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Module 20: Global Vet Med > Feline Retroviruses > Flashcards

Feline Retroviruses Flashcards

1
Q

what are exogenous feline retroviruses

A

feline leukemia virus (FeLV)

feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)

feline syncitium forming virus (FeSFV)

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2
Q

what are endogenous feline retroviruses

A

endogenous FeLV

RD-114

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3
Q

what type of virus is feline leukemia virus

A

retroviridae

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4
Q

do cats recover from feline leukemia virus

A

most do

diseases only in persistently infected cats

high mortality rates in persistently infected cats (young cats)

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5
Q

how is FeLV spread in the cat

A

oropharynx

regional lymph nodes

bone marrow

other organs

salivary glands

If persistent infection occurs in the bone marrow, infected white blood cells and platelets leave the bone marrow with ultimate infection of epithelial structures including salivary and lacrimal glands

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6
Q

how is FeLV transmitted

A

prolonged contact with an infected cat saliva and nasal secretions

grooming or sharing common water or food sources

the organism doesn’t survive in environment (fomite transmission unlikely)

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7
Q

where does latent FeLV occur and what is the significance of latent infections

A

Bone marrow:

  • Role of VN antibodies

Significance:

  • No FeLV diseases
  • Reactivation
  • Steroids
  • Pregnancy
  • Transmission
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8
Q

what are the outcomes of FeLV infection

A
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9
Q

what is the pathogenesis of FeLV

A

Mutation

  • FeLV subgroup C

Recombination

  • FeLV subgroup B
  • FeSV

Insertion

  • Apoptosis
  • Oncogenes
    • Myc, fes
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10
Q

what are the main diseases caused by FeLV

A

immunosuppression

anemia

neoplasia

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11
Q

what are the malignant diseases causes by FeLV

A

lymphoma

leukemia

fibrosarcoma

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12
Q

what are the lypmhomas that felv causes

A

thymic

alimentary

multicentric

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13
Q

what are the leukemias that felv causes

A

myeloid

erythroid

reticuloendotheliosis

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14
Q

what other diseases can felv cause

A

immunosuppression

anemia

  • myelofibrosis
  • pure red cell aplasia
  • medullary osteosclerosis

Glomerulonephritis

infertility

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15
Q

what causes anemia in the FeLV positive cat

A

immunosuppression

  • haemobartonella fellis

FeLV-C

  • pure red cell aplasia

neoplasia

  • myelophthesis
  • hemorrhage
  • organ dysfunction

auto-immunity

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16
Q

what are the patterns of FeLV infections

A

Mutlicat FeLV +ve households

  • All cats exposed to infection
  • Many cats viremic (40%)

Single cat households

  • Lower frequency of exposure to FeLV (50%)
  • Few cats viremic (1%)

Age related resistance

  • Young cats overrepresented
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17
Q

what is the immune response to felv

A

felv neutralizing antibodies

  • Directed against gp 70
  • Inactivate virus
  • Protect against challenge
  • Significant lag phase between recovery and detection

cytotoxic T cells

  • higher numbers found in recovered cats

NK cells, complement etc

  • largely unknown
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18
Q

when would you want to test for felv

A

Sick cat

Revaccination

Breeding cat screening

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19
Q

what are the methods of diagnosis of felv

A

RIM assay

CITE assay

ELISA

Virus isolation

Immunofluorescence

20
Q

how is felv treated

A

Healthy cats

  • ISOLATE + RETEST IN 12 WEEKS
  • No practical treatment

In contact cats

  • Vaccinate

Sick cats

  • Euthanasia
  • Immunosuppression, anemia, neoplasia
21
Q

how is felv controlled

A

test and remove

vaccination

22
Q

describe a control programme where all cats are tested in a household and what outcomes if a cat tests positive/negative

A
23
Q

what are the vaccines for felv

A

Inactivated virus

  • Fevaxyn
  • FeLV-A +/- FeLV-B

Subunit

  • Leukocell 2
  • FeLV-A, B & C

Recombinant surface protein

  • Leucogen, Nobivac, Leucofeligen
  • FeLV-A

Recombinant viral vector

  • Purevax
  • FeLV-A
24
Q

what are the issues with felv vaccine

A

Efficacy of vaccines

  • Target subgroup
  • VN antibodies
  • Varied
  • Protection fraction of population

Use of vaccines

  • Timing
  • Pre-vaccination testing
  • Age related susceptibility
25
Q

what are the features of lentiviruses

A

genomic variability

cell to cell transmission

persistent infections

long incubation periods

26
Q

what type of virus is feline immunodeficiency virus

A

retroviridae subfamiliy lentivirus

27
Q

what is the mode of transmission of FIV

A

FIV replicates in oral lymphoid tissues

biting behaviour is primary route of transmission – older, male outdoor cats susceptible

transplacental and perinatal transmission occurs from infected queens to kittens

28
Q

what are the stages of FIV infection

A

PNL

  • pyrexia, neutrophilia, lymphopenia

Latency

PGL

  • persistent generalized lymphadenopathy

ARC

  • AIDS related complex

AIDS

  • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
29
Q

what are the primary diseases associated with FIV

A

Increased risk of tumours

  • 5x more than average normal healthy cat
  • But lower than FeLV

Neurological disorders

  • Virus can get into brain

Lymphadenopathy

Lymphopenia

Pyrexia

Wasting

30
Q

what are secondary diseases associated with FIV

A

Chronic stomatitis/gingivitis?

Chronic URT infections?

Chronic diarrhea?

Chronic skin diseases

  • Parasitic — demodex
  • Fungal — variety
  • Bacterial — mycobacterial
  • Viruses — cowpox

Other opportunistic infections?

31
Q

what has an impact on FIV positive cats wellbeing/disease progression

A

Management & housing conditions have impact on disease progression and survival times of FIV-positive cats

32
Q

how is FIV diagnosed

A

RIM assay

Antigen ELISA

Immunoblotting

Virus isolation

33
Q

how is FIV treated

A

Antibiotics

Other specific drugs as infected

Corticosteroids?

Inflammatory

Anti-HIV drugs

  • AZT
  • PMEA
  • ddI, ddC
  • Severe side effects and toxic

Euthanasia

34
Q

what are the lab features of FIV

A

neutropenia

thrombocytopenia

non regenerative anemia

monocytosis and lymphocytosis

35
Q

how is FIV controlled in multicat households

A

Cats that are positive will not revert to being negative (compared to FeLV)

36
Q

is there FIV vaccine

A

Problems

  • Virus variation
  • Nature of immune response

Primucell FIV

  • Not proven to be protective
    • May cause antibody dependent enhancement
  • Interferes with virus testing using ELISA etc

Other solutions?

37
Q

what is the prognosis of FIV positive cats

A

impossible to predict the survival of a given cat infected with FIV, cats infected with FIV can live very normal, healthy lives for many years if managed appropriately

for a healthy cat diagnosed with FIV, the most important management goals are to reduce their risk of acquiring secondary infections and prevent the spread of FIV to other cats.

38
Q

what is the causative agent of feline infectious anemia

A

formerly known as Hemobartonella

Mycoplasma hemominutum (small)

Mycoplasma hemofelis (large)

39
Q

what type of anemia does feline infectious anemia cause

A

regenerative

immunosuppression – severe anemia

40
Q

what are the hematological findings of feline infectious anemia

A

anemia (MCV increases with time)

reticulocytes increase

jaundice

coombs test

41
Q

what are ddx for feline infectious anemia

A

IMHA

onion poisoning

heinz body anemias (oxidative stress – diabetes mellitus)

42
Q

how is feline infectious anemia diagnosed

A

direct ID difficult

  • Freshly prepared smears and experience
  • Stain artifacts can look very similar
  • Many cats have low numbers of parasites

PCR

  • asymptomatic infections
43
Q

what are predisposing factors for feline infectious anemia

A

FeLV

stress

neoplasia

44
Q

how is feline infectious anemia treated

A

tetracyclines induce a temporary remission

  • 3 weeks minimum
  • Several side effects
    • Give water after administration
  • Enrofloxacin is a proposed alternative

Prednisolone

  • May help if initial response is poor
45
Q

what are the differences between FeLV, FIV and FIA

A

FeLV

  • disease of young cats, usually fatal
  • widespread immunity & vaccines

FIV

  • infection of older cats, rarely fatal
  • no immunity and no effective vaccines

FIA

  • anemia in any cat
  • hard to diagnose, worth the effort
46
Q

what are the core vaccines for cats

A

feline panleukopenia

feline calicivirus

feline herpes virus 1

47
Q

what are the non-core vaccines for cats

A

bordetella bronchiseptica

chlamydia felis

feline leukemia virus

feline immunodeficiency virus

feline infectious peritonitis

rabies

Module 20: Global Vet Med (21 decks)

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