Yr 9 Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Intro - What is cutlass?
A
Crosses, units, title, labels, axis, size, smooth/straight line
2
Q
Intro - what variables are there?
A
Independent, dependent, control
3
Q
Intro - What is the independent variable?
A
Variable that is manipulated to determine the value of a dependent variable.
4
Q
Intro - What is the dependent variable?
A
The dependent variable is what is being measured in an experiment.
5
Q
Intro - What is the control variable?
A
Variable that is not changed throughout the experiment to keep the experiment fair.
6
Q
Intro - How to name a graph?
A
The relationship between … and/compared to …
7
Q
Bio - Define Organism
A
An object that carries out all the life functions
8
Q
Bio - Define non-living
A
An object which had never been alive
9
Q
Bio - What is MRS C GREN
A
Movement, respiration, sensitivity, cells, growth, reproduction, excretion, nutrition.
10
Q
Bio - Define movement
A
Moving the whole or part of the organisms
11
Q
Bio - Define respiration
A
Creating useful energy from food.
12
Q
Bio - Define sensitivity
A
Able to detect and respond to environmental changes
13
Q
Bio - Define cells
A
The building blocks of life
14
Q
Bio - Define growth
A
Increase size or change in life stage
15
Q
Bio - Define reproduction
A
Able to produce offspring
16
Q
Bio - Define excretion
A
Disposal of wastes from the body
17
Q
Bio - What are chlorophyll?
A
Chemical in chloroplasts responsible for absorption of sunlight, appears as a green pigment in leaves.
18
Q
Bio - What is an organelle?
A
Parts of a cell that have specific functions.
19
Q
Bio - What is starch?
A
The storage of sugar in a plant.
20
Q
Bio - what are the capillaries?
A
Small blood vessels that deliver nutrients, and remove waste from individual cells
21
Q
Bio - Lable a plant cross section
A
22
Q
Bio - What is the purpose of a wide blade?
A
Captures maximum sunlight.
23
Q
Bio - What is the purpose of a thin lead?
A
Allows maximum light penetration.
24
Q
Bio - What is the purpose of a vein network?
A
Supports leaf and supplies water from roots and moved sugar to the rest of the plant.
25
Bio - Why is the leaf **green?**
Chlorophyll is present to trap light energy .
26
Bio - What is the purpose of **pores** in the leaf?
Allows CO2 to move in and out of the leaf
27
Bio - What is the purpose of a **cuticle** (waxy surface)?
Prevent excessive water loss from epidermis by covering up any holes between the cells and keeps all the water inside.
28
Intro - What is the scientific order?
Aim, Hypothesis, experiment, observation, analysis, conclusion
29
Bio - What is the purpose of the **Epidermis** layer cells?
Protect/support the leaf and also makes the waxy surface
30
Bio - What is the purpose of the **palisade** layer cells?
Contains lots of chlorophyll for trapping sunlight energy
31
Bio - What is the purpose of the **spongy** layer cells?
Contains fewer chloroplasts than the palisade layer because the light is weaker. Also has air space to allow gas flow.
32
Bio - What is the purpose of the **guard cells?**
Located in the epidermis. control the size of the stomata regulated by water content.
33
Bio - How many **guards cells** are there?
2 guard cells per stomata.
34
Bio - What are the **stomata**?
A hole to allow gasses to enter the leaf, controlled by the guard cell.
35
Bio - What are the two parts of the **vein**?
Xylem and phloem.
36
Bio - Where are the **chloroplasts** located?
In the Palisade mesophyll layer.
37
Bio - Why are the **stomata** on the bottom of the leaf?
Top of the leaf is adapted to take in light and the bottom is used to take in CO2. This efficiently uses the area of a leaf.
38
Bio - What is the purpose of having **small leaves?**
Small leaves have a reduced surface area to enable plants to conserve water.
39
Bio - What is the word equation for **respiration**?
glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water
40
Bio - Define **photosynthesis**.
Plants using sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water.
41
Bio - What is the word equation of **photosynthesis**?
Carbon dioxide + water =(light energy + chlorophyll)= glucose + oxygen
42
Bio - label the **digestive system**
43
Bio - Define **Digestion**.
Food is broken down by a physical force and enzymes.
44
Bio - Define **ingestion**
Food is taken into the mouth.
45
Bio - Define **absorption**
Small particles pass into the blood capillaries.
46
Bio - Define **egestion**.
Undigested food which is not used leaves the anus as feces.
47
Bio - What **types of digestion** are there?
* *Mechanical** is when the shape is physically changed so it can fit through the small diameter of the digestive system
* *Chemical** is when the bonds are broken and this allows useful chemicals to be released and dissolved in the blood
48
Bio - Define **food chain**
Diagram to show the flow of chemical potential energy between organisms in a habitat.
49
Bio - Define **trophic** level.
Level of organization in a food chain or web. eg the producer is trophic level 1
50
Bio - What is the order of a **food chain?**
Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer.
51
Bio - How much energy is transferred between **trophic** levels?
10% the rest is lost in reproduction, growth, defecation and nonpreditorial deaths
52
Bio - Define **food web.**
Shows all the food chains in an ecosystem.
53
Bio - Why do food chains rarely go over 5 trophic levels?
Food chains rarely go over 5 trophic levels because only 10% of the energy is transferred, making it difficult for organisms higher up to get enough energy.
54
Bio - Define **adaptation**
Feature of an organism that enables it to survive in a particular habitat.
55
Bio - What types of **adaptations** are there?
**Behavioral** (behavior), **structural** (physical) and **physiological** (internal mechanisms)
56
Bio - Name three **Kiwi adaptations**.
Whiskers at the base of their beak to aid in nocturnal navigation. Nostrils at the end of their beak assist them in finding food. Being nocturnal to avoid predators during the day.
57
Bio - Describe **cell membrane** and explain its function.
A thin envelope around the cell that controls the entry and exit of substances into the cell.
58
Bio - Describe **nucleus** and explain its function.
A dark dense sphere that controls the activities of the cell.
59
Bio - Describe **cytoplasm** and explain its function.
A jelly-like substance that fills the cell where many important reactions take place
60
Bio - Describe **cell wall** and explain its function.
Made of strong fibers that make a rigid wall and supports the plants
61
Bio - Describe **chloroplast** and explain its function.
A structure which contains chlorophyll and makes food for plant photosynthesis.
62
Bio - Describe **mitochondria** and explain its function.
The organelle where respiration occurs, it carries out the process of respiration.
63
Bio - Describe **vacuole** and explain its function.
A bag of liquids that stores substances.
64
Chem - Define **element**
Elements are made form only one type of atom, therefore they are pure.
65
Chem - Define **compound**
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically joined together.
66
Chem - Define **mixtures**
Mixtures are impure and are made from elements, compounds or elements and compounds, mixtures can be separated easily.
67
Chem - Define **atomic number** and **mass number**
The atomic number is the number of protons in the atom. This is also equal to the number of electrons. The mass number is the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus.
68
Chem - Define **atom** and **sub atomic** particle.
The atom is the smallest particle of the element. Sub atomic particles are what makes up the atom, so protons, neutrons and electrons.
69
Chem - Define **concentration** and **dilute** solution.
A concentration solution has lots of solute dissolved in it. A dilute solution has a little solute dissolved in it.
70
Chem - Define **pure** and **impure** substances.
Pure substances are made of only one type of atom. For example oxygen. Impure substances are made from two or more particles not chemically joined. For example sand.
71
Chem - Define **insoluble** and **soluble** and give an example.
Insoluble does not dissolve and soluble does dissolve. For example, sand is insoluble and sugar is soluble.
72
Chem - Define **solute** and **solvent** and give an example.
Solute is a **SUBSTANCE** that dissolves and a solvent is the **LIQUID** that does dissolve. For example, coffee powder is a solute and milk is a solvent.
73
Chem - Define **periodic** table
The periodic table is a table that organizes the elements based on their atomic number and properties.
74
Chem - Define **solution**
And a solution is a mixture of solvents and solutes.
75
Chem - How many **elements** are there?
92 elements exist naturally, 24 have been made in labs.
76
Chem - State the first **20 elements** plus the extra ones.
H Hydrogen, He Helium, Li Lithium, Be Beryllium, B Boron, C Carbon, N Nitrogen, O Oxygen, F Fluorine, Ne Neon, Na Sodium, Mg Magnesium, Al Aluminum, Si Silicon, P Phosphorus, S Sulfur, Cl Chlorine, Ar Argon, K Potassium, Ca Calcium, Au Gold, Ag Silver, Cu Copper, Hg Mercury and Fe Iron.
77
Chem - Why are **atoms neutral** overall?
Atoms are neutral overall because there is the same number as protons(positive) and electrons(negative).
78
Chem - What is the **shell config** on an atom?
2,8,8,2
79
Chem - How do **groups** and **periods** organize elements?
Groups go up and down and have the same number of electrons in their outermost shell. Periods go left to right and has the same number of electron shells. Elements in the same group or period react similar.
80
Chem - What is the name of the **outermost shell**?
Valence shell.
81
Chem - What is the name of the **outermost electrons?**
Valence electron.
82
Chem - Explain **dilute**, **concentration** and **saturation**.
A dilute contains a small amount of solute in a solvent. A concentration contains a large amount of solute in a solvent. A saturated solution is when no more solute will dissolve in a solvent.
83
Chem - What is an **isotope**?
An atom with a different number of neutrons from its element.
84
Chem - explain the **filtration** technique
Filtration uses physical properties to separate, it separates solute from solvent based on particle size.
85
Chem - explain the **decanting** technique
Decanting uses time to separate, particles sink to the bottom and then the liquid is poured out, this isn't precise because the particles can poured out as well.
86
Chem - explain the **distillation** technique
Distillation uses boiling points to separate, the mixture is heated to the lowest boiling point so one substance can evaporate.
87
Chem - explain the **chromatography** technique
Chromatography uses amounts of substances to separate, there are two methods, paper and gas.
88
Chem - explain the **evaporation** technique
Evaporation uses boiling points to separate because the solvent has a lower boiling point, the solvent is left behind.
89
Chem - Explain the **magnetic** separation technique
Magnetic separation uses magnetic properties to separate, it extracts certain materials based on their magnetic power.
90
Chem - What is a **molecule**
A molecule is a group of atoms bonded together.
91
Chem - How do you calculate **density** and what unit?
```
Density = **mass/volume**
Unit = gram/millilitres(**g/mL**)
```
92
Chem - What are the **states of matter?**
Solid, liquid and gas
93
Chem - Define **volume**
The space a substance occupies, measured in cm^3 or Litres
94
Chem - What is **property?**
How a substance behaves, eg its flow
95
Chem - What is **compression**?
Particles being squashed into a smaller amount of space.
96
Chem - What is **expansion**?
Particles moving apart due to an increase in heat and kinetic energy taking up a larger volume.
97
Chem - What is **contraction**?
Particles moving closer due to a decrease in heat and kinetic energy taking up a smaller volume.
98
Chem - Define **density.**
The number of particles in a certain area determines the density. For example, more particles in a certain area would result in a higher density.
99
Chem - What is **melting**?
Solid to liquid
100
Chem - What is evaporation?
Liquid to gas
101
Chem - What is **condensation**?
Gas to liquid
102
Chem - What is **solidify/freezing**?
Liquid to solid
103
Chem - What is **sublimation?**
Solid to gas
104
Chem - What is **reverse sublimation**?
gas to solid
105
Phys - Why is energy needed?
Energy is needed to make things move or change.
106
Phys - Can objects have many types of energy?
Yes, eg: The sun.
107
Phys - What are the main forms of energy?
* *Potential:** gravitational, elastic, nuclear, magnetic & chemical.
* *Active:** kinetic, heat, sound, light and electrical.
108
Phys - What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred and transformed.
109
Phys - What unit is energy measured in?
```
Joules(J).
Kilo joules(kJ) \* 1000 J.
```
110
Phys - What is efficiency?
Efficiency is how much of the total energy is useful.
111
Phys - Who do you calculate efficiency?
Output energy / input energy \* 100
112
Phys - What is Ep mean?
Ep is calculating gravitational potential energy.
113
Phys - How do you calculate EP?
**Ep = mgh**. M = **mass**, G = **gravity(10)** and H = **Height.**
114
Phys - What are the three types of heat transfer?
Conduction(direct contact), convention(liquids and gasses) and radiation(electromagnetic waves).
115
Phys - Lable an energy transfer diagram
116
Phys - Lable a longitudinal and transverse wave.
117
Phys - Define sound and light.
**Sound** is a type of energy that travels as a longitudinal wave.
**Light** is a type of energy that travels as a transverse wave.
118
Phys - Define transverse and longitude waves.
**Transverse** waves are waves that travel up and down at 90 degrees to the direction of travel(light).
**Longitude** waves are waves that vibrate parallel to the direction to the movement(sound).
119
Phys - What is the law of reflection?
The incident ray and the reflected ray lie on the same plane. The normal is perpendicular to the mirror. The incident ray is equal to the reflected ray.
120
Phys - What are some everyday uses of concave mirrors and convex mirrors?
Concave mirrors are used on the headlights of cars. Convex mirrors are used on the mirrors of a cars.
121
Phys - Define wave and color spectrum.
A wave is a way to transfer energy without transferring matter. The color spectrum is all the colors that make white light.
122
Phys - Explain how sound travels through matter.
Sound waves move by vibrating the molecules in the matter
123
Phys - Explain how light travels.
Light waves don't need any matter or material to carry its energy
124
Phys - What type of lens do nearsighted eyes need?
Concave lens.
125
Phys - What type of lens do farsighted eyes need?
Convex lens.
126
Phys - Do light rays bend towards or away from the normal in denser/less denser objects?
When light rays enter a denser object the light rays bend towards the normal. When light rays enter a less denser object the light rays bend away from the normal.
127
Phys - Discuss how the ear works.
Sound waves travel by particle vibrations. When a particle vibrates it makes the particle next to it vibrate. The pinna focuses these vibrations into the ear canal where the vibrations travel through the air and cause the ear drum to vibrate. The small bones in your ears move back and forth while the ear drum vibrates. The movement moves the membrane at the other end of the cochlea. The cochlea is filled with a liquid that vibrates and moves little hairs also inside the cochlea. The movement of these hairs is transferred into electrical signals that are sent to the brain by the auditory nerve. The brain translates these signals into the sounds we hear.
128
Phys - Discuss how the eye works.
Light rays travel to the cornea. The cornea is transparent to let the light through, but tough to protect the inner eye. Then the light passes through the pupil. The pupil is a hole that is controlled by the iris muscle. The iris can close to prevent too much light damaging the retina. The light then passes through the lens. The lens is a clear structure that refracts light rays and converges them through the vitreous humor and onto the retina. The retina is the back lining of the eye of the eye that contains light sensitive cells. These cells convert light falling on them into electrical and nervous messages. These messages are then sent to the brain.
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129
Phys - Lable the ear
130
Phys - Lable the eye
