what are the clincal syndromes of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in fetus \ 21d, young kittens, older kittens/cats

Fetus (\ 21d) Cerebellar hypoplasia Young kittens Sudden death Older kittens/cats Intestinal disease (FIE) Severe panleukopenia

Feline Infectious Diseases Flashcards by Kayla Stauffer

what are feline infections

Feline panleukopenia virus

Feline leukemia virus

Feline immunodeficiency virus

Feline calicivirus

Feline herpesvirus

Feline infectious peritonitis virus

Feline cowpox virus

Astroviruses

Rotaviruses

Pseudorabies virus

Rabies virus

Microsporum, trichophyton

Giardia lamblia

Toxoplasma gondii

Aspergillus

Bordetella bronchoseptica

Chlamydophila felis

Mycobacterium lepraemurium

Mycobacterium avium complex

Salmonella spp

Clostridium tetani

Mycoplasma haemofelis

Nocardia

EF-4

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are cats prone to infections?

Cats are sociable animals

Groups are small and stable

Mutlicat households are main problem

Very high density of animals

No specific immunological defect

The viruses that cats get are hard to treat and control

Most infected cats co-exist with their viruses

Only a few suffer from serious disease

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what type of virus is feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)

parvovirus

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what is the tropism of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)

rapidly dividing cells

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what are the clincal syndromes of feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) in fetus <21d, fetus >21d, young kittens, older kittens/cats

Fetus (<21d)

Abortion

Fetus (>21d)

Cerebellar hypoplasia

Young kittens

Sudden death

Older kittens/cats

Intestinal disease (FIE)
Severe panleukopenia

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what are the clinical signs of feline infectious enteritis

Fever

Inappetance

Anorexia

Vomiting

Severe watery diarrhea in later stages

Secondary bacterial infection important in determining severity of disease

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what is the mortality rate of feline infectious enteritis

25-75%

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what are ddx for feline infectious enteritis

Foreign body

Profuse vomiting and inappetance

Salmonellosis

Inflammatory bowel disease

Leukemia

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how is feline infectious enteritis diagnosed

Clinical signs, history, hematology

Viral isolation

Feces, oropharyngeal swab
PCR, canine parvovirus detection kits, EM

Serology

Acute and convalescent

Pathology

Fairly characteristic

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how is feline infectious enteritis treated

Nursing

Warmth, rest, cleanliness, palatable food

IV fluids

Anti-emetics

SC maropitant, IV metoclopramide

IV antibiotics

Septicemia due to breakdown of intestinal wall —> death

Interferon?

ISOLATION!

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how is feline infectious enteritis controlled

Vaccination is very effective

Farm cats, ferrel cats can be very common

In outbreaks

Strict hygiene is essential
Vaccination of all in-contact cats
Premises contaminated for 1 year afterwards

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what causes the cat ‘flu’

Feline calicivirus

Feline herpesvirus

Bordetella bronchoseptica

Chlamydophila felis

+/- mycoplasma

+/- secondary infections

Feline coronavirus?

Cowpox?

Reovirus?

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how long does cat flu usually last

1-2 weeks duration

rarely fatal but residual damage can be a problem

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what does feline herpes virus (FHV) cause

URT disease and ocular signs

conjunctivitis

ulcerative keratitis

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what are the possibilities after infection with FHV

After acute infection only 20% of these cats will truly recover

80% will go to a carrier state

All of these the virus will become latent

In the latent state the virus is not being shed and you cannot detect the virus

If the cat becomes stressed then the virus can be reactivated and virus shedding occurs

May or may not show signs with reactivation

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how are herpatic ulcers of eyes treated in FHV

Topical interferons

Anti-virals

Aciclovir 5x day
Famciclovir

Lysine

Lubrication

Almost no tear production by lacrimal gland

Secondary infections

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how do herpatic ulcers of eye occur

Invades the trigeminal ganglion and causes a herpatic ulcer which may lead to perforation of the globe and loss of the eye

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what does feline calicivirus (FCV) cause

URT disease

other syndromes

Oral ulceration
Viral arthritis
Gingivitis/stomatitis
- May be chronic

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what is the epizootilogy of feline calicivirus (FCV)

Carrier animals producing the virus and not showing clinical signs

No latent state

Carrier state may lead to transient or persistent shedding of the virus

Depends on the environment the cat is in about how much shedding goes on

Difficult to control because of these reasons

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what does severe infection of FCV cause

systemic signs

Pyrexia
Jaundice
Dermatological
Facial edema
Often fatal

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how are FHV and FCV diagnosed

clinical signs are not reliable for ddx

specific diagnosis important for control but not for treatment

Oropharyngeal swabs

FHV only after reactivation

how is the cat flu treated

Nursing

Warmth
Rest
Clean nose
Tempting food

Fluids

Antibiotics

Secondary infections

ISOLATE

what does chlamydophila felis cause

conjunctivitis +/- mild rhinitis

how is chlamydophila felis treated

Tetracyclines for at least 2 weeks after signs have resolved

Doxycycline?

Parenterally in severe cases

how is chlamydophila felis diagnosed

isolation serology

what does feline coronavirus cause

**feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)** all naturally occuring FCoV can cause FIP most infections are benign mild diarrhea 2-3 days predminantly in kittens

what virus causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)

feline coronavirus

can FCoV mutate in the host

yes important role in FIP

how long is the virus excreted for in feline coronavirus

excreted for some weeks prior to development of clinical signs some cats become carriers

how are cats infected with feline coronavirus

cats normally infected when kittens by other cats particularly kittens from other litters also non-parental adults

what are the differences between feline enteric and systemic disease

enteric disease = 'FCoV enteritis' systemic disease = 'FIP'

what is the enteric disease of feline coronavirus

mild enteritis virus may still circulate in blood

what does the systemic disease of feline infectious peritonitis cause

FCoV infected monocytes disseminate infection immune mediated vasculitis complement fixation pyogranuloma formation vascular damage -- protein leakage

what are the theories of FIP pathogenesis

Cell-mediated immune (CMI)

what are the two forms of FIP

wet (effusive) dry (non-effusive)

how is FIP diagnosed

The only definitive way to diagnose FIP is by immunohistopathological examination of a biopsy specimen **Presence of virus** * Serology * RT-PCR **Systemic inflammation:** * Hematology * Biochemistry and acute phase protein (alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, AGP) **History** * Age * Multi-cat household * Stress **Clinical signs** **Fluid analysis**

what are the clinical signs of wet FIP

effusive lesions peritoneal -- ascites pleural -- dsypnea

what are the clinical signs of dry FIP

granulomatous lesions neuro signs * ataxia * paresis * nystagmus

what are the signs of chronic FIP

liver and kidney dysfunction * jaundice, PU/PD ocular lesions * iritis, retinitis

what are clinical signs for both wet and dry FIP

pyrexia weight loss depression any age but generally \<2 and occasionally \>11 may have signs of both syndromes

what can be seen on clinical pathology with FIP

Hyperglobulinemia lymphopenia Neutrophilia Anemia

how can acute phase proteins be used to diagnose FIP

Elevated levels of a1-acid glycoprotein can help diagnose FIP \>1.5 Serum or effusion AGP

what are common ddx of FIP

**Liver disease** * Cholangiohepatitis * Lymphocytic cholangitis **Neurological disease** * FIV infection * Lymphosarcoma * FSE **Kidney disease** * Renal lymphosarcoma **Peritoneal/pleural disease** * Thoracic masses * Lymphosarcoma * Bacterial peritonitis

how are FCoV serology results interpreted

**Negative** * Probably not FIP **Moderate titres (\<320)** * Non-diagnostic * Consider biopsy of lesions * Most cases of DRY FIP have moderate titres **High titres (\>640)** * Possible FIP * Must have clinical signs consistent with FIP

how is FIP treated

Generally prognosis is hopeless * Some cases improve for awhile * Very rare to recover If disease is in early stages can try * Prednisolone * Interferon * Antibiotics * Good nursing * Remsdesivir

how can Remsdesivir help treat FIP

Broad spectrum anti-RNA viruses Minimum 12 week course of daily SC injections Expect treatment to work within first week If not reconsider diagnosis Monitor Biochemistry as dose dependent renal and hepatic toxic Hematology for evidence of benefit

how if FIP controlled

Vaccination can make disease worse Either * Eliminate all coronaviruses by serology OR * Separate infected cats and tolerate occasional outbreaks

how efficacious is the FCoV and when is it recommended

One available in USA * Intranasal * Primucell FIP Efficacy? Antibody mediated enhancement? Not widely recommended

what do feline mycobacterial infections cause

**tuberculosis group:** * respiratory TB * m. microti and m. microti-like * cutaneous granulomas **lepromatous group:** * m. lepraemurium "feline leprosy" **Mycobacterium avium complex etc** **atypical mycobacterial infections**

what does feline cowpox cause

skin lesions on head and neck

how is feline cowpox treated

Usually self limiting * Can become generalized in FIV positive cats * Antibiotics to treat secondary infections * Avoid steroids * Can make much worse! Need to be sure its cowpox

is feline cowpox zoonotic

yes