency
  • Pica as a consequence of systemic disorders ex. anemia
  1. Inflammatory brain diseases
  • Bacterial, viral, protozoal or fungal infections
  • Granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis (GME) or other inflammations
  1. Degenerative CNS disorders
    * Lysosomal storage diseases, cerebral infarct
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9
Q

what are the ddx for dysphonia/dysphagia/drooling saliva in rabies (3)

A
  1. Neuromuscular disease
  • Myasthenia gravis, polyneuropathies, trigeminal neuritis, facial nerve paralysis and myopathies
  • Tetanus
  1. Brain lesions
    * Neoplasia, idiopathic phenobarbitone-responsive hypersalivation
  2. GI disease
    * Esophageal foreign body, pharyngeal disease
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10
Q

what should you do/not do if you suspect rabies

A

DO

  • Contact local division veterinary office or police
  • Keep animal in cage

DO NOT

  • Refer the animal
  • Euthanize the animal
  • Handle the animal
  • What will happen

Consultants in Communicable Disease Control

Observation + investigation

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11
Q

how is rabies prevented

A

vaccination

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12
Q

what causes leishmaniosis

A

leishmania infantum

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13
Q

where is leishmaniosis common

A

spain

portugal

south france

italy

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14
Q

what is the incubation period of leishmaniosis

A

long

\

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15
Q

is leishmaniosis zoonotic

A

yes

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16
Q

how is leishmaniosis transmitted

A

sandflies

woodlands and beaches

direct transmission possible in dog to dog and dog to human

17
Q

what are the clinical signs of leishmaniosis

A

chronic, waxing and waning disease

Serious illness signs

  • Weight loss
  • Pyrexia
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Pale mucous membranes

Dermatological signs

  • Exfoliative dermatitis, periocular alopecia, mucocutaneous ulceration, nodular lesions (tongue)

Others

  • Panophthalmitis
  • Crusting around eyes, nose
  • Shifting lameness
  • Anemia
18
Q

what are the differentials of skin changes in leishmaniasis

A

Immune mediated skin disease

Pyoderma, mange

Epitheliotropic lymphoma

19
Q

what are the ddx of systemic changes in leishmaniasis

A

Ehrlichia

Lymphoma

Chronic renal and liver disease

Other neoplasia

20
Q

what is a ddx for the whole syndrome of leishmaniasis

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

21
Q

what are the lab findings in leishmaniasis

A

Hyperglobulinemia

  • Can be monoclonal

Others

  • Hypoalbuminemia
  • Anemia
  • Increased liver enzymes
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Azotemia

Positive immune mediated tests

  • Coombs test
  • ANA
  • Urinalysis

Severe proteinuria

22
Q

how is leishmaniosis diagnosed

A

Direct ID

  • Lymph node + bone marrow aspirates

Serology

  • SNAP test/ELISA
  • Exposure vs disease

PCR

  • Acarus (Bristol)

Concurrent infections

23
Q

how is leishmaniosis treated

A

Pentavalent antimonial

  • Meglumine antimonate (Glucatime)
    • 100 mg/kg SID SC for 4 weeks
    • Painful
    • Adverse reactions
      • Local
      • Generalized
  • Sodium stibogluconate

Allopurinol (Zyloric)

  • Long term and for mild remissions
  • 10 mg/kg BID PO for 6 months
24
Q

what else is a new method to treat leishmaniasis

A

Miltefosine

Hexadecylphosphocholine

25
Q

how is leishmaniosis prevented

A

vector avoidance

insect repellents

26
Q

how is leishmaniasis vaccinated

A

“CaniLesh”

Excreted protein from culture

Dose every 3 weeks for 3 doses

Not perfect

Reduces the number of animals that are positive and reduces their clinical signs

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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