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CSW/HBSC > Grape Varieties > Flashcards

Grape Varieties Flashcards

1
Q

Main grape species used for commercial wine

A

Vitis vinifera

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2
Q

Common term for grape subspecies

A

Variety

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3
Q

Cabernet Franc X Sauvignon Blanc

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

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4
Q

Offspring created via typical reproduction of two grapes within the same species

A

Cross (Crossing)

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5
Q

Major white grape of Burgundy

A

Chardonnay

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6
Q

South African nickname for Chenin Blanc

A

Steen

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7
Q

Leading red grape of Burgundy

A

Pinot Noir

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8
Q

Offspring created via typical reproduction of closely related but different species

A

Hybrid

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9
Q

White grape used in the sweet wines of Rutherglen

A

Muscat

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10
Q

Leading white grape of the Clare Valley

A

Riesling

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11
Q

Major white grape of Champagne

A

Chardonnay

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12
Q

Also known as Grauburgunder

A

Pinot Gris

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13
Q

White grape of Sancerre

A

Sauvignon Blanc

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14
Q

Red grape of Cahors

A

Malbec

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15
Q

Term created by Robert Mondavi for Sauvignon Blanc

A

Fume Blanc

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16
Q

Also known as Tinta Roriz

A

Tempranillo

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17
Q

Leading white grape of Hunter Valley

A

Semillon (Semillon in French)

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18
Q

Grape used in Barolo

A

Nebbiolo

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19
Q

Also known as Weissburgunder

A

Pinot Blanc (Pinot Bianco)

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20
Q

Predominant variety of the Cognac Region

A

Ugni Blanc (Trebbiano Toscano)

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21
Q

Grape (somewhat unique to California) known for “jammy” blackberry flavors

A

Zinfandel

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22
Q

Grape variety of Savennieres

A

Chenin Blanc

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23
Q

Red grape variety of Chinon

A

Cabernet Franc

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24
Q

White grape variety (grown in a few places, including Alsace) with aromas of flowers, perfume, and lychee

A

Gewurztraminer

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25
Q

Also known as Cannonau

A

Grenache

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26
Q

Leading red grape of Tuscany

A

Sangiovese

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27
Q

Homeland for Chasselas

A

Switzerland

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28
Q

Three grapes of the G-S-M blend

A

Grenache
Syrah
Mourvedre

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29
Q

What genus to grapes belong to?

A

Vitis

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30
Q

Where did vinifera vines develop?

A

In the Caucasus Mountains region between Europe and Asia

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31
Q

Second most important grape species, commercially

A

Vitis labrusca

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32
Q

What does Vitis labrusca generally make?

A

Sweet, flavorful grapes fit for fresh consumption or grape juice

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33
Q

Example of a Vitis labrusca grape

A

Concord

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34
Q

Generally speaking, why are Vitis labrusca grapes not often utilized in winemaking?

A

Extremely high acidity, and characteristic flavor component that is undesirable in wine (foxy)

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35
Q

What advantage do native North American vines have over vinifera?

A

Resistance to phylloxera

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36
Q

What are the North American vine species?

A

Vitis labrusca
Vitis riparia
Vitis aestivalis
Vitis rupestris

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37
Q

Species

A

Scientific grouping of plants or animals that are:
genetically similar
have broad characteristics in common
can produce viable offspring through sexual reproduction

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38
Q

Variety

A

Subspecies

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39
Q

Variety, in winemaking

A

Identifiable group of vines of the same species that share many characteristics of appearance, flavor, and growth

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40
Q

Clone

A

Perfect copies of a parent grape; generally used to mean grapes that are slightly different from their parent

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41
Q

How are virtually all grape varieties propagated in commercial wine making?

A

Asexually

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42
Q

How do clones occur?

A

When asexually reproduced grapevines are planted in new surroundings, and slight genetic variations occur as the plant adapts to new conditions

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43
Q

Mutation

A

A vine that has developed different characteristics from its parents or fellow clones through the imperfect reproduction of cells as it grows

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44
Q

Example of a Mutation

A

Pinot Gris and Pinot Blanc from Pinot Noir

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45
Q

Cross/Crossing

A

Offspring of sexual reproduction between different subspecies within the same species

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46
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring of sexual reproduction between two closely related but different species (Vitis vinifera x Vitis labrusca)

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47
Q

Examples of Hybrids

A

Seyval Blanc
Vidal Blanc
Baco Noir

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48
Q

Why are hybrids created?

A

Attempting to create a grape resistant to different moderating influences

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49
Q

Why are hybrids generally unsuccessful?

A

Hybrids struggle to develop adequate levels of tannin and can be be exceedingly acidic

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50
Q

One of the most widely grown white wine grapes in the world

A

Airen

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51
Q

International Variety

A

Grape variety that has been found to thrive in a wide range of growing conditions and are currently grown in many areas throughout the world

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52
Q

Indigenous Variety

A

Grape variety that has not been widely grown outside of its original home or has been tried but the results were unsuccessful

Implies grapes that are grown primarily in one place, have a long history in the area, and have adapted well to local conditions

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53
Q

Other names for Indigenous variety

A

Native or Traditional

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54
Q

Autochthonous

A

Indigenous grapes that are the result of natural cross-breeding or natural mutation in a specific area

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55
Q

Where is Chardonnay thought to be indigenous to?

A

Burgundy; also considered the highest expression due to the limestone soils

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56
Q

What is the “California style” of Chardonnay

A

Less acidic more full-bodied style typically produced in the New World

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57
Q

Characteristics of Chardonnay in a warmer climate

A

Ripe, tropical fruit flavors
Higher alcohol
Fuller body

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58
Q

Characteristics of Chardonnay in a cooler climate

A

Citrus flavors
Green fruit aromas
Crisp acidity
Lighter body

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59
Q

Is Chardonnay used to make a sweet wine?

A

No, although New World producers will leave some residual sugar to round out the body

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60
Q

Top producing countries of Chardonnay

A

France, United States, Australia

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61
Q

Chardonnay Profile

A 
(Cool) Green apple, melon, pears
(Warm) Tropical Fruit
(MLF) Butter
(Oak) Vanilla, butterscotch, caramel, toast
(Acid) Med - High
(Alcohol) Med - High
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62
Q

What is Chenin Blanc known for?

A

Its high acidity levels that make it able to be utilized in dry, sweet, or sparkling styles

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63
Q

Most widely planted grape variety in South Africa?

A

Chenin Blanc, representing 18% of plantings – this is twice as much as is grown in France

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64
Q

Top producing countries of Chenin Blanc

A

South Africa
France
United States (California Central Valley)

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65
Q

Chenin Blanc Profile

A

(Aroma) Green apple, yellow pear, melon, green plum, citrus, almond, white flowers, chamomile tea
(Aged) Honey and Quince
(Acidity) Medium-Plus to High
(Alcohol) Medium to High

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66
Q

What is Muscat primarily used for?

A

Sweet Wines

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67
Q

Well-known Mutations of Muscat

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains (white muscat with small berries)
Muscat of Alexandria
Muscat Ottonel

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68
Q

Which mutation of Muscat is considered of a higher quality?

A

Muscat Blanc a Petits Grains

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69
Q

Biggest characteristic of Muscat

A

Powerful floral aroma

Scent of fresh white grapes

70
Q

Best known iteration of Muscat

A

Moscato d’ Asti

71
Q

Top producing countries of Muscat

A

Italy
France
Chile
Australia

72
Q

Muscat Profile

A

(Aroma) Musk, honey, orange blossom, floral, apricot, table grapes
(Acidity) Low to Medium
(Alcohol) Medium to High

73
Q

Meaning of Pinot Gris/Grigio

A

Gray Pinot – in reference to the dusky or lightly pink-colored skin

74
Q

What is the style of Pinot Gris grown in Alsace/Oregon?

A

Cool climate, medium-plus acidity, medium to full body, neutral aromas displaying and apple-, pear-, or almond-like character, and sometimes a moderate amount of residual sugar

75
Q

Which style of Pinot Gris is the German iteration similar to?

A

Alsace/Oregon

76
Q

Synonyms for Pinot Gris in Germany

A

Rulander

Grauburgunder

77
Q

Compare the Pinot Grigio of the New World to Italy’s

A

New World (California/Australia) is medium-minus acidity and higher alcohol compared ot the cooler regions of production in Italy (Alto Adige/Veneto)

78
Q

Pinot Gris/Grigio Profile

A

(Aroma) Apple, lemon, melon, peach, minerals, almond
(Acidity) Low to High
(Alcohol) Medium

79
Q

Top producing countries of Pinot Gris/Grigio

A 
Italy
United States
Germany
France
Australia
80
Q

Why is Riesling one of the few quality grapes that can be grown in Germany?

A

Ability to withstand cold weather

81
Q

What does Riesling easily reflect?

A

Variations in terroir

82
Q

What is Riesling able to retain even with increasing levels of ripeness?

A

Acidity

83
Q

Why are Rieslings able to be aged?

A

The high acidity balanced with residual sugar – both of which have a preservative effect

84
Q

US Synonym for Riesling

A

White Riesling

Missouri Riesling is a different variety

85
Q

Top Producing Countries of Riesling

A

Germany
Australia
France
United States

86
Q

Riesling Profile

A

(Aroma) Lime, peach, nectarine, apricot, honeysuckle, wet stone, petrol/kerosene (depending on ripeness and bottle age)
(Well aged) Baking spices
(Acidity) High to Very High
(Alcohol) Very Low to High

87
Q

Sauvignon Blanc acts as

A

a true barometer of soil, site, and viticultural practices and can produce many different styles of wine, depending on where it is grown and how it is handled in the winery

88
Q

New Zealand style of Sauvignon Blanc

A

Distinct herbal character

Fruit-forward (grapefruit/tropical fruit)

89
Q

When was Fume Blanc created by Robert Mondavi?

A

1960s

90
Q

Why is Semillon blended with Sauvignon Blanc?

A

To balance out the acidity as Semillon has a softer acidity

91
Q

Top Producing Countries of Sauvignon Blanc

A 
France
New Zealand
Chile
United States
South Africa
92
Q

Sauvignon Blanc Profile

A 
(Cool Climate) Grass, hay, grapefruit, green pepper
(Warm Climate) Asparagus, melon
(Loire) Flint
(New Zealand) Gooseberry
(Oak Aged) Toast, smoke
(Acidity) Medium-plus to High
(Alcohol) Medium
93
Q

Semillon Character

A

Waxy/Oily on the Palate
Citrus (Lemon/yellow grapefruit)
Flowers (Honeysuckle, lemon blossom)
Tree Fruit (Peach, pear, green apple)

94
Q

What does Semillon display when underripe?

A

Herbal notes similar to Sauvignon Blanc

95
Q

Well known Australian region for Semillon

A

Hunter Valley (Hunter Valley Riesling)

96
Q

Viognier Character

A

Rich, viscous, full-bodied

Aromas of flowers, peach, and tangerine

97
Q

German/Austrian name for Pinot Blanc

A

Weissburgunder

98
Q

How does Pinot Blanc differ from Pinot Gris?

A

Pinot Blanc is generally lighter on the palate and more exotic in its aromas

99
Q

Gewurztraminer Character

A

Flowers, spice, lychee, and rose

100
Q

Original home of Gewurztraminer

A

Italian Alps; most prominent in Alsace now

101
Q

Most common white wine variety in Italy

A

Trebbiano Toscano

102
Q

Other use for Trebbiano Toscano

A

Commercial balsamic vinegar

103
Q

Synonym for Trebbiano Toscano

A

Ugni Blanc

104
Q

Primary use of Ugni Blanc

A

Brandy, including Cognac

105
Q

Significant White Grape of Argentina

A

Torrontes Riojano

106
Q

Significant White Grape of Austria

A

Gruner Veltliner

107
Q

Other Significant White Grapes of France

A

Aligote
Marsanne
Roussanne

108
Q

Other Significant White Grapes of Germany

A

Muller-Thurgau

Silvaner

109
Q

Significant White Grapes of Greece

A

Assyrtiko
Moschofilero
Rhoditis

110
Q

Significant White Grape of Hungary

A

Furmint

111
Q

Other Significant White Grapes of Italy

A 
Cortese
Garganega
Glera
Verdicchio
Vermentino
Vernaccia
112
Q

Significant White Grapes of Portugal

A

Alvarinho
Arinto
Fernao Pires

113
Q

Significant White Grapes of Spain

A 
Albarino
Godello
Macabeo/Viura
Palomino
Parellada
Pedro Ximenez
Verdejo
Xarel-lo
114
Q

Significant White Grape of Switzerland

A

Chasselas

115
Q

What about Cabernet Franc is complementary to Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Its red fruit and herbal flavors

116
Q

Where is Cabernet Franc bottled as a varietal wine?

A

In cooler regions that have trouble ripening Cabernet Sauvignon such as Chinon and Bourgueil

117
Q

Top Producing Countries of Cabernet Franc

A

France
Italy
United States

118
Q

Cabernet Franc Profile

A 
(Cool Climate) Cranberry, strawberry, tobacco, mushroom, bell pepper, tea
(Warm Climate) Raspberry, violet
(Acidity) Medium to High
(Tannin) Light to Medium
(Alcohol) Medium
119
Q

Why is Cabernet Sauvignon one of the most grown red grapes?

A

Consistency
Reliability
Depth of Flavor
Ability to develop complex flavors over a long, graceful aging period

120
Q

What gives Cabernet Sauvignon its ageability?

A

High Tannin Levels, often increased by liberal oak usage

121
Q

There is more ____________ planted than any other quality wine grape in the world

A

Cabernet Sauvignon

122
Q

What is the “Napa Cab” style?

A

higher in alcohol, lower in acidity, more fruit forward than Bordeaux

123
Q

Top Producing Countries of Cabernet Sauvignon

A

France
Chile
United States
Australia

124
Q

Cabernet Sauvignon Profile

A

(Aroma) black currant, black cherry, eucalyptus, mint, bell pepper (cool climate)
(New Oak) Chocolate, cedar, vanilla, tobacco
(Well-Aged) Coffee, caramel, cigar box
(Acidity) Medium to High
(Tannin) High
(Alcohol) High

125
Q

What does Grenache add to the G-S-M blend?

A

Color
Acidity
Complexity

126
Q

Where does Grenache thrive?

A

Hot, dry conditions (hence it can be a higher alcohol variety)

127
Q

Synonym of Grenache in Spain

A

Garnacha

128
Q

What style of Grenache is highly prized for concentration of flavor?

A

Old-Vine

129
Q

What do Grenache-based wines tend to do quickly?

A

Oxidize – picking up a salmon or orange tinge as well as a rusticity noticeable in the wine’s aroma or bouquet

130
Q

Top Producing Countries of Grenache

A

France

Spain

131
Q

Grenache Profile

A

(Aroma) Strawberry, sour cherry, flowers, black pepper, cranberry
(Acidity) Low to Medium
(Tannin) Low to Medium
(Alcohol) High

132
Q

How does Merlot contrast against Cabernet Sauvignon?

A

Less intense
Less tannic
Less alcoholic
Lighter, brighter fruit flavors

133
Q

Why are Merlot and Cabernet Sauvignon frequently blended?

A

Their aromas are similar but not identical, giving the combination a much richer array of flavors

Cab is late ripening while Merlot is early ripening which decreases the risks at either end of the growing season

134
Q

Top Producing Countries of Merlot

A 
France
United States
Spain
Italy
Chile
135
Q

Merlot Profile

A

(Aroma) Blueberry, plum, black cherry, mint, coffee, chocolate
(Acidity) Medium
(Tannin) Medium
(Alcohol) Medium to High

136
Q

What makes Pinot Noir a good variety for sparkling wine production?

A

Ability to produce flavorful grapes in cool conditions

137
Q

German name for Pinot Noir

A

Spatburgunder

138
Q

Why are there so many Pinot Noir clones?

A

It is genetically unstable and prone to mutation

139
Q

Top Producing Countries of Pinot Noir

A

France
United States
Germany

140
Q

Pinot Noir Profile

A

(Young Aroma) Raspberry, strawberry, cherry, red flowers
(Mature aroma) Forest floor, leather, mushroom
(Other aroma) Violet, lilac, sandalwood, mushroom
(Acidity) Medium to High
(Tannin) Low to Medium
(Alcohol) Medium

141
Q

Varietal style of Syrah

A

Inky, dark-flavored, and tannic

142
Q

Top Producing Countries of Syrah

A

France
Australia
United States

143
Q

Syrah Profile

A

(Aroma) Blackberry, tar, leather, anise, rosemary, black pepper, smoke, lavender, forest floor, dried fruits, smoked meats (well-aged)
(Acidity) Low to Medium
(Tannin) High
(Alcohol) High

144
Q

Zinfandel Character

A

Full Bodied
Densely Pigmented
High Alcohol
Jammy rasberry, blackberry, and raisin

145
Q

Synonyms of Zinfandel

A

Primitivo (Italy)

Tribidrag (Croatia)

146
Q

When did Chianti producers get the option to use 100% Sangiovese?

A

1996

147
Q

Sangiovese Character

A

Lightly Colored
High Acidity
Sour Cherry/Orange Peel flavor

148
Q

Nebbiolo Character

A

Tar & Roses
Cherry, Blackberry, Licorice
High Tannin

149
Q

Leading red grape of Spain

A

Tempranillo

150
Q

Tempranillo Character

A

Strawberry, red cherry, currant, spice

(Traditional) Leather, tobacco, chalky dust flavor

151
Q

Blending grape of Tempranillo in Rioja

A

Mazuelo

152
Q

Portugal Synonym for Tempranillo

A

Tinto Roriz

Aragonez

153
Q

Malbec Character

A 
Deeply colored (Inky black)
Blackberry/plum
154
Q

Technical name of Gamay

A

Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc

155
Q

Gamay Character

A

Red cherry, strawberry, banana, red candy
Low Tannin
Fruit Forward

(Granite) Rich, age-worthy with black fruit, raspberry, and spice

156
Q

Two false synonyms of Gamay no longer legally allowed in the United States

A

Napa Gamay

Gamay Beaujolais

157
Q

Teinturier

A

Grape with red flesh and skin

158
Q

What is Alicante Bouschet a crossing of?

A

Petit Bouschet and Grenache

159
Q

When was Alicante Bouschet first cultivated?

A

1866, became one of the most planted grapes in Europe and North America although that is no longer the case

160
Q

What is Alicante Bouschet used for?

A

in blends to add body and color intensity

161
Q

Spanish name for Alicante Bouschet

A

Garnacha Tintorera

162
Q

Significant Red Grape of Chile

A

Carmenere

163
Q

Other Significant Red Grapes of France

A

Carignan
Cinsaut (Cinsault)
Meunier (Pinot Meunier)
Mourvedre

164
Q

Significant Red Grape of Germany/Austria

A

Blauer Portugieser
Blaufrankisch
Zweigelt

165
Q

Significant Red Grape of Greece

A

Agiorgitiko
Mavrodaphne
Xinomavro

166
Q

Other Significant Red Grapes of Italy

A 
Aglianico
Barbera
Corvina
Dolcetto
Montepulciano
Negroamaro
Nero d'Avola
167
Q

Significant Red Grapes of Portugal

A

Touriga Franca, Touriga Nacional

168
Q

Significant Red Grape of South Africa

A

Pinotage

169
Q

Significant Red Grape of Spain

A

Monastrell (Mourvedre)

170
Q

Other Significant Red Grape of the United States

A

Petit Sirah

171
Q

Significant Red Grape of Uruguay

A

Tannat

CSW/HBSC (22 decks)

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