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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Infections > Flashcards

Trypanosomiasis and Leishmaniasis Infections Flashcards

1
Q

what type of organism is responsible for trypanosoma and leishmania

A

kinetoplastida

the haemoflagellates

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2
Q

what is a kinetoplast

A

unicellular

single flagellum

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3
Q

what are the 3 parasites that cause african trypanosomiasis

A

t congolense

t vivax

t brucei brucei

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4
Q

what are the most important hosts of african trypanosomiasis

A

cattle

infect pigs sheep and goats

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5
Q

how does african trypanosomiasis spread

A

tsetse flies

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6
Q

what is the pathology of african trypanosomiasis

A

Muscle tissue degeneration of edema and wasting

Myocarditis

Anemia (low PCV)

Less production (milk & meat)

Chancre at bite site

Fatal if not treated

Splenomegaly

Hepatomegaly

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7
Q

what happens to the muscle tissue with trypanosoma

A

muscle wasting

edema

myocarditis

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8
Q

how is trypanosoma diagnosed

A

thick blood film – microscopy

giemsa stained blood smear

concentration of buffy coat – smear

species specific PCR

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9
Q

what is the significance of skin dwelling trypanosoma

A

Can live in the skin without obvious blood parasites

Can be transmitted from the skin as tsetse flies feed not only on blood but also lymph and interstitial fluid

Skin is an important reservoir

To improve diagnosis must include the skin

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10
Q

how is trypanosoma treated

A

Samorin and Berenil

Expensive

Increasing resistance

35million doses/year

Highly toxic

Many poor quality counterfeits and frequent misuse

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11
Q

how are tsetse flies controlled using insecticides

A

Pour on

Aerial spraying

Expensive

Environmental issues

Insecticide resistance

Lack of specificity

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12
Q

what disease does t equiperdum cause

A

dourine covering disease

variant of t brucei

sexually transmission

inflammation of external genital areas, skin lesions and paralysis

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13
Q

what disease does t evansi cause

A

surra in camels and horses

fever, weakness and lethargy, weight loss and anemia

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14
Q

which variant of trypanosoma is zoonotic

A

t brucei

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15
Q

what are the early and late stages of human africa trypanosomiasis

A

early: parasite in blood/lymph symptoms often confused with malaria
late: parasite in blood/lymph and CSF neuro disturbances

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16
Q

what is the variant of trypanosoma that causes chagas disease

A

t cruzi

17
Q

what are the signs of chagas disease

A

Chronic

  • Weakness
  • Exercise intolerance
  • Increased heart rate
  • Abnormal heart rhythms
  • Fluid accumulation

Acute

  • Fever
  • Lethargy
  • Diarrhea
  • Loss of appetite
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Enlarged liver or spleen
  • Seizures
  • Sudden death
18
Q

what is the vector of chagas

A

kissing bugs

triatomine bug

19
Q

how is chagas treated

A

in humans benznidazole and nifurtimox

but in animals ?

20
Q

what leishmania species cause cutaneous leishmaniasis

A

l tropica

l major

l mexicana (new world)

21
Q

what leishmania species cause mucoutaneous leishmaniasis

A

l braziliensis

22
Q

what leishmania species cause visceral leishmaniasis

A

l chagasi

23
Q

what is the spectrum of leishmania cutaneous disease

A

long term ulceration and bite site

24
Q

what is the spectrum of leishmania mucoucutaneous disease

A

development of cutaneous leishmaniasis to mucosal tissue

25
Q

what is the spectrum of leishmania visceral disease

A

parasite leave incoulation site and grows in liver, spleen

most severe form of disease

26
Q

how is leishmaniasis transmitted

A

sandflies

27
Q

what is the lifecycle of leishmaniasis

A

Metacyclic enters bloodstream

Invades macrophages and becomes amastigote

Amastigote replicates

Amastigotes burst host cell and re invade uninfected phagocytic cells

Infected macrophages taken up by sandfly

Transform to promastigote and divide

Migrate to proboscis and attach to epithelial cells

Transform to metacyclics (not attached)

28
Q

what does visceral leishmaniasis cause

A

loss of hair, skin ulceration, wasting

29
Q

how is lieshmaniasis diagnosed

A

Clinical signs are not totally specific

Detection of parasites in lesions/lymph node/bone marrow biopsies

ELISA to detect antibodies (low sensitivity)

PCR based on biopsies or lesion material

Long pre-patent period >6 months

30
Q

what is the importance of leishmaniasis in the UK

A

Zoonosis

Cases now being seen

Due to re-homing from endemic regions

Pet travel scheme

No vector so not transmitted

31
Q

what is the importance of leishmaniasis in north america

A

Only found in foxhounds and hunting dogs

Rare in companion animals

Risk of blood transmission to owners and family

Rare imported cases

Limited to Eastern and Southern states

No known vectors

Transmission by cuts and transplacentally?

32
Q

how is leishmaniasis treated and prevented

A

Long prepatent period — months to years

Treatment with meglumine antimonate and/or allopurinol

Not 100% curative and frequent relapses

Require annual follow up blood tests

Put down

Issues with transmission to humans

Insecticide collars

Vaccine available for dogs over 6 months

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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