Year review Flashcards
Hypothesis
explanation for an observation or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation
Variable
to vary or change
Independent variable
manipulated variable in a experiment whos presence determines the change in the dependent variable
dependent variable
the variable in a experiment whoes changes are determined by the presence of one or more independent variable
Control
a standard against which other conditions can be compared against
What are some errors in experiments
instrumental, lack of calibration
personal, inaccurate observations, sampling error w too small of a group or not random
replication error, not consistent in experiments
measurement, not accurate or precise
What are the 7 steps to a experiment
- ask question
- background research
- create hypothesis
- test experiment
- analyze results
- determine if it is True, False, or partially true
- report results
in a experiment, what do you do if hypothesis is False or partially true
Think, and try again and go back to constructing hypothesis
Qualitative observations
described by words or terms including subjective descriptions
Quantitative observations
Numerical values from counts or measurements of a variable and usually uses some kid of instrument for recording data
What organic molecule is a major source of energy and include sugars and starches
carbs
What organic molecule is a Nitrogen- containing compund made up of chains of amino acids
Proteins
What organic molecule is water- insoluble
lipids
What organic molecule directs the instruction of proteins
nucleic acids
What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen
carbs
20 amino acids can combine to make a great variety of this molecule
protein
What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acids
lipids
What organic molecule has two types DNA and RNA
Nucleic acids
What organic molecule plants and animals use to maintain the structure of cells
Carbs
What organic molecule can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components
Proteins
What organic molecule provides insulation, stores, energy, and cushions internal organ
lipids
DNA stands for
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA stands for
ribonucleic acid
Slide 15, whats A
carb molecule
Slide 15, whats B
protein molecule
Slide 15, whats C
lipid
Slide 16, whats D
Nucleic acid
What organelle captures solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae)
Chloroplast
What organelle packages and distributes products
Golgi body
What organelle digests excess products and food particles
lysosomes
What organelle transforms energy through respiration
mitochondria
What organelle contains DNA which controls cellular activities
Nucleus
What organelle produces proteins
Ribosomes
What organelle stores substances
vacuole
What organelle has a phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell, controls transport adn maintains homeostasis
cell membrane
What organelle is the rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)
Cell wall
What organelle is a fluid like substance that contains carious membrane bound structures (organelles) that performs various functions
cytoplasm
What organelle is the site of chemical reactions
ER
what does ER stand for
endoplasmic reticulum
What ER contains ribosomes
rough
What ER is for lipid production
Smooth
What organelle provides internal structure
cytoskeleton
In the cytoskeleton what are microfilaments
fibers
In the cytoskeleton what are microtubles
cylinders
unicellullar
a organism that exists with a singular, independent cell
multi-cellular
organism that exists as a specialized group of cells
Prokaryote
has nuclear material in the center of the cell but no nuclear membrane to enclose it, no membrane bound organelles
prokaryote example
bacteria
Eukaryote
clearly defined nuleus enclosed by nuclear membrane and membrane bound organgelles
Eukaryote ex
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Eukaryote ex
plants, animals, fungi, and protists
Order of cell specialization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
Order of cell specialization
cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism
design and shape of a cell is dictated by its…
functions and working conditions
what type of cell exhibits greater cellular specialization
multi cellular organisms ex. red blood cells, nerve cells and gland cells
Slide 17, whats A
centrosome
Slide 17, whats B
Cytoplasm
Slide 17, whats C
Rough ER
Slide 17, whats D
smooth ER
Slide 17, whats E
Ribosomes
Slide 17, whats F
Golgi body
Slide 17, whats G
Cell membrane
Slide 17, whats H
ribsomes
Slide 17, whats I
Nucleus
Slide 17, whats J
Nucleolus
Slide 17, whats K
Nuclear membrane
Slide 17, whats L
Vacuole
Slide 17, whats M
Mitochondria
3 parts of Cell theory
- cells are the basic units of life
- all organisms are composed of cells
- all cells come from preexisting cells
On Slide 18, Whats A
Cell Wall
On Slide 18, Whats B
cell membrane
On Slide 18, Whats C
Vacuole
On Slide 18, Whats D
Nucelus
On Slide 18, Whats E
Nucleolus
On Slide 18, Whats F
Nuclear membrane
On Slide 18, Whats G
Chloroplast
On Slide 18, Whats H
mitochondria
On Slide 18, Whats I
golgi body
On Slide 18, Whats J
ribosomes
On Slide 18, Whats K
smooth ER
On Slide 18, Whats L
Rough ER
On Slide 18, Whats M
centrosome
On Slide 18, Whats O
cytoplasm
Passive transport
movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cells energy (with the concentration gradient)
Diffusion
movement of substances across the plasma membrane form a area of high concrentration to low
Osmosis
diffusion of water across the plasma membrane high to low concrentration
Facilited transport
carrier molecule embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance across the membrane following high to low concentration gradient
Active transport
movement of substances across the plasma membrane the that requires the use of the cells energy, low concrentration to high concrentration
Endocytosis
large particles are brought into the cell
Exocytosis
large particles leave the cell
What are the 3 forms of passive transport
Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport
homeostasis
internal equilibrium, plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable)
Semi-permeable
only allows certin substances through
Hypotonic
Water moves IN, cell bursts
Hypertonic
Water moves out, cell shrivels
Isotonic
no net movement, cell stays equal
Cellular respiration
food molecules are converted to energy
what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration
- glycolysis (anaerobic)
- Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
- electron transport chain (aerobic)
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O2 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36 ATP)
photosynthesis
plants capture suns energy and convert it to food (carbs), then they convert the carbs to energy during cellular respiration
Ultimate energy source for all living things….
Sun
Photosythesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O2 + 6O2
ATP
molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds for when the cell needs it
Fermentation
when cells dont have enough oxygen this process occurs to continues producing ATP until oxygen is available again
2 types of fermentation
Lactic acid and Alcoholic
What respiration requires presence of oxygen
Aerobic
What respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen
anaerobic
What respiration makes less energy
anaerobic
What respiration is also called fermentation
anaerobic
does cellular respiration require light
no
special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell
Enzymes
3 factors that affect enzymes
pH, temp, and quantity
what do enzymes do
provide new energy to cells
build new cells
aid in digestion
break down complex molecules
Catalysts
speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered
Slide 19, whats A
Subtrate
Slide 19, whats B
active site
Slide 19, whats C
products
what is nucleic acid composed of
nucleotides
What are nucleotides composed of
phosphate group
sugar
nitrogenous base
DNA vs. RNA, never leaves the nucleus
DNA
DNA vs. RNA, includes Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine
DNA
DNA vs. RNA, controls production of all proteins
DNA
DNA vs. RNA, Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine
RNA
DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types
RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal
DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types
RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal
How is RNA copied
mRNA is made form one strand of DNA
it carries the message to the ribsomes
then translated to a protein
tRNA transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes
In RNA replication what is the step names in order
transcription then translation
On slide 20, Whats A
Phosphate molecule
On slide 20, Whats B
Deoxyribose Sugar molecules
On slide 20, Whats C
Nitrogenous bases
how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction
one
what are the 3 types of cell division
binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis
In what organisms does binary fission occur
bacteria and fungi
longest part of cell cycle
interphase
when does chromosome duplication occur
interphase
what are the results of mitosis
two daughter cells (body)
what are the results of meiosis
formation of 4 cells each cell with 1/2 # of single-stranded chromosomes (sex cells)
trait
characteristic an individual receives from its parents
gene
carries instructions responsible for expression of traits
genotype
genetic makeup
phenotype
physical characteristics
gene mutation effects…
one single gene
chromosome mutation effects…
many genes
nondisjunction
during meiosis when a homologous pair doesnt seperate
protocells
large ordered structure enclosed by a membrane that carries out some life functions
macroevoulition
evolution that occurs between 2 dif species
convergent evoulition
2 species evolve to resemble eachother
speciation
formation of a new species
reproductive isolation
genetic mutation or behavioral change that prevents mating
levels of classification in order
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
are viruses considered living organisms
NO
