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Year review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Hypothesis

A

explanation for an observation or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation

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2
Q

Variable

A

to vary or change

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3
Q

Independent variable

A

manipulated variable in a experiment whos presence determines the change in the dependent variable

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4
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable in a experiment whoes changes are determined by the presence of one or more independent variable

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5
Q

Control

A

a standard against which other conditions can be compared against

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6
Q

What are some errors in experiments

A

instrumental, lack of calibration
personal, inaccurate observations, sampling error w too small of a group or not random
replication error, not consistent in experiments
measurement, not accurate or precise

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7
Q

What are the 7 steps to a experiment

A
  1. ask question
  2. background research
  3. create hypothesis
  4. test experiment
  5. analyze results
  6. determine if it is True, False, or partially true
  7. report results
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8
Q

in a experiment, what do you do if hypothesis is False or partially true

A

Think, and try again and go back to constructing hypothesis

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9
Q

Qualitative observations

A

described by words or terms including subjective descriptions

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10
Q

Quantitative observations

A

Numerical values from counts or measurements of a variable and usually uses some kid of instrument for recording data

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11
Q

What organic molecule is a major source of energy and include sugars and starches

A

carbs

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12
Q

What organic molecule is a Nitrogen- containing compund made up of chains of amino acids

A

Proteins

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13
Q

What organic molecule is water- insoluble

A

lipids

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14
Q

What organic molecule directs the instruction of proteins

A

nucleic acids

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15
Q

What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

A

carbs

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16
Q

20 amino acids can combine to make a great variety of this molecule

A

protein

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17
Q

What organic molecule is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; composed of glycerol and fatty acids

A

lipids

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18
Q

What organic molecule has two types DNA and RNA

A

Nucleic acids

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19
Q

What organic molecule plants and animals use to maintain the structure of cells

A

Carbs

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20
Q

What organic molecule can compose enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and structural components

A

Proteins

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21
Q

What organic molecule provides insulation, stores, energy, and cushions internal organ

A

lipids

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22
Q

DNA stands for

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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23
Q

RNA stands for

A

ribonucleic acid

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24
Q

Slide 15, whats A

A

carb molecule

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25
Q

Slide 15, whats B

A

protein molecule

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26
Q

Slide 15, whats C

A

lipid

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27
Q

Slide 16, whats D

A

Nucleic acid

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28
Q

What organelle captures solar energy for photosynthesis (plant cells, some algae)

A

Chloroplast

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29
Q

What organelle packages and distributes products

A

Golgi body

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30
Q

What organelle digests excess products and food particles

A

lysosomes

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31
Q

What organelle transforms energy through respiration

A

mitochondria

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32
Q

What organelle contains DNA which controls cellular activities

A

Nucleus

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33
Q

What organelle produces proteins

A

Ribosomes

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34
Q

What organelle stores substances

A

vacuole

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35
Q

What organelle has a phospholipid bilayer that protects and encloses the cell, controls transport adn maintains homeostasis

A

cell membrane

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36
Q

What organelle is the rigid second layer that protects and encloses the cell (plant cells and some bacteria)

A

Cell wall

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37
Q

What organelle is a fluid like substance that contains carious membrane bound structures (organelles) that performs various functions

A

cytoplasm

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38
Q

What organelle is the site of chemical reactions

A

ER

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39
Q

what does ER stand for

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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40
Q

What ER contains ribosomes

A

rough

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41
Q

What ER is for lipid production

A

Smooth

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42
Q

What organelle provides internal structure

A

cytoskeleton

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43
Q

In the cytoskeleton what are microfilaments

A

fibers

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44
Q

In the cytoskeleton what are microtubles

A

cylinders

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45
Q

unicellullar

A

a organism that exists with a singular, independent cell

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46
Q

multi-cellular

A

organism that exists as a specialized group of cells

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47
Q

Prokaryote

A

has nuclear material in the center of the cell but no nuclear membrane to enclose it, no membrane bound organelles

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48
Q

prokaryote example

A

bacteria

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49
Q

Eukaryote

A

clearly defined nuleus enclosed by nuclear membrane and membrane bound organgelles

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50
Q

Eukaryote ex

A

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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51
Q

Eukaryote ex

A

plants, animals, fungi, and protists

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52
Q

Order of cell specialization

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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52
Q

Order of cell specialization

A

cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

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53
Q

design and shape of a cell is dictated by its…

A

functions and working conditions

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54
Q

what type of cell exhibits greater cellular specialization

A

multi cellular organisms ex. red blood cells, nerve cells and gland cells

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55
Q

Slide 17, whats A

A

centrosome

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56
Q

Slide 17, whats B

A

Cytoplasm

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57
Q

Slide 17, whats C

A

Rough ER

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58
Q

Slide 17, whats D

A

smooth ER

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59
Q

Slide 17, whats E

A

Ribosomes

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60
Q

Slide 17, whats F

A

Golgi body

61
Q

Slide 17, whats G

A

Cell membrane

62
Q

Slide 17, whats H

A

ribsomes

63
Q

Slide 17, whats I

A

Nucleus

64
Q

Slide 17, whats J

A

Nucleolus

65
Q

Slide 17, whats K

A

Nuclear membrane

66
Q

Slide 17, whats L

A

Vacuole

67
Q

Slide 17, whats M

A

Mitochondria

68
Q

3 parts of Cell theory

A
  1. cells are the basic units of life
  2. all organisms are composed of cells
  3. all cells come from preexisting cells
69
Q

On Slide 18, Whats A

A

Cell Wall

70
Q

On Slide 18, Whats B

A

cell membrane

71
Q

On Slide 18, Whats C

A

Vacuole

72
Q

On Slide 18, Whats D

A

Nucelus

73
Q

On Slide 18, Whats E

A

Nucleolus

74
Q

On Slide 18, Whats F

A

Nuclear membrane

75
Q

On Slide 18, Whats G

A

Chloroplast

76
Q

On Slide 18, Whats H

A

mitochondria

77
Q

On Slide 18, Whats I

A

golgi body

78
Q

On Slide 18, Whats J

A

ribosomes

79
Q

On Slide 18, Whats K

A

smooth ER

80
Q

On Slide 18, Whats L

A

Rough ER

81
Q

On Slide 18, Whats M

A

centrosome

82
Q

On Slide 18, Whats O

A

cytoplasm

83
Q

Passive transport

A

movement of substances across the plasma membrane without the use of the cells energy (with the concentration gradient)

84
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of substances across the plasma membrane form a area of high concrentration to low

85
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water across the plasma membrane high to low concrentration

86
Q

Facilited transport

A

carrier molecule embedded in the plasma membrane transports a substance across the membrane following high to low concentration gradient

87
Q

Active transport

A

movement of substances across the plasma membrane the that requires the use of the cells energy, low concrentration to high concrentration

88
Q

Endocytosis

A

large particles are brought into the cell

89
Q

Exocytosis

A

large particles leave the cell

90
Q

What are the 3 forms of passive transport

A

Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated transport

91
Q

homeostasis

A

internal equilibrium, plasma membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell (semi-permeable)

92
Q

Semi-permeable

A

only allows certin substances through

93
Q

Hypotonic

A

Water moves IN, cell bursts

94
Q

Hypertonic

A

Water moves out, cell shrivels

95
Q

Isotonic

A

no net movement, cell stays equal

96
Q

Cellular respiration

A

food molecules are converted to energy

97
Q

what are the 3 stages of cellular respiration

A
  1. glycolysis (anaerobic)
  2. Citric acid cycle (aerobic)
  3. electron transport chain (aerobic)
98
Q

Cellular respiration equation

A

C6H12O2 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (36 ATP)

99
Q

photosynthesis

A

plants capture suns energy and convert it to food (carbs), then they convert the carbs to energy during cellular respiration

100
Q

Ultimate energy source for all living things….

A

Sun

101
Q

Photosythesis formula

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (sunlight) –> C6H12O2 + 6O2

102
Q

ATP

A

molecule that stores and releases the energy in its bonds for when the cell needs it

103
Q

Fermentation

A

when cells dont have enough oxygen this process occurs to continues producing ATP until oxygen is available again

104
Q

2 types of fermentation

A

Lactic acid and Alcoholic

105
Q

What respiration requires presence of oxygen

A

Aerobic

106
Q

What respiration occurs in the absence of oxygen

A

anaerobic

107
Q

What respiration makes less energy

A

anaerobic

108
Q

What respiration is also called fermentation

A

anaerobic

109
Q

does cellular respiration require light

A

no

110
Q

special proteins that regulate nearly every biochemical reaction in the cell

A

Enzymes

111
Q

3 factors that affect enzymes

A

pH, temp, and quantity

112
Q

what do enzymes do

A

provide new energy to cells
build new cells
aid in digestion
break down complex molecules

113
Q

Catalysts

A

speed up chemical reactions without being used up or altered

114
Q

Slide 19, whats A

A

Subtrate

115
Q

Slide 19, whats B

A

active site

116
Q

Slide 19, whats C

A

products

117
Q

what is nucleic acid composed of

A

nucleotides

118
Q

What are nucleotides composed of

A

phosphate group
sugar
nitrogenous base

119
Q

DNA vs. RNA, never leaves the nucleus

A

DNA

120
Q

DNA vs. RNA, includes Adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine

A

DNA

121
Q

DNA vs. RNA, controls production of all proteins

A

DNA

122
Q

DNA vs. RNA, Adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine

A

RNA

123
Q

DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types

A

RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal

124
Q

DNA vs. RNA, has 3 major types

A

RNA, messenger transfer and ribosomal

125
Q

How is RNA copied

A

mRNA is made form one strand of DNA
it carries the message to the ribsomes
then translated to a protein
tRNA transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosomes

126
Q

In RNA replication what is the step names in order

A

transcription then translation

127
Q

On slide 20, Whats A

A

Phosphate molecule

128
Q

On slide 20, Whats B

A

Deoxyribose Sugar molecules

129
Q

On slide 20, Whats C

A

Nitrogenous bases

130
Q

how many parents are involved in asexual reproduction

A

one

131
Q

what are the 3 types of cell division

A

binary fission, mitosis, and meiosis

132
Q

In what organisms does binary fission occur

A

bacteria and fungi

133
Q

longest part of cell cycle

A

interphase

134
Q

when does chromosome duplication occur

A

interphase

135
Q

what are the results of mitosis

A

two daughter cells (body)

136
Q

what are the results of meiosis

A

formation of 4 cells each cell with 1/2 # of single-stranded chromosomes (sex cells)

137
Q

trait

A

characteristic an individual receives from its parents

138
Q

gene

A

carries instructions responsible for expression of traits

139
Q

genotype

A

genetic makeup

140
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

141
Q

gene mutation effects…

A

one single gene

142
Q

chromosome mutation effects…

A

many genes

143
Q

nondisjunction

A

during meiosis when a homologous pair doesnt seperate

144
Q

protocells

A

large ordered structure enclosed by a membrane that carries out some life functions

145
Q

macroevoulition

A

evolution that occurs between 2 dif species

146
Q

convergent evoulition

A

2 species evolve to resemble eachother

147
Q

speciation

A

formation of a new species

148
Q

reproductive isolation

A

genetic mutation or behavioral change that prevents mating

149
Q

levels of classification in order

A

kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species

150
Q

are viruses considered living organisms

A

NO

Bio (24 decks)

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