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Bio > Cell division (mitosis) > Flashcards

Cell division (mitosis) Flashcards

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1
Q

Which type of cell does not undergo mitosis

A

nervous system

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do each parent give you during mitosis

A

23 each

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3
Q

Be able to label the parts of a chromosome

A

-

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4
Q

How do you get DNA from a chromosome

A

they have to uncondense

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5
Q

Is there DNA in chromosomes

A

Yes

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6
Q

Whats the cell cycle

A

The sequence of events that may include growth, DNA replication, preparation to divide, and finally division of cells.

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7
Q

Centromere

A

Center of a chromosome where the chromatids are attached

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8
Q

Chromosome

A

Structures that contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein in a chromosome

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9
Q

cytokineses

A

division of the cell

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10
Q

Interphase

A

the cell preparing to divide, cells spend 90% of time in this phase

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11
Q

Mitosis

A

division of the cell

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12
Q

sister chromatid

A

identical copies of a chromosome that were created during interphase the copies stay together in pairs called sister chromotids

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13
Q

Spindle fibers

A

long tubes that attach to the centromeres and move the chromosome during mitosis

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14
Q

In anaphase…

A

each pair of chromotids is pulled to opposite ends of the cell

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15
Q

in metaphase

A

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

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16
Q

In prophase

A

the chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to the chromatids

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17
Q

In telophase

A

the nucleular membrane starts to reform around each set of chromosomes

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18
Q

Apoptois

A

planned cell death

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19
Q

Cancer

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells

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20
Q

Carcinogen

A

Things like smoking, UV light, and some chemicals can cause mutations that disrupt the cell cycle which can lead to cancer

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21
Q

Stem cells

A

These are specialized cells that have the potential to develop into specialized cells under the right conditions

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22
Q

Crossing over

A

Homologus chromosomes switch genes during 1st prophase this produces unique chromosomes

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23
Q

Diploid

A

2 copies of each chromosome. body cells are this

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24
Q

ferilization

A

the egg and sperm come together to make a zygote- a fertilized egg

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25
Q

gamete

A

a reproduction cell such as sperm or egg cells

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26
Q

haploid

A

only one copy of each chromosome will get passed on to the offspring Sex cells are this

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27
Q

Homologous Chromosome

A

Chromosome that are half from mom and half from dad we have 23 pairs of these

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28
Q

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that produces gametes

A

meiosis

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29
Q

Shows a pair of chromosomes

A

karyotype

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30
Q

When only one copy of a chromosome is produced

A

monosomy

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31
Q

when chromosomes dont separate correctly in meiosis

A

nondisjunction

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32
Q

Three copies of a chromosome

A

trisonomy

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33
Q

every new cell is a result of what

A

cell division

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34
Q

Why do unicellular organisms divide

A

to reproduce

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35
Q

Cell division in prokaryotes is celled

A

binary fission

36
Q

Cell cycle: preparation to divide and cells spend 90% of time here, contains G1 S and G2 phases

A

Interphase

37
Q

G1 is ..

A

cell growth

38
Q

S phase is

A

(synthesis) DNA copied

39
Q

Whats G2

A

Cell prepares to divide

40
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle

A

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

41
Q

What does mitosis do

A

divides nucleus

42
Q

What does cytokinesis do

A

cytoplasm divides

43
Q

—– is an orderly set of stages from the first division of a eukaryotic cell to the time the resulting daughter cells divide

A

cell cycle

44
Q

What is the cell cycles main checkpoint

A

G1

45
Q

What does checkpoint G1 do

A

Checks if Dna is damaged

46
Q

What happens if the cell finds out that the DNA is damaged at G1

A

Apoptosis will occur (planned cell death)

47
Q

What does the G2 checkpoint check

A

That the DNA replicated correctly

48
Q

What happens at G2 if the Dna is damaged and cannot be repaired

A

Apoptosis (planned cell death)

49
Q

Structures that Contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein on a —-

A

chromosme

50
Q

How many genes do humans have

A

25,000

51
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have

A

46

52
Q

Each chromosome must be —- before the cell divides

A

copied

53
Q

Why do chromosomes need to be copied before division

A

so each new cell has the same number of cells than the last.

54
Q

Where are sister chromotids attached at

A

centromere

55
Q

Describe what chromosomes look like, include centromere and sister chromotids

A

They look like a X with each side being a sister chromotid and there attached at a region called the centromere

56
Q

In animal cells where are spindle fibers heild together at

A

centrioles

57
Q

In plant cells where are spindle fibers attached at

A

they arent

58
Q

What do nucleotids look like

A

beads on a string

59
Q

Name this phase : chromosomes condense, Nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to chromatids

A

Prophase

60
Q

Name the phase: Chromosmes line up in the middle at the —— plate

A

metaphase

61
Q

Name the phase: Each pair of chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

62
Q

Name the phase: two new nuclei reform

A

telophase

63
Q

Name the phase: cytoplasm divides

A

Cytokinesis

64
Q

In plant cells a cell plate is formed, in animal cells what is formed

A

Cleavage furrow

65
Q

Name 4 results of Mitosis

A
  1. two identical daughter cells are formed
  2. Cells are diploid (46 chromosmes)
  3. Makes somatic (body) cells
  4. Porpose: growth and repair
66
Q

Do all cells go through the cell cycle regularly

A

No some frequently divide others rarely divide

67
Q

What is cancer

A

The uncontrolled growth and division of cells

68
Q

When do normal cells know when to divide

A

When external signals tell it to

69
Q

What increase the likely hood of cancer (and examples)

A

Carcinogens ex. UV light, Smoking, and chemicals

70
Q

Why do carcinogens increase the likelyhood of cancer

A

it causes mutations in cells that disrupt the cell cycle

71
Q

What carried out apoptosis

A

enzymes called capases

72
Q

Are mitosis and apoptosis opposite or same

A

opposite

73
Q

Mitosis vs. Apoptosis effect on cell numbers

A

mitosis- increases
Apoptosis- decreases

74
Q

do cancer cells undergo apoptosis

A

NO

75
Q

Do cancer cells have contact inhibitation

A

No

76
Q

Whats wrong with cancerous cells nucleui

A

its abnormal and enlarged

77
Q

In cancer is the tumor hard to fragment

A

No

78
Q

What happens to organs after original tumor fragments

A

it appears in other organs

79
Q

Whats angiogenesis

A

Cancer cells form new blood vessles and they bring nutrients and oxygen tot he tumor

80
Q

Are Benign tumors cancerous

A

NO

81
Q

What are benign tumors

A

Noncancerous tumors that do not invade neighboring tissues or spread and they are encapsulated

82
Q

Are malignant tumors cancerous

A

Yes

83
Q

What are malignant tumors

A

Cancerous
Not encapsulated
Ready to invade neighboring tissues
May detach and lodge in distant places (metastatsis)

84
Q

Name a specialized cell

A

Stem cells

85
Q

Do stem cells have the potential to be specialized

A

Yes

86
Q

What are embryonic stem cells

A

No specilized cells in the embryo that are able to become all the cell type in the organism

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