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CSW/HBSC > World Wine Industry > Flashcards

World Wine Industry Flashcards

1
Q

Country with the largest vineyard acreage in the world

A

Spain

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2
Q

Top three wine-producing countries, worldwide

A

France, Italy, Spain (the exact order varies year to year)

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3
Q

PDO

A

Protected designation of origin

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4
Q

PGI

A

Protected geographical indication

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5
Q

EU labeling laws: If a protected place name is used on a PDO wine, what % must be from said place?

A

100%

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6
Q

EU labeling laws: If a protected place name is used on a PGI wine, what minimum % must be from said place?

A

85%

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7
Q

EU labeling laws: If a vintage date is used on a wine label, what minimum % must be from said vintage?

A

85%

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8
Q

EU labeling laws: If a single grape variety is used on a wine label, what minimum % must be the stated grape?

A

85%

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9
Q

EU labeling term for sparkling wine made via second fermentation in the bottle (subject to lees aging and disgorgement)

A

Quality sparkling wine

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10
Q

EU labeling term for sparkling wine made via carbonation

A

Aerated sparkling wine

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11
Q

Minimum atm of pressure for EU sparkling wine

A

Min. 3 atm

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12
Q

What is the approximate percentage of the wine industry located in Europe

A

56% of the global vineyard

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13
Q

Year the European Union was created

A

1993

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14
Q

Date the EU’s “Umbrella Frameworks” of revised wine regulations took effect

A

August 1, 2009

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15
Q

The EU permits continuing use of preexisting wine designations, if they were already in place by this date

A

December 31, 2011

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16
Q

How far back does the use of fermented grapes into an alcoholic beverage date back to?

A

7000 BCE

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17
Q

Where did wine produced from vinifera first make its appearance?

A

Caucasus Mountains in western Asia – spreading from there into eastern Europe and the Middle East

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18
Q

Who became an early stronghold of wine, prior to the expansion caused by the Romans?

A

Greece

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19
Q

Where did the Romans spread wine to?

A

Their conquered lands – the inland areas of Spain, France, Germany, and the Balkans

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20
Q

Who took up the torch when the Romans fell into disarray?

A

Catholic Church

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21
Q

Why was wine important to the Catholic Church?

A

They used it to consecrate the religious ceremony of the Mass – so monks and clergyman maintained vineyards and made wine continuously

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22
Q

What did the Catholic Church do for wine?

A

Located prime growing areas, selected top-performing vines for further propagation, and refined winemaking techniques

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23
Q

Why did wine grow in demand as an everyday beverage in urban areas?

A

Because poor sanitation led to problems of insufficient fresh water and widespread disease – wine was free of germs due to its alcoholic content

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24
Q

Why were vineyards initially established in so many places?

A

Because wine could only be transported short distances across land, because of its wait and the ease of spoilage if exposed to the elements so wineries were established multiple places to serve local populations

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25
Q

What led to wine in Asia, Africa, and Oceania?

A

European trading colonies and settlements once Europe began exploring lands across the Atlantic

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26
Q

Were wine grapes already present in Asia, Africa, and Oceania?

A

No, outside of North America, they did not exist

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27
Q

Who brought wine to Latin America?

A

Spanish Catholic missionaries who planted grapes to produce wine for religious use in the New World

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28
Q

Where was the greatest degree of success achieved in the New World initially?

A

The British and Dutch outposts of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand

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29
Q

When were vinifera vines planted in the Americas?

A

Mid-19th century by immigrants from Europe – especially Italians, Germans, and Eastern Europeans

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30
Q

What crisis occurred in the 1860s?

A

Phylloxera

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31
Q

What part of the United States is phylloxera native to?

A

Eastern United States

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32
Q

Where was phylloxera first an issue?

A

France, followed by the rest of Europe and much of the rest of the world

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33
Q

What was the solution to phylloxera?

A

Grafting on indigenous North American rootstock

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34
Q

Why was phylloxera a good thing for the wine world?

A

Because winemakers from France and other European countries travelled to other parts of the world after the loss of their vineyards – dispersing winemaking expertise and raising the quality of the wine around the world

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35
Q

What happened in 1920 that had a big impact on the wine industry?

A

Prohibition

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36
Q

How did Prohibition affect the wine industry?

A

Wine trade suffered as demand for wine plummeted in the New World

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37
Q

When did Prohibition end?

A

1933

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38
Q

Did the United States recover immediately from Prohibition?

A

No, it took decades

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39
Q

What marked the turning point for wine in the United States?

A

The Judgement of Paris in 1976

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40
Q

What happened in the Judgement of Paris?

A

California wines were awarded first place over French wines in a major head-to-head, revealing the New World’s quality level

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41
Q

What country is the world’s largest wine market?

A

United States

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42
Q

What part of the world is defined as Old World?

A

Europe with a small portion of western Asia

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43
Q

Where does the term “New World” come from?

A

European immigrants who viewed the New World countries as “lands of opportunity” that weren’t defined by strict traditions so a spirit of experimentation and freedom came to be expressed hence New World

44
Q

Where is wine less customary/accepted?

A

Long band of territory from Morocco across northern Africa and central Asia as far as Indonesia
Equatorial and polar regions – where viticulture is difficult or impossible and even storing wine is hard

45
Q

Why is wine less customary in the northern part of Africa and some parts of central Asia?

A

These regions are dominated by religions that forbid alcohol

46
Q

Approximately how much wine was produced in 2018?

A

292 million hectoliters or 3.2 billion cases up 17% from 2017 of 250 million hectoliters

47
Q

What is the average amount of wine produced each year?

A

260 to 270 million hectoliters

48
Q

Where is the majority of wine produced?

A

Europe (around 65% as of 2018)

49
Q

Top 3 countries of vineyard acreage

A

Spain
China
France

50
Q

Top 3 countries for wine production

A

Italy
France
Spain

51
Q

Top 3 countries for wine consumption

A

United States
France
Italy

52
Q

Top 3 countries for wine exports (by volume)

A

Spain
Italy
France

53
Q

Top 3 countries for wine imports (by volume)

A

Germany
United Kingdom
United States

54
Q

Why will the trade in bulk wine and juice increase?

A

Suppliers looking to cut cost and reduce carbon emissions by avoiding shipping wine in heavy glass bottles

55
Q

What is a net exporter of wine?

A

Country that produces much more wine than they can consume, and thus need to find markets in other countries

Ex. Australia, Chile

56
Q

How are wine regions generally delineated?

A

On either political or viticultural foundations

57
Q

What are political regions?

A

administrative districts of various sizes, such as nations, states, provinces, counties, towns, and communes, which are defined for government purposes

58
Q

Why are political regions not a good way to define regions?

A

Their boundaries may be relatively weak predictors of wine style

59
Q

What are viticultural regions based on?

A

Environmental features that define an area (terroir) or – occasionally, in the Old World – on traditional winemaking techniques

60
Q

Why did boundaries become necessary for regions?

A

To protect the reputation of the wines from misuse by imposters

61
Q

Officially sanctioned wine regions are generically known as?

A 
Appellations
Geographic Indications (GIs)
62
Q

Are larger or smaller appellations more predictive of a wine’s characteristics?

A

Smaller

63
Q

What should a small appellation based on terroir have?

A

Relatively uniform climate, topography, and soil structure – so wines conform to a certain standard

64
Q

Can more than one appellation exist for any given place?

A

Yes, and the producer can choose which depending on the situation

65
Q

Why are the protections of an official appellation a good thing?

A

They restrict the use of a place-name to the actual site, preventing anyone else in another location from profiting from or damaging the reputation of the appellation’s wines

66
Q

Why are the protections of an official appellation a challenge?

A

The laws put certain restrictions on what producers within the designated region can do, forcing them to meet certain requirements

67
Q

Examples of requirements that may need to be met within an appellation for labeling?

A

Yield per acre
Alcohol level
Grape varieties used

68
Q

Are New World appellations more or less restrictive?

A

Generally less, just stipulation the geographical origin and defining its boundaries with no restrictions on grape varieties or wine style

69
Q

Name for defined wine regions in Australia

A

Geographical Indication

70
Q

Name for defined wine regions in France

A

Appellation d’Origine Controlee

71
Q

Name for defined wine regions in Germany

A

Qualitatswein, Pradikatswein

72
Q

Name for defined wine regions in Greece

A

Onomasia Proelefseos Anoteras Poiotitos, Topikos Oinos

73
Q

Name for defined wine regions in Italy

A

Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita

Indicazione Geografica Tipica

74
Q

Name for defined wine region in Portugal

A

Denominacao de Origem Controlada

75
Q

Name for defined wine region in South Africa

A

Wine of Origin

76
Q

Name for defined wine region in Spain

A

Denominacion de Origen

Vino de Pago

77
Q

Name for defined wine region in the United States

A

American Viticultural Area

78
Q

Why were grapes planted in areas that were more challenging in Europe?

A

Because winemaking predated improvements in transportation so grapes were grown close to the markets to allow the wine to reach customers before it spoiled

79
Q

What three things were growers in the Old World trying to balance to produce a quality wine?

A

Grape Variety
Vineyard Site
Viticultural Techniques

80
Q

How did improvements in transportation benefit the New World of wine?

A

Vineyards could be planted further from markets, where conditions were optimal for grape growing and good harvests were guaranteed year after year

81
Q

New World Wine Profile

A 
Bolder flavors
Emphasis on Fruit and Grape Variety
More Alcohol
Less Acidity
Highlight style or skill of winemaker
82
Q

Old World Wine Profile

A 
More Subtlety
Lower Alcohol
Higher Acidity
Earthier Flavors
Less Winemaker Intervention
Highlight the terroir of where they are grown
83
Q

Are there any global wine laws?

A

No – just reciprocal agreements among countries that govern how one nation will treat the wines of another

84
Q

When was the European Union created?

A

1993

85
Q

What is the goal of the European Union?

A

To coordinate activities among all of its member states to help them compete with larger economies in the global marketplace through elimination of trade barriers and protectionism within the EU while creating a more unified from for dealing with the rest of the world

86
Q

2 French wine quality designations

A

Appellation d’origine controlee (AOC)

Vin delimite de qualite superieure (VDQS)

87
Q

VDQS

A

Vin delimite de qualite superieure – minor secondary grouping of appellations that had not yet quite demonstrated AOC standards

88
Q

2 Italian wine quality designations

A

Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)

Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita (DOCG) – higher level DOCs can work towards

89
Q

What were Germany and Greece’s quality systems based on?

A

Ripeness and Sweetness levels

90
Q

Did the EU replace previous designations?

A

No, instead they designed an umbrella framework that defined various terms and set certain standards, yet allowed each country to mold its own system to the EU framework

91
Q

When did the EU regulations take effect?

A

August 1, 2009

92
Q

EU designations from highest quality to lowest

A

Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
Wine

93
Q

Former name of PDO prior to 2009

A

Quality Wine Produced in a Specified Region (QWPSR)

94
Q

What wines make up the PGI tier?

A

All of the wines that were previously table wines with a geographic indication

95
Q

What wines make up the “Wine” tier?

A

Table wines that do not carry a geographical indication more specific than a single country

96
Q

Requirements for PDO designation

A

Wine must be made entirely from grapes grown in the clearly defined region after which they are named, and must be produced within a given area

97
Q

How do PGIs differ from PDOs?

A

PGIs are larger and generally more heterogeneous

98
Q

What designation is IGT equivalent to?

A

PGI

99
Q

What designation is Vinho Regional (Portugal) equivalent to?

A

PGI

100
Q

What is required for a PGI wine to be labeled with grape variety or vintage?

A

minimum of 85% must be of the named variety or vintage

If two or more varieties are named – wine must be produced entirely from those varieties in descending order of proportion

101
Q

What changed in terms of the “Wine” designation versus the previous allowances for the category?

A

The wines can now carry vintages and/or variety labeling as long as 85% is from that vintage or variety

102
Q

What does the allowing of vintage/variety on “Wine” bottlings allow for?

A

Competition more directly with varietally-labeled New World wines

103
Q

What is the minimum required on the label within the EU?

A

Wine’s category

Place of origin (as permitted)

104
Q

Quality Sparkling Wine requirements

A

Wines with CO2 produced wholly by a secondary fermentation in the bottle that are subject to disgorgement, and with a minimum of 9 months aging on the lees

105
Q

How long do Quality Sparkling Wines have to be aged on the lees?

A

9 months

106
Q

Sparkling Wine requirements

A

Must contain a minimum of 3 atm of pressure, carbon dioxide can come from a first or second fermentation but may not be injected

107
Q

Aerated Sparkling Wine

A

Wines whose “sparkle” is derived from the addition of CO2

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