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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Tick Borne Diseases of Livestock > Flashcards

Tick Borne Diseases of Livestock Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 primary groups of tick pathogens that are important in livestock

A
  1. protozoan parasites
  • babeseia
  • theileria
  1. rickettsias
  • anaplasma
  • ehrlichia
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2
Q

what are the two theileria species

A

theileria annulata

theileria parva

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3
Q

where is theileria annulata a disease of

A

southern europe

north africa

middle east

asia

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4
Q

where is theileria parva a parasite of

A

east/central africa

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5
Q

what does theileria annulata cause

A

tropical theilerosis

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6
Q

what does theileria parva cause

A

east coast fever

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7
Q

what does transtadial mean

A

Transstadial transmission is the sequential passage of parasites acquired during one life stage, or stadium, through the molt to the next stage(s) or stadium.

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8
Q

what is the life cycle of theileria annulata/parva

A
  1. Tick feeds/inoculates sporozoites
  2. Sporozoite invades leukocytes to divide — causes cancer like disease
  3. Lymph node hyperplasia/followed by fever/infection spreads
  4. Goes to lungs and causes pulmonary edema respiratory distress
  5. Lymphocytolysis and depressed leucopoeisis causes — leucopenia severe damage to and disorganization of lymphoid system
  6. Death within 18-26 days
  7. In T. annulata anemia/jaundice
  8. Destruction of infected RBC/autoimmune response against RBC
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9
Q

how is theileria diagnosed

A

lymph node biopsy

ID of parasite in infected leukocyte

Giemsa stain, immunofluorescence PCR

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10
Q

how is theileria treated

A

buparvaquone

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11
Q

how is theileria controlled

A

acaracides dipping

vaccination

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12
Q

what is babesia

A

intraerythrocytic parasite of all domestic animals

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13
Q

what are the mammalian hosts of babesia

A

cattle

sheep

horses

pigs

dogs

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14
Q

what is the vector of babesia

A

ixodid (hard) ticks

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15
Q

where is babesia distributed

A

worldwide

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16
Q

what are the species of babesia that cause babesiosis in northern europe/UK

A

b. divergens
b. major

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17
Q

what is the vector of babesia divergens

A

ixodes ricinus

18
Q

what is the vector of babesia major

A

haemaphysalis punctata

19
Q

what is the species of bovine babesiosi in tropical/sub tropcial regions

A

b bovis

b bigemina

20
Q

what is the vector of subtropica/tropical babesiosis

A

rhipicephalus ticks

21
Q

how is babesia infection transmitted

A

Infection is acquired by the adult tick and transmitted through the egg to the larvae, nymphs or adults of the next generation

22
Q

what is the pathogenesis of b divergens and b bigemina

A

B. Divergens and B. Bigemina — classical hemolytic anemia

Sporozoite infects erythrocytes

Parasites multiply in erythrocytes up to 40% parasitemia

Marked fall in packed red cell volume (<20%) — tissue anoxia — organ damage

Up to 75% of erythrocytes can be destroyed

  • Through mechanical disruption or erythrocytes by parasites
  • Increased osmotic fragility and phagocytosis of infected and uninfected RBC
23
Q

what is the pathogenesis of b bovis

A

Rapid fall in PCV (<20%) when parasitemia is low (<1%)

Due to release of substances that activate plasma components

Increase vascular permeability, vasodilation and intravascular coagulation

Results in circulating stasis and shock followed by destruction of erythrocytes —> tissue anoxia

Slugging of parasite infected cells in capillaries of brain

Anoxia & death: aggression, incoordination or convulsions

24
Q

how is babesiosis diagnosed

A

Clinical signs: classic sign of fever

Hemoglobinuria

Time of year: associated with tick activity

Herd and farm circumstances: naive animals

Confirm by blood smear: Giemsa stain acridine orange

Species specific Ab and PCR tests

25
Q

which animals are most at risk of babesiosis in endemic areas and why

A

Calves (<1 year) have innate resistance

  • In regions where there is high tick activity and parasite is endemic calves get challenged quickly and become immune
  • Re-challenged frequently — enzootic stability

Naive adults are at risk

26
Q

how is bovine babesiosis treated

A

n endemic area monitor introduced cattle/treat if necessary Imidocarb diproprionate

Frequent dipping against ticks with acaricides

Good biosecurity

Vaccine against Babesia bovis and B. Bigemina

Vaccine against ticks (tickGARD)

27
Q

what are the species of anaplasma

A

anaplasma marginale/centrale

28
Q

where is anaplasma marginale/centrale present

A

south west USA moving into nothern states

29
Q

how is anaplasma marginale/centrale transmitted

A

transtadial

20 species of tick (dermacentor in USA)

biting flies – mechanical

bovine transplacental transmission can occur

30
Q

what does bovine anaplasmosis cause

A

severe hemolytic anemia

rising fever occurs with rising parasitemia (up to 70% of erythrocytes can be destroyed)

Pale mucous membranes/loss of co-ordination/abortion/death

No hemoglobinuria

31
Q

how is bovine anaplasmosis treated

A

oxytetracycline

32
Q

how is bovine anaplasmosis controlled

A

prevent stress and remove carriers

vaccinate animals (killed experimental vaccine in USA)

33
Q

what disease does ehrlichia (cowdria) ruminantium cause

A

heartwater disease

34
Q

what does ehrlichia (cowdria) ruminantium cause

A

severe febrile illness of calves and lambs

35
Q

where is ehrlichia (cowdria) ruminantium located

A

sub saharan africa

caribbean

36
Q

how is ehrlichia (cowdria) ruminantium transmitted

A

three host ornate tick amblyomma

transtadial

37
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ehrlichia (cowdria) ruminantium

A

Multiplies in vascular endothelial cells — circulates in neutrophils

Vascular injury — edema

Acute cases manifest as sudden onset of fever: followed by nervous signs

Constant lip chewing, licking, circle with high stepping gait

Animals die while undergoing massive convulsions

Brain edema

38
Q

how is ehrlichia ruminantium treated

A

vaccination

Infection with live parasite then treat with tetracycline

39
Q

what are tick borne diseases of equines (3)

A

Equine piroplasmosis

  • Babesia caballi
  • Theileria equi

Anaplasmosis

  • A. phagocytophilum

Lyme disease

  • B. Burgdoferi
40
Q

what does equine piroplasmosis cause

A

Fever

Anemia

Jaundice

Hemoglobinuria

41
Q

how is equine piroplasmosis treated

A

imidocarb diproprionate

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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