Cell division (mitosis) Flashcards
Which type of cell does not undergo mitosis
nervous system
How many chromosomes do each parent give you during mitosis
23 each
Be able to label the parts of a chromosome
-
How do you get DNA from a chromosome
they have to uncondense
Is there DNA in chromosomes
Yes
Whats the cell cycle
The sequence of events that may include growth, DNA replication, preparation to divide, and finally division of cells.
Centromere
Center of a chromosome where the chromatids are attached
Chromosome
Structures that contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein in a chromosome
cytokineses
division of the cell
Interphase
the cell preparing to divide, cells spend 90% of time in this phase
Mitosis
division of the cell
sister chromatid
identical copies of a chromosome that were created during interphase the copies stay together in pairs called sister chromotids
Spindle fibers
long tubes that attach to the centromeres and move the chromosome during mitosis
In anaphase…
each pair of chromotids is pulled to opposite ends of the cell
in metaphase
The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
In prophase
the chromosomes condense, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to the chromatids
In telophase
the nucleular membrane starts to reform around each set of chromosomes
Apoptois
planned cell death
Cancer
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells
Carcinogen
Things like smoking, UV light, and some chemicals can cause mutations that disrupt the cell cycle which can lead to cancer
Stem cells
These are specialized cells that have the potential to develop into specialized cells under the right conditions
Crossing over
Homologus chromosomes switch genes during 1st prophase this produces unique chromosomes
Diploid
2 copies of each chromosome. body cells are this
ferilization
the egg and sperm come together to make a zygote- a fertilized egg
gamete
a reproduction cell such as sperm or egg cells
haploid
only one copy of each chromosome will get passed on to the offspring Sex cells are this
Homologous Chromosome
Chromosome that are half from mom and half from dad we have 23 pairs of these
A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that produces gametes
meiosis
Shows a pair of chromosomes
karyotype
When only one copy of a chromosome is produced
monosomy
when chromosomes dont separate correctly in meiosis
nondisjunction
Three copies of a chromosome
trisonomy
every new cell is a result of what
cell division
Why do unicellular organisms divide
to reproduce
Cell division in prokaryotes is celled
binary fission
Cell cycle: preparation to divide and cells spend 90% of time here, contains G1 S and G2 phases
Interphase
G1 is ..
cell growth
S phase is
(synthesis) DNA copied
Whats G2
Cell prepares to divide
What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle
Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis
What does mitosis do
divides nucleus
What does cytokinesis do
cytoplasm divides
—– is an orderly set of stages from the first division of a eukaryotic cell to the time the resulting daughter cells divide
cell cycle
What is the cell cycles main checkpoint
G1
What does checkpoint G1 do
Checks if Dna is damaged
What happens if the cell finds out that the DNA is damaged at G1
Apoptosis will occur (planned cell death)
What does the G2 checkpoint check
That the DNA replicated correctly
What happens at G2 if the Dna is damaged and cannot be repaired
Apoptosis (planned cell death)
Structures that Contain DNA, DNA is coiled around protein on a —-
chromosme
How many genes do humans have
25,000
How many chromosomes do humans have
46
Each chromosome must be —- before the cell divides
copied
Why do chromosomes need to be copied before division
so each new cell has the same number of cells than the last.
Where are sister chromotids attached at
centromere
Describe what chromosomes look like, include centromere and sister chromotids
They look like a X with each side being a sister chromotid and there attached at a region called the centromere
In animal cells where are spindle fibers heild together at
centrioles
In plant cells where are spindle fibers attached at
they arent
What do nucleotids look like
beads on a string
Name this phase : chromosomes condense, Nuclear membrane breaks down, and spindle fibers attach to chromatids
Prophase
Name the phase: Chromosmes line up in the middle at the —— plate
metaphase
Name the phase: Each pair of chromatids are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Anaphase
Name the phase: two new nuclei reform
telophase
Name the phase: cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis
In plant cells a cell plate is formed, in animal cells what is formed
Cleavage furrow
Name 4 results of Mitosis
- two identical daughter cells are formed
- Cells are diploid (46 chromosmes)
- Makes somatic (body) cells
- Porpose: growth and repair
Do all cells go through the cell cycle regularly
No some frequently divide others rarely divide
What is cancer
The uncontrolled growth and division of cells
When do normal cells know when to divide
When external signals tell it to
What increase the likely hood of cancer (and examples)
Carcinogens ex. UV light, Smoking, and chemicals
Why do carcinogens increase the likelyhood of cancer
it causes mutations in cells that disrupt the cell cycle
What carried out apoptosis
enzymes called capases
Are mitosis and apoptosis opposite or same
opposite
Mitosis vs. Apoptosis effect on cell numbers
mitosis- increases
Apoptosis- decreases
do cancer cells undergo apoptosis
NO
Do cancer cells have contact inhibitation
No
Whats wrong with cancerous cells nucleui
its abnormal and enlarged
In cancer is the tumor hard to fragment
No
What happens to organs after original tumor fragments
it appears in other organs
Whats angiogenesis
Cancer cells form new blood vessles and they bring nutrients and oxygen tot he tumor
Are Benign tumors cancerous
NO
What are benign tumors
Noncancerous tumors that do not invade neighboring tissues or spread and they are encapsulated
Are malignant tumors cancerous
Yes
What are malignant tumors
Cancerous
Not encapsulated
Ready to invade neighboring tissues
May detach and lodge in distant places (metastatsis)
Name a specialized cell
Stem cells
Do stem cells have the potential to be specialized
Yes
What are embryonic stem cells
No specilized cells in the embryo that are able to become all the cell type in the organism
