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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Flies & Vectors of Veterinary Importance > Flashcards

Flies & Vectors of Veterinary Importance Flashcards

1
Q

what problems do dipteran flies cause

A

fly worry

Economic losses due to reduced grazing and reduced weight gain

parasitic

Blood feeders

Myiasis

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2
Q

what are the two ways flies act as vectors

A

mechanical

biologic transmission

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3
Q

what is mechanical transmission

A

Simple carriage of pathogen between host

  • Fly body/mouthparts become contaminated while feeding
  • Transfer pathogen to subsequent feeding site (animal or potential food source) without amplification or development
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4
Q

what is biological transmission and what are the types

A

Propagative transmission:

Cyclo-propagative transmission:

Cyclo-development transmission:

Vertical and direct transmission:

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5
Q

what is propagative transmission

A

Propagative transmission:

Undergoes simple replication within vector (various viruses)

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6
Q

what is cyclo-propagative transmission

A

Undergoes developmental cycle as well as replication (ex. Leishmaniasis)

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7
Q

what is cyclodevelopmental transmission

A

Undergoes developmental cycle but NO replication (ex. Filariasis)

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8
Q

what is vertical and direct transmission

A

Pathogen is passed from parent flies to offspring (various disease)

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9
Q

what are non biting dipteran flies

A

house fly

face fly

head fly

fruit fly

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10
Q

what are biting dipteran flies

A

stable fly

horn fly

black flies

midges

tsetse fly

sand flies

mosquitos

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11
Q

how do non biting flies act as disease vectors

A

Mouthparts adapted for sponging

Obvious only during feeding

Mouthparts have rasping device

  • Cannot puncture skin
  • Feeding increases the size of existing wounds
  • Prevents wound healing

Pick up pathogens when feeding on feces or rotting food

  • Contaminate host while feeding (secretions from eyes, mouth, nose
  • Open sores
  • Contaminate foodstuff
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12
Q

what type of transmission is summer sores caused by nematode roundworms

A

non biting flies

biological transmssion

cyclo-developmental

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13
Q

what type of transmission is summer bleeding disease

A
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14
Q

what type of transmission is thelazie spp and meatode roundworms

A
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15
Q

what is the pathogenic significance of stable biting flies

A

Both male and females feed on blood

Takes 2-5 mins to feed to engorged

Abundant around farm buildings and stables in late autumn

Large numbers cause signifiant annoyance

  • Reduced grazing
  • Up to 20% loss in meat and milk production

Long feeding period and frequent bites allows transmission of

  • Trypanosoma evensi (mechanical transmission)
  • Besnoitia spp (mechanical transmission)
  • Habronema (cyclo-developmental transmission)
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16
Q

what can black flies transmit

A

Parasites

  • Cyclo-developmental transition
    • Bovine onchocerciasis
    • Human onchocerciasis
    • Leukocytozoon (protozoan — malaria like disease affecting turkeys, geese and ducks)

Viruses

  • Propagative transmission
    • Vesicular stomatitis virus
17
Q

what diseases can tabanids transmit

A

Viruses

  • Equine infectious anemia
  • Vesicular stomatitis
  • Classical swine fever

Bacteria

  • Anaplasma marginale
  • Bacillus anthraces
  • Pasteurella multocida
  • Francisella tularensis
  • Brucella spp
  • Listeria monocytogens

Protozoa

  • Trpyanosoma evensi
  • T. equiperdum
  • T. congolense
  • T. brucei spp
  • Besnoitia besnoitis
18
Q

what parasites do culicoides transmit

A

biological transmission; cyclodevelopmental

Onchocerca cervicalis (filaria nematode)

Cutaneous equine onchocerciasis

Equine ventral midline dermatitis

Equine nuchal disease

Uveitis

19
Q

what are arthropod borne viruses (arboviruses)

A
20
Q

how do culicoides transmit schmallenberg virus (SBV)

A

Biological transmission; propagative

Adult

  • Transitory infection lasting a few days
  • Inappetance, diarrhea, fever, loss of body condition, reduced milk yield
  • Sheep & goats— no clinical signs

Transplacental infection can lead to severe congenital malformations

  • Arthrogryposis
  • Vertebral column
  • Skull
  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
21
Q

how do culicoides transmit bluetongue virus

A

Biological transmission; propagative

Enormous impaction in sheep production

22
Q

how do culicoides transmit african horse sickness

A

Biological transmission; propagative

23
Q

what human diseases do moquites transmit

A

Chikungunya

Dengue

Zika

Yellow fever

Malaria

24
Q

what animal disease do mosquitos transmit

A

Paraistes

  • Dirofilaria immitis
  • Dirofilaria repens
  • Dirofilaria roemeri
  • Numerous viruses:

Viruses:

  • Bunyaviridae; Phlebovirus - Rift Valley Fever (RVF)
  • Togaviridae; Alphavirus — Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), WEEV, VEEV
  • Flaviviridae; Flavivirus — Japanese Encephalitis (JE), West Nile virus (WNV)
25
Q

how is rift valley fever transmitted

A

Mixed mode: propagative and vertical

RFV Multiplies in the adult mosquito and is passed to the next generation of flies transovarially

26
Q

how is RFV enzootically transmitted

A

Low level of virus in wildlife and small mosquito population

Mosquito eggs require water to hatch and develop through larval stages

Normal rainfall mosquito numbers remain low

27
Q

what is the RVF epidemic-epizootic transmission cycle

A

Heavy rainfall induced spike in mosquito numbers

Increased numbers of infected mosquitos leads to increased wildlife infections and livestock become infected

Livestock amplification hosts and secondary bridge vectors increase disease occurrence

Human infection detected

28
Q

what are the mosquito alphaviruses (propagative and vertical)

A
29
Q

what type of transmission is japanese encephlitis virus

A
30
Q

what type of transmission is west nile virus

A
31
Q

what type of transmission is dirofilaria immitis

A
32
Q

what does phlebotomine sandlifes transmit

A

Leishmania spp

33
Q

what is the leishmania lifecycle

A
34
Q

what are the clinical signs of canine leishmaniasis

A

Asymptomatic dog

Generalized non-pruritic alopecia and multiple other dermatological abnormalities

Popliteal lymphadenopathy

Bilateral blepharitis and extensive muzzle involvement with marked exfoliative ulcerative lesions

Ulcerative lesions at the bony prominences of hind limb leg

Onychogryphosis

Is a disorder of nail plate growth

35
Q

what do glossina spp transmit

A

Ttsete flies

Sub-Saharan Africa

Nagana:

  • Tsetse transmitted animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT)
  • T. congolense
  • T. vivax
  • T. brucei spp

Trypanosome spp

Biological transmission; cyclo-propagative

36
Q

how is non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomiasis transmitted

A

T. vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum no longer have a life cycle that requires transitioning through tsetse gut

Spread by mechanical transmission

  • T. vivax – Nagana
  • T. evansi – Surra

Sexual transmitted disease in equids (Dourine)

  • T. equiperdum (not vector borne)

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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