x rays Flashcards
features of atelactasis
trachea deviated to the same side
look for fissures (changing in postion)
look for a higher than normal hemidiaphragm as a compensation
look for expansion of the opposite lung
golden s sign
a sign seen on x ray suggestive of lung cancer which causes long collapse
air bronchogram
seen when you have consolidation where you see very visable airways since the surrounding lung is heavily consolidated
atelactasis pushes the mediastinum
towards
lateral x rays what clear spaces
- retrocardiac space
- retrosternal space
3.retrotracheal space
which x ray view is best to view small effusions
lateral view!!!
Describe different periostea’s reactions
- Smooth ~ more benign course
- Onion skin~ moderately
- Hair on end - aggressive
Sunburst
What is Codman triangle
When the lesion is so abrasive it lifts the periosteum of the bone
Narrowing of joint space
Infections of the joint
OA
Inflammatory athropathies
Features of OA on x ray
1.narrowrimg of joint space
2. Subchindrial sclerosis
3. Osteophytes
How to d3cribe fractures
- Where is it , which bone
- Complete or incomplete
- Displacement
4.shape of fracture
What’s a rule you should do when you have a fracture of a bone
X ray the joint above and below !
Can you always see a fracture when the injury has occurred
Some fractures are difficult to visualise and become more clear after time, so that’s why you can take another x ray later to see, e.g scaphoid fractures and femoral neck fractures
Questions to ask if suspect a fracture
Did you fall?
What were you doing before fall was it a mechanical or medical fall
Do you have a bone disease /old /early menopause
Was it a very minor incident that caused you to have a fracture (suspect pathological lesion)
Any pop or crack if an event happened
Any numbness of tingling in the area
Any changes to sensation
Can you lift that part
Any motor problems
Any changes in colour
Think about the 6 Ps for ischemia
Any swelling
How would you dx fracture from just a common soft tissue injury
DEFORMItY
Signs of fracture
Swelling
Pain
Deformity
Creps
Little pneumonic to help you with fracture
Look
Feel
Move
When do you consider Abx in fracture
When it’s an open
Palpating with fracture site
The site of maximal tenderness is most likely where the fracture is
Direct pressure
Indirect ~ pressure away from the site provokes pain
Feel temp
Feel pulse
Feel deformity if any
Dx fracture
Muscle
Ligamant
Tendon
Joint
more black sign
On a normal lateral chest x-ray, the vertebrae should get progressively darker as you get closer to the bases, known as the “more black sign”. The vertebrae located near the apex of the lung have overlying muscles, making them appear white, compared to those at the bases that have overlying air, which makes them appear darker (image 4). You should also be able to make out 2 hemidiaphragm on the lateral x-ray with sharp costophrenic angles.
where do you find kerley b lines
in heart failure it shows edema
signs of heart failure on cxr
cephalisation of vessels
kerley b
cardiomegaly
what is cephalisation of blood vessels
In a healthy individual standing upright, more blood flow is directed to the lower lobes of the lungs due to gravity. This means the lower lobe vessels appear more prominent on a chest X-ray.
normal view of cr
PA
why would you do a AP
patient to ill to walk
