CSW Flashcards
1
Q
Five major components of wine
A
Water Alcohol Acid Sugar Phenolic compounds
2
Q
A highly volatile acid, often found in vinegar
A
Acetic Acid
3
Q
The main type of potable alcohol in wine
A
Ethanol (Ethyl alcohol)
4
Q
An acid that tastes like green apples
A
Malic acid
5
Q
The most prevalent acid found in both grapes and wine
A
Tartaric acid
6
Q
Another term for tartrates
A
Wine diamonds
tartaric acid crystals
7
Q
Conditions that can lead to a drop in malic acid
A
Warm/hot climate
The ripening phase
Over-ripe grapes
Malolactic fermentation
8
Q
Acid not found in grapes, but often produced during secondary fermentation (mlf)
A
Lactic acid
9
Q
Acid that is both a minor component of grapes, and a by-product of normal alcoholic fermentation
A
Succinic acid
10
Q
Typical range of pH for most wines
A
2.9 to 3.9
11
Q
Two main fermentable sugars found in grapes
A
Glucose and fructose
12
Q
Sugar remaining in a wine post-fermentation
A
Residual sugar
13
Q
Compounds that give red wine its color
A
Anthocyanins
14
Q
Yellow pigments found in white wines
A
Flavonols (flavones)
15
Q
Sources of tannin
A
Seeds, skins, and stems of grapes
Oak barrels/other oak products
16
Q
Compound found in red wine known for health benefits
A
Resveratrol
17
Q
What is meant by “polymerization”
A
When molecules (such as tannins) combine into longer molecule chains
18
Q
Oxidized alcohols
A
Aldehydes
19
Q
Molecules that result from the joining of an acid and an alcohol
A
Esters
20
Q
Chemical reactions resulting from dissolved oxygen
A
Oxidation
21
Q
In the US, wines containing more than ____ ppm of sulfur dioxide must carry a warning label
A
10 (ten)
22
Q
Wine fault described as smelling like “burnt matches”
A
Sulfur dioxide
23
Q
Substance that can smell like onions or garlic
A
Mercaptan
24
Q
Wine fault described as smelling like “rotten eggs”
A
Hydrogen sulfide
25
Wine fault that smells of nail polish remover
Ethyl Acetate
26
Smells like rancid butter
Butyric acid
27
Caused by 2,4,6-Trichloranisole
Cork taint
28
Bacteria that can turn wine into vinegar
Acetobacter
29
Provides "oxidized" aromas to Sherry
Acetaldehydes
30
Can lead to aromas such as:
Band-Aid
"Horsey"
"Sweaty"
Brett
| Brettanomyces
31
Term used for a "cooked" or "baked" aroma
Maderized
32
Two possible causes of geranium fault
Incomplete mlf
| Improper breakdown of sorbic acid
33
Conditions that lack oxygen
Reduction/Reductive
34
Main grape species used for commercial wine production
Vitis vinifera
35
Common term for grape subspecies
Variety
36
Cabernet Franc X Sauvignon Blanc
Cabernet Sauvignon
37
Offspring created via typical reproduction of two grapes within the same species
Cross (Crossing)
38
Major white grape of Burgundy
Chardonnay
39
South African nickname for Chenin Blanc
Steen
40
Leading red grape of Burgundy
Pinot Noir
41
Offspring created via typical reproduction of closely related but different species
Hybrid
42
White grape used in the sweet wines of Rutherglen
Muscat
43
Leading white grape of the Clare Valley
Riesling
44
Major white grape of Champagne
Chardonnay
45
Also known as Grauburgunder
Pinot Gris
46
White grape of Sancerre
Sauvignon Blanc
47
Red grape of Cahors
Malbec
48
Term created by Robert Mondavi for Sauvignon Blanc
Fume Blanc
49
Also known as Tinta Roriz
Tempranillo
50
Leading white grape of Hunter Valley
Semillon
51
Grape used in Barolo
Nebbiolo
52
Also known as Weissburgunder
Pinot Blanc (Pinot Bianco)
53
Predominant variety of the Cognac Region
Ugni Blanc
| Trebbiano Toscano
54
Grape (somewhat unique to California) known for "jammy" blackberry flavors
Zinfandel
55
Grape variety of Savennieres
Chenin Blanc
56
Red grape variety of Chinon
Cabernet Franc
57
White grape variety (grown in a few places, including Alsace) with aromas of flowers, perfume, and lychee
Gewurztraminer
58
Also known as Cannonau
Grenache
59
Leading red grape of Tuscany
Sangiovese
60
Homeland for Chasselas
Switzerland
61
Three grapes of the G-S-M blend
Grenache
Syrah
Mourvedre
62
Portion of the vine that includes leaves, branches, and fruit
Canopy
63
The vine's branches, while they are young and pliable
Canes
64
Inserting an unrooted cutting into the trunk of an existing vine
Field Grafting
65
Vines begin to decline at this age
20 (twenty) years
66
Ideal latitudes for commercial viticulture
30 to 50 degrees
67
Minimum temperature required to begin the emergence of new greenery in the spring
50 F/10 C
68
Sap flowing upward from the trunk out to the canes (before the emergence of new greenery)
Weeping
69
At the beginning of the growth cycle of the vine -- tiny shoots emerge
Bud Break
70
Transition from flower to berry
Fruit set (Berry set)
71
Condition in which many flowers do not develop into grapes
Coulure (Shatter)
72
Abnormality resulting in many small, seedless berries in the grape bunches
Millerandage
73
The beginning of ripening
Veraison
74
Typical time period from bud break to harvest
140 to 160 days
75
Process by which the vine produces sugar
Photosynthesis
76
Process by which the vine uses energy
Respiration
77
Process in which water evaporates through openings in the vine's leaves
Transpiration
78
Process by which materials are moved from one area of the plant to another
Translocation
79
French term for the combined natural factors of a vineyard site
Terroir
80
Bacterial disease spread via the glassy winged sharpshooter
Pierce's Disease
81
Fungal disease also known as oidium
Powdery Mildew
82
Fungal disease also known as peronospora
Downy Mildew
83
Root-eating louse of great threat to vineyards
Phylloxera
84
Vine-training system that does not use supports nor trellises
Head training (Bush training)
85
Cane-prune vine-training system that uses one cane from each vine
Single Guyot
86
Vine-training system that guides vines up a tall support
Pergola
87
Spur-pruned vine-training system where the branches are spread out from the vine along trellis wires
Cordon
88
VSP
Vertical shoot positioning
89
Breaking the skins of the grapes
Crushing
90
Separating the grape juice from the skins and other solids
Pressing
91
Contact between grape skins and juice prior to the start of fermentation
Cold Soak
92
Grape juice -- or a mixture of juice and solids -- destined for fermentation
Must
93
The first -- and the finest -- juice from the grapes
Free run
94
Adding sugar prior to fermentation
Chaptalization
95
French term for juice settling
Debourbage
96
Number of gallons in a 225-liter barrel
60 (Sixty)
97
Typical strain of commercial yeast used in winemaking
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
98
Secondary fermentation, initiated by bacteria
Malolactic fermentation
99
Buttery-scented chemical created via mlf
Diacetyl
100
Expired yeast cells (in a newly-fermented wine)
Lees
101
Allowing a newly fermented wine to remain in contact with the expired yeast cells
Sur lie aging
102
Stirring dead yeast cells and other solid matter in a recently-fermented wine
Batonnage
103
Clarification via gravity
Racking
104
Clarification via a substance such as gelatin or bentonite
Fining
105
Clarification via straining wine through a barrier
Filtration
106
Clarification via labratory equipment and accelerated gravity
Centrifuge
107
Clarification to prevent tartrate crystals
Cold Stabilization
108
Managing the cap via moving juice from the bottom of the tank and spraying it over the top
Pumping over
109
Managing the cap by physically pushing the cap down into the fermenting juice
Punching down
110
The French term for "rack and return"
Delestage
111
Alternative method of red wine production using whole, uncrushed grapes
Carbonic Maceration
112
"Bleeding" method used to produce red wines and rose
Saignee
113
Method used to produce very pale rose, such as those made in Provence
Direct Press
114
Vineyard mold that "shrivels" grapes for use in sweet wines such as Sauternes
Botrytis cinerea
115
The most highly regarded method of sparkling wine production
Methode Champenoise
| Traditional Method
116
French term for the blending stage of sparkling wine production
Assemblage
117
French term for a riddling rack
Pupitre
118
Prestige sparkling wines (translates to "cream of the crop")
Tete de Cuvee
119
Sparkling wine produced using white grapes
Blanc de blancs
120
Formula added to base wine in order to induce second fermentation (in the bottle)
Liqueur de tirage
121
Champagne produced using all red grapes
Blanc de noirs
122
Decomposition of yeast cells (during sur lie aging)
Autolysis
123
French term for riddling
Remuage
124
Removal of the dead yeast cells in a bottle of Champagne
Degorgement (Disgorging)
125
Small addition of wine (and perhaps sugar) added at the end of Champagne production
Dosage (Liqueur d'expedition)
126
Also known as the "tank method"
Charmat
| Cuve Close
127
Sweetness styles of Champagne, in order from driest to sweetest
```
Brut nature (Sans dosage)
Extra Brut
Brut
Extra Dry
Sec
Demi-Sec
Doux
```
128
Production method used to produce Italy's sparkling Moscato
Asti Method (Partial fermentation)
129
Traditional production method used to produce France's sparkling Limoux
Ancestral Method (Methode Ancestrale)
130
Rhone Valley sparkling wine produced using an ancient method
Clairette de Die Methode Dioise Ancestral
131
Halting fermentation via the addition of spirits
Mutage
132
Two main categories of Sherry
Fino and Oloroso
133
Series of barrels used for aging Sherry
Solera (Solera System)
134
The "layers" in a solera system
Criaderas ("nurseries")
135
Aging in the presence of flor yeast
Biological aging
136
Type of blending system used a solera
Fractional blending (refers to the fact that the barrels are never completely emptied)
137
Level of alcohol (after fortification) ideal for a wine that will undergo biological aging
15% to 15.5% abv (no higher)
138
Aging of Sherry while NOT in the presence of flor yeast
Oxidative aging
139
Style of fortified, sweet wines produced in the south of France
Vin doux naturel
140
Country of production: Madeira
Portugal
141
Country of production: Commandaria
Cyprus
142
Country of production: Marsala
Italy
143
Region of production: Banyuls
Roussillon
144
French term for wine produced by the fortification of grape must
Mistelle
145
Spanish term for wine produced by the fortification of grape must
Mistela (no fermentation)
| Vino de licor (small amount of fermentation allowed)
146
Fortified grape must used to sweeten Marsala
Sifone
147
EU term for all fortified wines
Vins de liqueurs (Vin de liqueur)
148
Country with the largest vineyard acreage in the world
Spain
149
Top three wine-producing countries, worldwide
France, Italy, Spain
| the exact order varies year to year
150
PDO
Protected designation of origin
151
PGI
Protected geographical indication
152
EU labeling laws: If a protected place name is used on a PDO wine, what % must be from said place?
100%
153
EU labeling laws: If a protected place name is used on a PGI wine, what minimum % must be from said place
85%
154
EU labeling laws: If a vintage date is used on a wine label what minimum % must be from said vintage?
85%
155
EU labeling laws: If a single grape variety is used on a wine label, what minimum % must be the stated grape?
85%
156
EU labeling term for sparkling wine made via second fermentation in the bottle (subject to lees aging and disgorgement)
Quality sparkling wine
157
EU labeling term for sparkling wine made via carbonation
Aerated sparkling wine
158
Minimum atm of pressure for EU sparkling wine
Minimum 3 atm
159
Most widely planted white grape in France
Ugni Blanc
| Trebbiano Toscano
160
Most widely planted red grape in France
Merlot
161
Three levels of the French wine "quality pyramid"
AOC/AOP
Vin de Pays (IGP/PGI)
Vin (formerly "table wine")
162
Region covered by the Pays d'Oc IGP
The western part of the French Mediterranean Coast, including Languedoc and Roussillon
163
Region covered by the Val de Loire IGP
The Loire Valley and Chablis
164
Region covered by the Comtes Rhodaniens IGP
Northern Rhone Valley and Savoie
165
Region covered by the Mediterranee IGP
Southeast France, including the Rhone Valley and Provence
166
Region covered by the Comte Tolosan IGP
Southwest France
167
Region covered by the L'Atlantique IGP
Bordeaux
Dordogne
Charentais
168
Region covered by the Terres du Midi IGP
(For certain blended wines in the) Languedoc and Roussillon
169
Four main regions of the Loire Valley
Pays Nantais
Anjou-Saumur
Touraine
Upper (Eastern) Loire
170
Grape variety of the Gros Plant du Pays Nantais AOC
Folle Blanche
171
Regional name for Chenin Blanc (used in the Loire)
Pineau de la Loire
172
Grape variety of Muscadet
Melon de Bourgogne
173
Regional name for Cabernet Franc (used in the Loire)
Breton
174
(2) appellations of Touraine approved for the production of reds and rose based on Cabernet Franc
Bourgueil
| St.-Nicolas-de-Bourgueil
175
Loire Valley's Grand Cru
Quarts de Chaume
176
Style of wine produced in the Quarts de Chaume AOC
Sweet white
100% Chenin Blanc
Typically botrytis-affected
177
2 other Loire Valley appellations (in addition to Quarts de Chaume) approved for sweet white wines
Coteaux du Layon AOC
| Bonnezeaux AOC
178
(3) types of wine produced in the Fiefs Vendeens AOC
```
White
(Chenin Blanc/Chardonnay)
Red
(Cab Franc/Negrette/Pinot Noir)
Rose
(Gamay/Pinot Noir)
```
179
Grape variety of Vouvray
Chenin Blanc
180
Grape varieties of Sancerre
```
Sauvignon Blanc (white)
Pinot Noir (red)
```
181
Grape variety of Savennieres
Chenin Blanc
182
Four appellations of Muscadet
Muscadet AOC
Muscadet Coteaux de la Loire AOC
Muscadet Cotes de Grandlieu AOC
Muscadet Sevre-et-Maine AOC
183
Grape varieties of Coteaux d'Ancenis
Pinot Gris/aka Malvoisie (white)
| Gamay (red and rose)
184
Three regional appellations for Loire Valley rose
Rose d'Anjou AOC
Cabernet d'Anjou AOC
Rose de Loire AOC
185
Typical grape varieties (6) used in Loire Valley rose
```
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Pinot Noir
Gamay
Grolleau
Malbec
(Among others)
```
186
Chief source for grapes for Cremant de Loire AOC
Saumur
187
Main grape variety of Chinon
Cabernet Franc
188
Type(s) of wine produced in the Saumur-Champigny AOC
Red wine only
| Cabernet Franc-based
189
Grape variety of the Pouilly-Fume AOC
Sauvignon Blanc
190
Three main rivers of Bordeaux
Garonne
Dordogne
Gironde (Estuary)
191
Eight AOCs of the Medoc
```
Medoc AOC
Haut-Medoc AOC
Saint-Estephe AOC
Pauillac AOC
Saint-Julien AOC
Listrac-Medoc AOC
Moulis-en-Medoc AOC
Margaux AOC
```
192
Six AOCs of Graves
```
Graves AOC
Graves Superieures AOC
Pessac-Leognan AOC
Cerons AOC
Barsac AOC
Sauternes AOC
```
193
Main town on Bordeaux's Right Bank
Libourne
194
Four satellites of Saint-Emilion
Lussac-St.-Emilion
Montagne-St.-Emilion
Puisseguin-St.-Emilion
St-Georges-St.-Emilion
195
Five sub-zones of the AOC Cotes de Bordeaux
```
Blaye-Cotes de Bordeaux
Cadillac-Cotes de Bordeaux
Castillon-Cotes de Bordeaux
Francs-Cotes de Bordeaux
Sainte Foy-Cotes de Bordeaux
```
196
Commune that is home to Chateau Lafite Rothschild
Pauillac
197
Commune (and region) that is home to Chateau Haut-Brion
Pessac (Graves)
198
Area north of the city of Bordeaux, on the Left Bank
The Medoc
199
Three main white grapes of Bordeaux
Semillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Muscadelle
200
Area south of the city of Bordeaux, on the Left Bank
Graves
201
Three main red grapes of Bordeaux
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Cabernet Franc
202
Three minor red grapes of Bordeaux
Malbec
Petit Verdot
Carmenere
203
Three regional appellations of Bordeaux
Bordeaux AOC
Bordeaux Superieur AOC
Cremant de Bordeaux AOC
204
Unique type of "light" red wine produced in Bordeaux
Clairet
205
"In futures"
En primeur
206
"Bordeaux Classification of ____"
1855
207
Five (current) first growths of the 1855 Classification
```
Chateau Haut-Brion
Chateau Lafite Rothschild
Chateau Latour
Chateau Margaux
Chateau Mouton Rothschild
```
208
Year of the first classifcation of Saint-Emilion
1954
209
Four (current) Saint-Emilion Premier Grand Cru Classe Category A properties
Chateau Angelus
Chateau Ausone
Chateau Cheval Blanc
Chateau Pavie
210
Three types of Alsace appellations
Alsace AOC
Cremant d'Alsace AOC
Alsace Grand Cru
211
Department located in the northern area of Alsace
Bas-Rhin
212
Department located in the southern area of Alsace
Haut-Rhin
213
Number of Grands Crus in Alsace
51
214
Mountain range to the west of Alsace
Vosges Mountains
215
Rule regarding varietal wines of the Alsace AOC
Must be 100% of the named grape variety
216
Four "noble grapes" of Alsace
Riesling
Muscat
Pinot Gris
Gewurztraminer
217
Grape variety also known as Klevener de Heiligenstein
Savagnin Rose
218
Grape allowed in fro sue Creamant d'Alsace AOC (but not in Alsace AOC)
Chardonnay
219
Ten grape varieties approved for use in non-sparkling Alsace AOC wines
```
Riesling
Gewurztraminer
Pinot Gris
Pinot Noir
Pinot Blanc
Sylvaner
Muscat
Chasselas
Auxerrois
Klevener de Heiligenstein (Savagnin Rose)
```
220
Terms used in Alsace for blended wines
Edelzwicker
| Gentil
221
Term used in Alsace for late harvest wines
Vendange(s)
| Tardive(s)
222
Term used in Alsace for botrytis-affected wines
Selection de Grains Nobles
223
Two main grapes of Burgundy
Pinot Noir
| Chardonnay
224
Minor grapes (6) of Burgundy
```
Gamay
Cesar
Pinot Gris
Pinot Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc
Sauvignon Gris
```
225
Number of Grand Crus in Burgundy
33
226
Number of Grands Crus in the Cote de Nuits
24
227
Number of Grands Crus in the Cote de Beaune
8
228
(Approximate) number of Premiers Crus in Burgundy
More than 600
229
Three AOCs of Chablis
Chablis AOC
Chablis Grand Cru AOC
Petit Chablis AOC
230
Seven parcels of the Chablis Grand Cru vineyard
```
Blanchot
Bougros
Les Clos
Grenouilles
Les Preuses
Valmur
Vaudesir
```
231
Burgundian term for plots of land delineated by terroir
Climat
| Note: the term "lieu-dit" is also used
232
Sub-appellations of the Bourgogne AOC*
La Chapelle-Notre Dame
Tonnerre
Cote d'Or
*Note: there are a total of 14 but these 3 are the only ones mentioned in the CSW Study Guide
233
Grape variety of the Bouzeron AOC
Aligote
234
Burgundy AOC that allows for the production of white wines using Sauvignon Blanc and/or Sauvignon Gris
Saint-Bris
235
Four major areas of Burgundy
Chablis
Cote d'Or
Cote Chalonnaise
Maconnais
236
Appellation for the traditional method sparkling wines of Burgundy
Cremant de Bourgogne AOC
237
Grand Cru -- located in the Cote de Beaune -- that produces both red and white wine
Corton
238
Grand Cru -- located in the Cote de Nuits -- that produces both red and white wine
Musigny
239
Five communal AOCs of the Cote Chalonnaise
```
Rully
Bouzeron
Givry
Mercurey
Montagny
```
240
Five village-level AOCs of the Maconnais
```
Pouilly-Fuisse
Pouilly-Loche
Pouilly-Vinzelles
Saint-Veran
Vire-Clesse
```
241
Grape variety of Pouilly-Fuisse AOC
Chardonnay
242
Three AOCs of the Yonne Departement
Irancy AOC
Saint-Bris AOC
Vezelay AOC
243
Main grape variety of Beaujolais
Gamay
| technically, Gamay Noir a Jus Blanc
244
Minor grape varieties (5) of Beaujolais
```
Chardonnay
Aligote
Pinot Noir
Melon de Bourgogne
Pinot Gris
```
245
River to the east of the Beaujolais region
The Saone
246
Beaujolais is located just to the south of the _____
Maconnais
247
Prized soil of northern Beaujolais
Granite
248
Beaujolais Nouveau release date
Third Thursday in November
249
Optional production method in Beaujolais -- produces "tropical fruit" and other flavors
Carbonic Maceration
250
3 Beaujolais Crus -- known for lighter styles
Chiroubles
Fleurie
St.-Amour
251
4 Beaujolais Crus -- known for fuller-bodied styles
Brouilly
Cote de Brouilly
Julienas
Regnie
252
3 Beaujolais Crus -- known for age-worthy styles
Chenas
Morgon
Moulin-a-Vent
253
Beaujolais Crus (All Ten)
```
Brouilly
Chenas
Chiroubles
Cote de Brouilly
Fleurie
Julienas
Morgon
Moulin-a-Vent
Regnie
St.-Amour
```
254
Three leading grape varieties of Champagne
Chardonnay
Pinot Noir
Meunier (Pinot Meunier)
255
Four minor grape varieties of Champagne
Pinot Blanc
Pinot Gris
Petit Meslier
Arbane
256
Two leading soil types of the Champagne Region
Chalk
| Limestone (Limestone Marl)
257
Leading soil type of the Cote des Bar
Kimmeridgian marl
258
Five main zones of the Champagne region
```
Montagne de Reims
Vallee de la Marne
Cote des Blancs
Cote de Sezanne
Cote des Bar
```
259
Leading grape of the Cote des Blancs and Cote de Sezanna
Chardonnay
260
Leading grape of the Cote des Bar
Pinot Noir
261
Leading grape of the Vallee de la Marne
Meunier
262
Leading grape of the Montagne de Reims
Pinot Noir
263
Three pressings of juice (terms used in Champagne)
First: Cuvee
Next: Taille
Last: Rebeche
264
Minimum bottle aging for Champagne AOC
15 months total, including at least 12 months on the lees
265
Minimum bottle aging for Vintage Champagne
36 months total, including at least 12 months on the lees
266
Recoltant Manipulant, or RM
Grower Champagne
267
Historic classification scheme for the vineyards (villages) of Champagne
Echelle des Crus
268
CIVC
Le Comite Interprofessionel du vin de Champagne
269
Producer of Clos de Mesnil
Krug
270
Producer of Vielles Vignes Francaises
Bollinger
271
Number of grand cru villages in Champagne
17
272
Number of premier cru villages in Champagne
42
273
Still wines (base wines) to be used in the production of Champagne
Vins clairs
274
Rose-only appellation for non-sparkling wines produced in Champagne
Rose des Riceys
275
Regional appellation for non-sparkling wines produced in Champagne
Coteaux Champenois
276
Location of the Rhone Valley
Begins 20 miles/32 km south of the city of Lyon, extends until the city of Avignon -- straddles the Rhone River
277
Cold, strong wind that affects the Rhone Valley
Mistral
278
Approximate length (north to south) of the Rhone Valley
120 miles/193 km
| (with a 30-mile/48-km gap between the North and the South
279
Grapes allowed for use (1 red, 3 white) in Northern Rhone AOCs
Syrah
Viognier
Marsanne
Roussanne
280
Terroir of the Northern Rhone
Steep-sided, terraced vineyards planted along the river as it passes between the Massif Central and the Alps
Mostly continental climate (hot summers/cold winters)
281
Red wine appellations of the Northern Rhone
```
Cote-Rotie
Cornas
Hermitage
Crozes-Hermitage
Saint-Joseph
```
282
Typical assemblage of Northern Rhone red wines
Based on Syrah; most allow for a small percentage of white grapes to be included
283
Required assemblage of Cornas AOC
Must be 100% Syrah
284
White wine appellations of the Northern Rhone
Condrieu
Chateau-Grillet
Saint-Peray
(Saint-Joseph, Hermitage, and Crozes-Hermitage all produce both white and red)
285
Grape variety of Condrieu
100% Viognier
286
Styles of wine produced in Saint-Peray
Still and sparkling wines using a blend of Marsanne and Roussanne
287
Terroir of the Southern Rhone
Broad lowlands
Mostly Mediterranean climate
(warm summers, abundant sunshine, minimal precipitation during growing season)
288
Well-known component of Southern Rhone topsoils
Galets (rounded river stones)
289
Most widely planted red grape of the Southern Rhone
Grenache
290
Typical assemblage of Southern Rhone reds
Typically blends; many are Grenache-focused and may also contain Syrah, Carignan, Mourvedre, and Cinsault (among others)
291
Typical assemblage of Southern Rhone whites
Typically dry blends based on Grenache Blanc, Clairette, Viognier, Ugni Blanc, Roussanne, Marsanne, Muscat, and others
292
Southern Rhone AOC that produces rose exclusively
Tavel AOC
293
Muscat-based vin doux naturel of the Southern Rhone
Muscat de Beaumes-de-Venise
294
Grenache-based vin doux naturel of the Southern Rhone
Rasteau
295
Famous wine of the Southern Rhone produced just north of Avignon
Chateauneuf-du-Pape
296
Grapes allowed for use in Chateauneuf-du-Pape
```
Grenache - Noir, Gris, and Blanc
Mourvedre
Syrah
Cinsault
Counoise
Bourboulenc
Roussanne
Brun Argente (Vaccarese)
Clairette
Clairette Rose
Muscardin
Picardin
Piquepoul - Noir, Gris, and Blanc
Terret Noir
```
297
Appellation of the Diois
Chatillon-en-Diois
Clairette de Die
Coteaux de Die
Cremant de Die
298
Regional appellations of the Rhone Valley
Cotes du Rhone
| Cotes du Rhone-Villages
299
Sangiovese (as used on Corsica)
Nielluccio
300
Vermentino (as used on Corsica)
Rolle
301
Vin doux naturel produced on Corsica
Muscat du Cap Corse AOC
302
Grape variety of Cahors
Malbec
303
Grape variety of Madiran
Tannat
304
Sweet wine of the Roussillon produced in a "Christmas Style"
Muscat de Rivesaltes
305
Grape variety of Blanquette de Limoux
Mauzac
306
Leading wine style of Provence
Dry rose
| 88% of all production
307
Three leading rose appellations of Provence
Cotes de Provence
Coteaux d'Aix-en-Provence
Coteaux Varois de Provence
308
Five sub-zones of the Cotes de Provence AOC
```
Sainte-Victoire
Frejus
La Londe
Pierrefeu
Notre-Dame des Anges
```
309
Largest AOC of the Languedoc-Roussillon (in terms of production)
Corbieres
310
Two Grenache-based vins doux naturels of the Roussillon
Banyuls
| Maury
311
Languedoc-based sparkling wine said to be the oldest purposefully-produced sparkling wine in France
Limoux Methode Ancestrale
312
Main grape variety of Bandol AOC
Mourvedre
313
Leading red grape of Piedmont, by acreage
Barbera
314
Other leading red grapes of Piedmont (in addition to Barbera)
```
Nebbiolo
Dolcetto
Freisa
Grignolino
Brachetto
(also: Bonarda, Vespolina, Ruche)
```
315
Leading white grapes of Piedmont
Moscato Bianco
Arneis
Cortese
(Also: Erbaluce)
316
Grape variety of Barolo and Barbaresco
Nebbiolo (must be 100%)
317
Aging requirements for Barolo
Minimum 38 months
Riserva: min. 62 months
(Note: counted from November 1 of the harvest year)
318
Aging requirements for Barbaresco
Minimum 26 months
Riserva: min. 50 months
(Note: counted from November 1 of the harvest year)
319
Grape variety of Gavi
Cortese
320
Name for Nebbiolo as used in Northern Piedmont
Spanna
321
Grape variety of Asti DOCG
Muscat (Moscato)
322
Three styleso f wine made in the Asti DOCG
1) Asti - sparkling, charmat
2) Asti Metodo Classico - sparkling, traditional method
3) Moscato d'Asti - slightly sparkling, partial fermentation method
323
Style of wine approved in 2017 for the Asti DOCG
Asti Secco
324
Required assemblage for Barbera d'Asti DOCG
Minimum 90% Barbera
325
Required assemblage for Nizza DOCG
100% Barbera
326
DOCG approved for red (Nebbiolo) and white (Arneis)
Roero DOCG
327
2 Nebbiolo-based DOCGs in Northern Piedmont
Ghemme DOCG
| Gattinara DOCG
328
Grape variety of Acqui DOCG
Brachetto
329
Four wines produced in the Valpolicella region
Valpolicella DOC
Valpolicella Ripasso DOC
Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG
Amarone della Valpolicella DOCG
330
Primary grape variety of Valpolicella
Corvina
331
Minor grape varieties of Valpolicella
Corvinone
| Rondinella
332
Sweet wine of Valpolicella
Recioto della Valpolicella DOCG
333
Term used for Bardolino rose
Chiaretto
| Note: the term is used for other wines as well
334
Primary grape of Soave
Garganega
335
Required assemblage of Soave
Min. 70% Garganega;
| remainder may be Trebbiano di Soave (Verdicchio) and/or Chardonnay
336
Three wines produced in the Soave region
Soave DOC
Recioto di Soave DOCG
Soave Superiore DOCG
337
Primary grape of Prosecco
Glera
| minimum 85%
338
Two DOCGs that produce Prosecco
Asolo Prosecco DOCG (Colli Asolani DOCG)
| Conegliano Valdobbiadene Prosecco Docg
339
Style of wine produced in the Lugana DOC
White wine based on Trebbiano di Lugana (related to Verdicchio)
340
Location of the Lugana DOC
South of Lake Garda, straddles the border between Veneto and Lombardy
341
Style of wine produced in the Piave Malanotte DOCG
Red wines based on Raboso
342
Style of wine produced in the Lison DOCG
White wines based on Friulano
343
Three-region DOC of northern Italy
Delle Venezie DOC
| (encompasses the total area of Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Trentino
344
The four levels of Italian wine classification
Vino (basic table wine)
Indicazione geographica tipica (IGT)
Denominazione di origine controllata (DOC)
Denominazione di origine controllata e garantita (DOCG)
345
Italian label term meaning "the central or historic part of a larger region"
Classico
346
Italian label term indicating a wine with a higher level of alcohol than required of the normale version
Superiore
347
Italian label term applied to wines with a longer minimum aging time than required of the normale version
Riserva
348
Dried-grape process
Appassimento
349
Process that re-uses the sediment from Amarone (or other wines)
Ripasso
350
Appellation used for sparkling wines produced in Trentino
Trento DOC
351
Leading white grapes of Trentino-Alto Adige
```
Chardonnay
Pinot Grigio
Pinot Bianco
Muller-Thurgau
Traminer (Gewurztraminer)
```
352
Leading red grapes of Trentino-Alto Adige
```
Cabernet Franc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Lagrein
Merlot
Marzemino
Schiava
Toroldego
```
353
Sweet wine made in Colli Orientali
Colli Orientali del Friuli Picolit DOCG
354
Grape variety of the "orange" wines of Collio Bianco DOC
Ribolla Gialla
355
Style of wine produced in the Ramandolo DOCG
Verduzzo-Based sweet white wines
356
Style of wine made in the Rosazzo DOCG
Dry white wines made using a minimum of 50% Friulano
| (other allowed grapes include Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Bianco, and Ribolla Gialla
357
Metodo Classico sparkling wine produced in Lombardy
Franciacorta DOCG
358
Grape varieties of Franciacorta DOCG
```
Chardonnay
Pinot Bianco (Pinot Blanc)
Pinot Nero (Pinot Noir)
Erbamat
```
359
Minimum lees aging of Franciacorta DOCG
18 months
360
Minimum lees aging of vintage-dated Franciacorta DOCG
30 months
361
Minimum lees aging of Franciacorta Riserva DOCG
60 months
362
A type of brut, blanc de blancs Franciacorta DOCG
Saten
363
Alternative name for Nebbiolo used in Valtellina
Chiavennasca
364
Style of wine made in the Valtellina Rosso DOC (And the Valtellina Superiore DOCG)
Red wines
| Minimum 90% Chiavennasca/Nebbiolo
365
DOCG red wine made in Lombardy using partially dried (passito) grapes
Sforzato di Valtellina DOCG
366
5 subzones of the Valtellina Superiore DOCG
```
Grumello
Inferno
Maroggia
Sassella
Valgella
```
367
DOCG white wine of Emilia-Romagna
Romagna Albana (Albana di Romagna)
368
3 DOCs for Lambrusco based in Emilia-Romagna
Lambrusco Salamino di Santa Croce DOC
Lambrusco Grasparossa di Castelvetro DOC
Lambrusco di Sorvara DOC
369
DOC for Lambrusco based in Lombardy
Lambrusco Mantovano DOC
370
Two DOCG-level wines based on Verdicchio
Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG
| Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOCG
371
Region of origin:
| Castelli di Jesi Verdicchio Riserva DOCG and Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva DOCG
Marches
372
Region of origin: Orvieto DOC
Umbria
373
Style(s) of wine produced in the Orvieto DOC
White wiens based on Grechetto and Trebbiano Toscano; dry to sweet
374
```
Terms used for:
Dry
Semi-dry
Semi-sweet
Sweet
```
Dry - Secco
Semi-dry - Abboccato
Semi-sweet - Amabile
Sweet - Dolce
375
Two DOCG wines of Umbria
Montefalco Sagrantino DOCG
| Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG
376
Required assemblage: Montefalco Sagrantino DOCG
100% Sagrantino
377
Required assemblage: Torgiano Rosso Riserva DOCG
Minimum 70% Sangiovese
378
Region of production: Frascati DOC
Lazio
379
One of Lazio's best-known wines: Est! Est!! Est !!! di _________.
Montefiascone
380
DOCG of Lazio that produces sweet (late harvest) white wines
Cannelioni di Frascati DOCG
381
Two red wine DOCGs of Campania
Taurasi DOCG
| Aglianico del Taburno DOCG
382
Main grape of Taurasi DOCG
Aglianico
383
Two white wine DOCGs of Campania
Greco di Tufo DOCG
| Fiano di Avellino DOCG
384
DOC that produces Lacryma Christi wines
```
Vesuvio DOC
(Lacryma Christi del Vesuvio)
```
385
Two DOCGs of Abruzzo
Colline Teramane Montepulciano d'Abruzzo DOCG
| Tullum/Terre Tollesi DOCG
386
Best-known DOC wines of Abruzzo (one white, one red)
Montepulciano d'Abruzzo DOC
| Trebbiano d'Abruzzo DOC
387
Abruzzo-based DOC for "cherry-colored" wines based on the Montepulciano Grape
Cerasuolo d'Abruzzo DOC
388
Main red grape of Clabria's Ciro DOC
Gaglioppo
389
Main white grape of Calabria's Ciro DOC
Greco Bianco
390
Style of wine made in the Greco di Bianco DOC
Copper-colored dessert wine; made using partially-dried Greco Bianco grapes
391
Late-harvest DOCG wine produced in Puglia
Primitivo di Manduria Dolce Naturale DOCG
392
Main grape variety of the Salice Salentino DOC
Negroamaro
393
DOCG wine of Sicily
Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG
394
Grape varieties used in Cerasuolo di Vittoria DOCG
Nero d'Avola
| Frappato
395
3 leading white grapes of Marsala
Catarratto
Grillo
Inzolia
396
3 leading styles of Marsala (based on color)
Oro (golden)
Ambra (amber)
Rubino (ruby/red)
397
3 styles of Marsala (based on sweetness)
Secco (dry = max. 4% RS)
Semisecco (semi-dry = 4% to 10% RS)
Dolce (sweet = more than 10% RS)
398
Minimum required aging: Marsala Fine
One Year
399
Minimum required aging: Marsala Superiore
Two years
400
Minimum required aging: Marsala Superiore Riserva
Four years
401
Minimum required aging: Marsala Vergine and Marsala Solera
Minimum of 5 years in a solera
402
Minimum required aging: Marsala Vergine Stravecchio Riserva
Minimum of 10 years cask aging
| also: the wine must be dry
403
Grape variety also known as Cannonau
Grenache/Garnacha
404
Required assemblage: Cannonau di Sardegna DOC
Minimum 85% Cannonau
| 90% for riserva
405
DOCG wine of Sardinia
Vermentino di Gallura DOCG
406
Three primary cities of Tuscany
Florence
Pisa
Siena
407
Portion of the Mediterranean Sea bordering Tuscany
Tyrrhenian Sea
408
Leading red grapes of Tuscany
| 3 Italian, 5 International
```
Sangiovese
Canaiolo Nero
Colorino
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Cabernet Franc
Pinot Noir
Syrah
```
409
Leading white grapes of Tuscany
| 3 Italian, 2 International
```
Trebbiano Toscano
Malvasia Bianca Lunga
Vernaccia
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
```
410
Proportion of red wines (versus total production) in Tuscany
Nearly 90% of total production is red
411
Traditional Tuscan winemaking technique that "extends" fermentation via the use of overripe or dried grapes
Governo
| Governo all'uso Toscano
412
Grapes used in typical (white) Vin Santo
Trebbiano Toscano
| Malvasia Bianca Lunga
413
Label term indicating an amber (or light red) version of Vin Santo
Occhi di Pernice
| "eye of the partridge"
414
Grape(s) used in amber versions of Vin Santo
Sangiovese
415
What is Sassicaia?
The original Super Tuscan (now produced under the Bolgheri Sassicaia DOC)
416
Producer of Sassicaia
Tenuta San Guido
417
Town (and DOC) on the Tuscan Coast considered to be the "birth place" of the Super-Tuscans
Bolgheri
Bolgheri DOC
(the broader area is also known as the Maremma)
418
Two "Super Tuscan" wines produced by Marchese Piero Antinoiri
Tignanello
| Solaia
419
Appellation used by most Super Tuscan wines
IGT Toscana
| also: Bolgheri DOC, Maremma Toscana DOC
420
Date of the original designation of the Chianti wine region
1716
421
Minimum percentage of Sangiovese in Chianti DOCG
70%
422
Other grape varieties (in addition to Sangiovese) permitted for use in Chianti DOCG
Canaiolo Nero
trebbiano Toscano
Malvasia
"Other suitable red varieties"
423
Seven subzones of the Chianti DOCG
```
Colli Aretini
Colli Fiorentini
Colli Senesi
Colline Pisane
Montalbano
Montespertoli
Rufina
```
424
Minimum percentage of Sangiovese in Chianti Classico DOCG
80%
425
Year that white grapes were excluded from use in Chianti Classico DOCG
2006
426
Category added in 2014 to represent the "top tier" of Chianti Classico
Chianti Classico Gran Selezione
427
DOCG white wine of Tuscany
Vernaccia di San Gimignano
428
Main grape variety of Vino Nobile di Montepulciano DOCG
(min. 70%)
Prugnolo Gentile
(aka Sangiovese)
429
Local name for Sangiovese in Scansano
Morellino
430
DOCG wine produced in Scansano
Morellino di Scansano DOCG
431
DOCG red wine produced in Montalcino
Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
432
Required assemblage for Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
100% Brunello
| local name [clone] of Sangiovese
433
Minimum aging requried for Brunello di Montalcino DOCG
Min. two years in wood
PLUS min. four months in bottle
May not be sold before January 1 of the fifth year following harvest
(total = just over 4 years)
434
DOC-level red wine produced in Montalcino
Rosso di Montalcino
435
Required assemblage for Carmignano DOCG
Min. 50% Sangiovese
10 to 20% (combined)
Cabernet Sauvignon/Cabernet Franc
436
Four Tuscan DOCs specifically for Vin Santo
Vin Santo del Chianti DOC
Vin Santo del Chianti Classico DOC
Vin Santo di Montepulciano DOC
Vin Santo di Carmignano DOC
437
Four classifications for PDO wines in Spain
Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VCIG)
Denominacion de Origen (DO)
Denominacion de Origen Califacada (DOCa)
Vino de Pago (Estate Wine)
438
Spanish classification for PGI Wines
Vino de la Tierra (VdlT)
439
Regulating body of each DO
Consejo Regulador
440
Alternative names for the Mazuelo grape
Carinena
| Carignan
441
Alternative name for the Viura grape
Macabeo
442
Vino Nobile
Wine that has aged for a minimum of 18 months (barrel or bottle)
May be used for PGI or PDO wines
443
Vino Anejo
Wine that has aged for a minimum of 24 months (barrel or bottle)
May be used for PGI or PDO wines
444
Vino Viejo
Wine that has aged for a minimum of 36 months in an oxidative environment
May be used for PGI or PDO wines
445
Label term:
| Joven/Generico
Wine that has been aged for shorter than the time needed to qualify for "Crianza" status;
May only be used for PDO wines
446
PDO label term:
| Crianza (for red wines)
Minimum aging:
24 months (including 6 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards
447
PDO label term:
| Riserva (for red wines)
Minimum aging:
36 months (including 12 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards
448
PDO label term: Gran Riserva (for red wines)
Minimum aging: 60 months (including 18 months in barrel)
| Note: some DOs have stricter standards
449
PDO label term: Crianza (for white and rose)
Minimum aging: 18 months (including 6 months in barrel)
| Note: some DOs have stricter standards
450
PDO label term: Riserva (for white and rose)
Minimum aging: 24 months (including 6 months in barrel)
| Note: some DOs have stricter standards
451
PDO label term: Gran Riserva (For white and rose)
Minimum aging: 48 months (including 6 months in barrel)
| Note: some DOs have stricter standards
452
Two DOCa wines of Spain
```
Rioja DOCa
Priorato DOCa (Priorat DOQ)
```
453
Three main white grapes of Rias Bzixas
Albarino
Loureira
Treixadura
454
Main grape variety of Rueda
Verdejo
455
Other white grapes used in the Rueda DO (in addition to Verdejo)
Sauvignon Blanc
| Viura
456
Grapes allowed for use in Rueda DO - red wines
Tempranillo
Cabernet Sauvignon
Garnacha
Merlot
457
Style(s) of wine produced in the Cigales DO
Red and rose, based on Tempranillo (Tinta del Pais), often blended with Garnacha
458
Main grape variety of Ribera del Duero
Tempranillo
| here known as Tinta del Pais or Tinto Fino
459
Minor red grape varieties of Ribera del Duero
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Malbec
Garnacha
460
Unique terroir of Ribera del Duero
Hot summers. cold winters
Vineyards are among the highest-elevation in Spain (as high as 2500 ft/760 m)
Large diurnal temperature shifts
461
Principal grapes of the Navarra DO
Tempranillo and Garnacha
| Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay are gaining in importance
462
Leading DO of Aragon
Somontano DO
463
DO -- formerly known as Flaset -- adjacent to Priorat
Montsant
464
Region where the majority of Cava is produced
Penedes
| Catalonia
465
Three primary white grapes of Cava
Macabeo
Parellada
Xarel-lo
466
Red grapes allowed for use in Cava
Pinot Noir
Garnacha
Monastrell
Trepat
467
Minimum required lees aging for Cava
9 months
468
Minimum required lees aging for Cava Reserva
15 months
469
Minimum required lees aging for Cava Gran Reserva
30 months
470
Minimum required lees aging for Cava de Paraje Calificado
36 months
471
Grape also known as Monastrell
Mourvedre
472
Region that grows a large proportion of Spain's Airen grapes (for use in brandy)
Castilla-La Mancha
473
DO located in Castilla-La Mancha named for the "Valley of the Rocks"
Valdepenas DO
474
Grape variety also known as Cencibel
Tempranillo
475
Spain's largest DO, in terms of total area
La Mancha DO
476
Three DOs of Murcia
Jumilla
Yecla
Bullas
477
Leading grape variety of the Montilla-Moriles DO
Pedro Ximenez
478
Outstanding climate features of Montilla-Moriles
Intense summer heat (the area is located inland and relatively far south);
grapes may be super-ripe and wines may be very high abv%
479
Secondary grape of Montilla-Moriles DO
Moscatel (Muscat)
480
Year that Rioja was first designated as a DOCa
1991
481
Location of the Rioja DOCa
North-central Spain, inland from the Cantabrian Mtns;
Mostly in the autonomia of La Rioja;
Some vineyards in Navarra and Basque Country
482
River that flows through the Rioja DOCa
Ebro River
483
Three zones of the Rioja DOCa
Rioja Alta
Arioja Alavesa
Rioja Oriental (formerly Rioja Baja)
484
The high-altitude, hilly area covering most of the western half of the Rioja DOCa
Rioja Alta
485
The portion of the western half of Rioja DOCa located (mostly) north of the Ebro River
Rioja Alavesa
486
The lower and flatter eastern portion of the Rioja DOCa;
| The hottest and driest of the zones
Rioja Oriental
| formerly known as Rioja Baja
487
Primary red grapes of the Rioja DOCa
Tempranillo
Garnacha
Mazuelo
Graciano
488
Principal white grape of the Rioja DOCa
Viura
489
White grapes (in addition to Viura) allowed for use in Rioja DOCa
```
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Malvasia
Garnacha Blanca
Maturana Blanca
Verdejo
```
490
Grape variety most often used in the production of Rioja Rose
Grenache/Garnacha
491
Sparkling wine produced in the Rioja DOCa
Vino Espumoso de Calidad de Rioja DOCa
492
Traditional aging vessels used in Rioja
225-liter American oak barrels
493
"Traditional" style of red rioja
Highly tannic
Extensive oak aging
Meant to bottle-age for long periods
Emphasis on earthiness, minerality, and "leathery" character
494
"Modern" style of red Rioja
Single-vineyard
Single-variety
Approachable at a younger age
495
Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Crianza (red)
2 years total aging,
| including 12 months in oak
496
Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Reserva (red)
3 years total aging, including 12 months in oak and 6 months in the bottle
497
Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Gran Reserva (red)
24 months in oak, 24 months in bottle, total of 60 months
498
Location of Priorato DOCa
In Catalonia, just inland from Barcelona, mountainous region about 18 miles/29 km from the Mediterranean
499
Year that Priorato was "promoted" to DOCa
2009
500
Principal red grapes of the Priorato DOCa
Garnacha and Carinena (Carignan) are the most prominent;
| Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah are also allowed
501
Decomposed slate soils of Priorat
Llicorella
502
White grapes allowed for use in Priorat
Garnacha Blanca
Macabeo
Pedro Ximenez
(plus others)
503
DO that covers Sherry
Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO
504
Three towns of the Sherry Triangle
Jerez de la Frontera
El Puerto de Santa Maria
Sanlucar de Barrameda
505
Three grapes used in Sherry
Palomino
Moscatel
Pedro Ximenez
506
Leading grape used in most (dry) Sherries
Palomino
507
Three main soil types of Jerez
Albariza
Barro
Arena
508
Style of Sherry that is aged with flor yeast
Fino
509
Sherry that is aged under flor is said to undergo ______ aging
Biological
510
Style of Sherry that is aged without flor yeast
Oloroso
511
Sherry that is NOT aged under flor is said to undergo _______ aging.
Oxidative
512
Style of Sherry that is first aged under flor, then aged oxidatively
Hybrid-Style Sherry
513
Soleo
The process of drying grapes (post-harvest) in the hot sun
514
Two styles of dried-grape Sherry
Pedro Ximenez
| Moscatel
515
Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for 12 to 15 years
Vinos con indicacion de edad
516
Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for a minimum of 20 years
Vinum optimum signatun
| VOS/Very Old Sherry
517
Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for a minimum of 30 years
Vinum optimum rare signatun
| VORS/Very Old Rare Sherry
518
Unfiltered or unfined Sherry
En Rama
519
Anada Sherry
Single-vintage Sherry
520
A fino sherry from the coastal town of El Puerto de Santa Maria
Puerto Fino
521
Type of Sherry that must be aged in Sanlucar de Barrameda
Manzanilla
522
DO for Manzanilla
Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO
523
Sweetened fino Sherry, originally produced in Bristol
Pale Cream
524
Two types of Hybrid Sherry
Amontillado
| Palo Cortado
525
A sweetened Oloroso Sherry made famous by the "Harvey's Bristol" brand
Cream Sherry
526
Five preferred red varieties for Port
```
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Tinta Barroca
Tinto Cao
```
527
2 leading varieties for white Port
Gouveio
| Malvasia Fina
528
System used to rank the Port wine vineyards of the Douro
Cadastro
529
Three subregions of the Douro
Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior
530
The westernmost (and most fertile) section of the Douro
Baixo Corgo
531
The central core of the Douro
Cima Corgo
532
Terroir/climate of the Cima Corgo
Steep rocky slopes
Schist and granite soils
Hot summers/cold winters
533
The upriver, eastern portion of the Douro
Douro Superior
534
Subregion of teh Douro with the greatest concentration of high-quality Port vineyards
Cima Corgo
535
Annual authorization determining the amount of wine allowed to be used in the production of Port
Beneficio
536
Low, open troughs traditionally used in the production of Port
Lagares
537
Traditional barrels used to transport Port
Pipes
538
Traditional boats used to transport Port
Barcos Rabelos
539
Seaside town where many Port Lodges are located
Vila Nova de Gaia
540
Port aged for about two years in large casks before being bottled and ready-to-drink
Ruby Port
541
A blend of premium Ruby Ports (bottled after four to six years of aging)
Reserve Port
542
Port from a single year's harvest, produced only in the best years
Vintage Port
543
Aging and bottling date required for Vintage Port
Must be aged in cask
Must be bottled July 30 of the third year following harvest
(Considered very age-worthy and may improve in the bottle for many years)
544
Port from a single year, matured in large oak vats for four to six years before bottling
Late-Bottled Vintage Port
545
Port produced from the grapes of a single estate and a single year
Single Quinta Vintage Port
546
A single-vintage tawny Port
Colheita Port
547
Style of Port introduced by Croft in 2008
Rose Port
548
Most widely-grown grape on the isalnd of Madeira
Tinta Negra
549
Four "noble" grapes of Madeira
Sercial
Verdelho
Boal (Bual)
Malvasia (Malmsey)
550
Style of Madeira indicated by "Sercial"
Extra dry or dry, highly acidic
551
Style of Madeira indicated by "Verdelho"
Off-dry or medium dry, honeyed, somewhat smokey
552
Style of Madeira indicated by "Boal"
Sweet, raisiny, medium-rich, highly aromatic
553
Style of Madeira indicated by "Malmsey"
Very sweet, somewhat soft, very rich
554
Madeira production method involving storing barrels "in the rafters"
Canteiro
555
Madeira production method involving heating the wine in a vat
Estufagem (cuba de calor)
556
Madeira production method involving leaving the wine in steam-heated rooms
Armazem de calor
| Used mainly by the Madeira Wine Company
557
Traditional name for off-dry, blended Madeira
Rainwater Madeira
558
Minimum age of Rainwater Madeira
3 years
559
Minimum and maximum age of a reserve Madeira
5 to 10 years
560
Minimum and maximum age of Special Reserve Madeira
10 to 15 years
561
Minimum and maximum age of Extra Reserve Madeira
15 to 20 years
562
Requirements for Colheita Madeira
Single vintage (min 85%) at least 5 years of aging
563
Minimum age of a Frasqueira (vintage) Madeira
20 years
564
Three levels of wine classification in Portugal
Vinho (Vinho de Portugal)
Vinho Regional (VR) - PGI
Denomicacao de Origem Controlada (DOC) - PDO
565
3 red grapes used in the production of Port and widely used for non-fortified wines
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
566
3 other leading red grapes of Portugal
Castelao (Periquita)
Baga
Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)
567
Leading white grape of Portugal
Fernao Pires
| Maria Gomes
568
Another name for Tinta Amarela
Trincadeira
569
Grape also known as TInta Roriz
Tempranillo
| Tinta Aragonez
570
DOC wine produced in the Minho
Vinho Verde
571
Styles of wine produced in the Vinho Verde DOC
```
Mostly white (some red and rose)
Light and high acid
Some with "spritz"
Meant to be consumed young
Some sparkling (espumante)
```
572
Two leading white grapes of Vinho Verde
Alvarinho
| Loureiro
573
Leading grape of red Vinho Verde
Vinhao
574
Three appellations used in the Douro
Porto DOC
Douro DOC
VR Duriense
575
Classification used for unfortified wines produced on the island of Madeira
Madeirense DOC
| Terras Madeirenses VR
576
DOC located within the Beira Atlantico VR
Bairrada DOC
577
Main grape variety in red wines of the Bairrada DOC
Baga
578
DOC located south (and inland) of the Minho; well-known for unfortified wines
Dao DOC
579
Leading red grapes of the Dao DOC
Alfrocheiro
Tinta Roriz
Jaen (Mencia)
Touriga Nacional
580
Leading white grapes of the Dao DOC
Encruzado
| Bical
581
Beach-area DOC known for its famous sand dunes and wooden fences
Colares DOC
582
Leading grape varietites of the Colares DOC
Ramisco (red)
| Malvasia (white)
583
Lisboa-area DOC well-known for brandy (aguardente)
Lourinha DOC
584
Vin doux naturel produced in the region of Setubal
Moscatel de Setubal
585
The southernmost region on the Portuguese mainland
Algarve
586
Four DOCs of Algarve
Lagos DOC
Portimao DOC
Lagoa DOC
Tavira DOC
587
Three DOCs in the Azores
Biscoitos
Graciosa
Pico
588
Leading style(s) of wine produced in the Azores
Mostly white
Dry or fortified
Based on Verdelho, Arinto (Pederna), or Terrantez
589
Top two (most widely planted) white grapes in Germany
```
#1 - Riesling
#2 - Muller-Thurgau
```
590
Leading red grape in Germany
Spatburgunder
591
German name for Pinot Gris
Grauburgunder or Rulander
592
German name for Pinot Blanc
Weissburgunder
593
Basic German "wine" (formerly "table wine") made from 100% German grapes
Deutscher Wein
594
ggA
geschutztze geographische Angabe (PGI category)
595
gU
geschutzte Ursprungsbezeichnung (PDO category)
596
Two levels of gU wines
Qualitatswein
| Pradikatswein
597
Levels of the German Pradikat
| from lowest to highest
```
Kabinett
Spatlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese/Eiswein
Trockenbeerenauslese
```
598
Level of the German Pradikat that translates to "late harvest"
Spatlese
599
Level of the German Pradikat that translates to "selected harvest"
Auslese
600
Level of the German Pradikat that translates to "selected dried berries"
Trockenbeerenauslese
601
Scale used in Germany to determine grape ripeness (density)
The Oechsle Scale
602
Germany has 13 of these "Quality Wine Regions"
Anbaugebiete
603
Germany has just over 40 of these "regional" or "district-style" appellations
Bereiche
604
Germany has just over 160 of these geographically-based appellations
Grosslagen
605
Germany has over 2,700 appellations, which are somewhat "vineyard-based"
Einzellagen
606
Germany's 13 Quality Wine Regions
```
Ahr
Baden
Franken
Hessische Bergstrasse
Mittelrhein
Mosel
Nahe
Pfalz
Rheingau
Rheinhessen
Saale-Unstrut
Sachsen
Wurttemberg
```
607
VDP
Verband Deutscher Pradikatsweinguter
| the Association of German Pradikat Wine Estates
608
Four levels of wine/vineyard classification in the VDP scheme
Grosse Lage (highest)
Erste Lage
Ortswein
Gutswein
609
Unfermented grape juice that may be added to wine after fermentation
Sussreserve
610
German sparkling wine produced using the traditional or tank method
Sekt
611
German sparkling wine produced via carbonation
Schaumwein
612
Weissherbst
Single-variety rose of at least Qualitatswein-level quality
613
The Mosel River runs northeast (from Trier) until it flows in to the _____ River.
Rhine
614
Central area of the Mosel
Mittelmosel
615
Two important tributaries of the Mosel
Saar
| Ruwer
616
Wine region located along the Rhine River, including 15 miles (24 km) where the river flows west
Rheingau
617
The one (and only) Bereich of the Rheingau
Johannisberg
618
Wine region located to the southwest of the Rheingau
Nahe
619
Leading wine region in terms of area under vine and quantity/output
Rheinhessen
620
Wine region located north of Alsace
Pfalz
621
Wine region located along the Main River
Franken
622
Wine region located to the north of Baden, named for a mountain road
Hessische Bergstrasse
623
Region heavily planted to red grapes, with many vineyards located in the Neckar River Valley
Wurttemberg
624
Wine region located (in part) along the Rhine River and Lake Constance
Baden
625
Considered the warmest Bereich in Germany
Kaiserstuhl (Baden)
626
Wine region that (despite its northerly location) is planted to 85% red grapes
Ahr
627
Two wine regions in the former East Germany
Sachsen
| Saale-Unstrut
628
Leading grape variety of Austria
Gruner Veltliner
629
Name for Chardonnay (sometimes) used in Austria
Morrillon
630
Most widely planted red grape in Austria
Zweigelt
631
Parentage: Zweigelt
Blaufrankisch X St. Laurent
632
Austrian scale for must weight
KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwaage
633
Three levels of wine classification used in Austria
Basic wine: Wein
PGI: Landwein
PDO: Qualitatswein, Pradikatswein, DAC
634
What is a DAC?
Districtus Austriae Controllatus
| PDO regions that are approved only for specific grape varieties and types of wine)
635
Austrian dried-grape wine
Strohwein (Schilfwein)
636
Austrian "mountain wine"
Bergwein (minimum 26% gradient)
637
Three terms (indicating ripeness) used by the Vinea Wachau
Steinfeder
Federspiel
Smaragd
638
Austria's three Landwein regions (Weinbauregion)
Weinland Osterreich
Steierland
Bergland
639
Austria's four quality wine regions (Weinbaugebiete)
Burgenland
Niederosterreich
Wien (Vienna)
Steiermark
640
Burgenland DAC approved for both red and white wines
Leithaberg DAC
641
DAC -- located in Niederosterreich -- approved for Gruner Veltliner only
Weinviertel DAC
642
Grape varieties (2) allowed in the Traisental, Kremstal, and Kamptal DACs
Gruner Veltliner
| Riesling
643
Two DACs -- located in Burgenland -- approved for Blaufrankisch only
Mittelburgenland DAC
| Eisenberg DAC
644
DAC -- located in Burgenland -- approved for Zweigelt and Zweigelt-based blends
Neusiedlersee DAC
645
Niederosterreich DAC -- approved in 2019 -- for dry wines (100% varietal and/or blends)
Carnuntum DAC
646
DAC approved for white field blends only
Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC
647
Wine region -- located in Niederosterreich -- formerly known as Donauland
Wagram
648
Three DACs of Steiermark
Sudsteiermark DAC
Vulkanland Steiermark DAC
Weststeiermark DAC
649
DAC where 20% of the vineyards are Sauvignon Blanc
Sudsteiermark DAC
650
DAC known for volcanic soils
Vulkanland Steiermark DAC
651
Region of production: Schilcher Rose
Weststeiermark DAC
652
Grape variety used in Schilcher Rose
Blauer Wildbacher
653
Traditional, seasonal wine taverns of Austria
Heurigen
654
Dessert wine produced near the town of Rust
Ruster Ausbruch
655
Levels of the Austrian Pradika, from lowest to highest
Spatlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese/Eiswein/Strohwein
Trockenbeerenauslese
656
Alternative name of Hungary's "Egri Bikaver"
Bull's Blood/Bull's Blood of Eger
657
Main grape variety of Egri Bikaver
Kadarka
658
Alternative name for Blaufrankisch (used in Hungary)
Kekfrankos
659
Famous dessert wine of Hungary
Tokaji Aszu
660
In addition to Hungary Tokaji Aszu is produced in a small area of:
Slovakia
661
2 leading grape varieties of Tokaji Aszu
Furmint
| Harslevelu
662
Ultra-sweet wine produced in Tokaj using free-run from botrytis-affected grapes
Eszencia
| Essencia
663
The inland area of Croatia
Kontinentalna Hrvatska
664
The western (coastal) portion of Croatia
Primorska Hrvatska
665
Croatia's native grape considered synonymous with Zinfandel
Crljenak Kastelanski
| also known as Tribidrag
666
Most widely grown white grape in Croatia
Grasevina (Welschriesling)
667
Leading white grape of Switzerland
Chasselas (Fendant)
668
Leading red grape of Switzerland
Pinot Noir
669
Leading wine region of Switzerland; located near the Rhone River to the east of Lake Geneva
Valais
670
Leading wine region of French-speaking Switzerland
Northern Shore of Lake Geneva
671
Two leading white grapes of Romania
Feteasca Alba
| Feteasca Regala
672
Two leading red grapes of Romania
```
Pinot Noir (for export)
Feteasca Neagra (signature red)
```
673
Location of the Cotnari DOC
Moldovan Hills, Romania
674
Three PGI regions of Slovenia
Podravje
Primorska
Posavje
675
Egg-shaped vessel used to produce wine in the Republic of Georgia
Kvevri
| Qvevri
676
Leading red grape of the Republic of Georgia
Saperavi
677
Leading white grape of the Republic of Georgia
Rkatsiteli
678
Winery famous for producing "Brut Paradiso" sparkling wine
Novy Svet Winery (Crimea)
679
Highest level of wine appeallation in Greece used mainly for sweet wines
OPE: Onomasia Proelefseos Eleghomeni
680
Highest level of wine appellation in Greece, used primarily for dry wines
OPAP; Onomasia Proelefseos Anoteras Poiotitos
681
Greek wine appellation for regional (PGI) wines
TO: Topikos Oinis
682
Greek wine appellation for traditional wines such as retsina
OKP: Onomasia Kata Paradosi
683
Main white grape used in the PDO wines of Santorini
Assyrtiko
684
Red grape of Greece, widely grown in Macedonia, used in the wines of the Naoussa OPAP
Xinomavro
685
Red grape used in the wines of the Nemea OPAP
Agiorgitiko
686
Red grape used in the sweet wines of Patras
Mavrodaphne
687
Term used for Greek wines with a minimum standard of aging
Cava or Kava
688
Greek term for "aged in barrel"
Palaiomenos se vareli
689
Dried-grape wine produced in Santorini
Vinsanto
690
Style of wine produced in the Mantinia OPAP
Dry white, from Moschofilero
691
Style of wine produced in the Nemea OPAP
Dry to sweet reds, from Agiorgitiko
692
Style of wine produced in the Patras OPAP
Dry whites, from Roditis
693
Term used for basket-shaped vines as grown on Santorini
Stefani
694
Famous fortified wine of Cyprus
Commandaria
695
Two main grape varieties of Commandaria
Mavro (red)
| Xynisteri (white)
696
Aging system (using earthenware jars) traditionally used for Commandaria
The mana system
697
Main vineyard region of Lebanon
Bekaa Valley
698
Lebanon's leading (and most famous) winery
Chateau Musar
699
Five major wine regions of Israel
```
Galilee
Shomron (Samaria)
Shimson (Samson)
Jerusalem Mountains (Judean Hills)
Negev
```
700
"Super-AVA" located south of Los Angeles
South Coast AVA
701
"Super-AVA" that extends from Oakland/SF to Santa Barbara
Central Coast AVA
702
"Super-AVA" located north of San Francisco
North Coast AVA
703
Countries (6) that are included within the North Coast AVA
```
Napa
Sonoma
Mendocino
Lake
Marin
Solano
```
704
Area that grows the majority of California's grapes, but is NOT an AVA
The Central Valley
705
"Super-AVA" located east of the Central Valley
Sierra Foothills AVA
706
Leading grape variety of Napa Valley
Cabernet Sauvignon
707
Mountain Range on the border between Napa and Sonoma
Mayacamas Mountains
708
Mountain Range located in the eastern portion of the Napa County
Vaca Mountains
709
Napa's "valley floor" appellations
```
Calistoga
St. Helena
Rutherford
Oakville
Yountville
Stags Leap District
(with Chiles Valley somewhat to the east)
```
710
Napa's "high elevation" appellations
```
Mount Veeder
Diamond Mountain District
Spring Mountain District
Howell Mountain
Atlas Peak
```
711
Body of water that cools the southern area of Napa County
San Pablo Bay
712
AVA shared between Napa and Sonoma Counties
Carneros
| Los Carneros
713
AVA shared between Napa and Solano Counties
Wild Horse Valley
714
16 sub-appellations of the Napa Valley AVA
```
Atlas Peak
Calistoga
Carneros
Chiles Valley
Coombsville
Diamond Mtn. District
Howell Mountain
Mt. Veeder
Oak Knoll District
Oakville
Rutherford
St. Helena
Spring Mtn. District
Stags Leap District
Wild Horse Valley
Yountville
```
715
Leading grape of Sonoma County
Chardonnay
716
Two leading red grapes of Sonoma County
Cabernet Sauvignon
| Pinot Noir
717
4 sub-appellations of the Sonoma Valley AVA
Bennet Valley
Sonoma Mountain
Moon Mountain District of Sonoma County
Carneros
718
Large AVA of western Sonoma County
Sonoma Coast
719
Sub-appellation (of the northern portion) of the Sonoma Coast AVA
Fort Ross-Seaview AVA
720
AVA shared between Sonoma and Marin Counties
Petaluma Gap AVA
721
Two sub-appellations of the Russian River Valley AVA
Green Valley of Russian River Valley AVA
| Chalk Hill AVA
722
7 inland AVAs of Sonoma County (excluding those within the Sonoma Valley AVA)
```
Dry Creek Valley AVA
Rockpile AVA
Alexander Valley AVA
Knights Valley AVA
Pine Mountain/Cloverdale Peak AVA
Fountaingrove District AVA
Chalk Hill AVA (also a sub-appellation of the RRV)
```
723
Sonoma County AVA specializing in Zinfandel
Dry Creek Valley
724
Mendocino County AVA known for sparkling wines
Anderson Valley
725
AVA known as "Islands in the Sky"
Mendocino Ridge
726
Two leading grape varieties of the Mendocino River AVA
```
Pinot Noir
(old vine) Zinfandel
```
727
AVA shared between Sonoma and Mendocino Counties
Pine Mountain-Cloverdale Peak
728
The smallest AVA in the United States
Cole Ranch (located in Mendocino County)
729
Seven AVAs of Lake County
```
Benmore Valley
Clear Lake
High Valley
Red Hills Lake County
Big Valley District Lake Cty
Kelsey Bench Lake County
Guenoc Valley
```
730
Home county of the Paso Robles, Edna Valley, and Arroyo Grande Valley AVAs
San Luis Obispo County
731
Six AVAs of Santa Barbara County
```
Santa Maria Valley
Santa Ynez Valley
Ballard Canyon
Los Olivos District
Sta. Rita Hills
Happy Canyon of Santa Barbara
```
732
Sub-appellation of the Santa Cruz Mountains AVA
Ben Lomond Mountain AVA
733
7 sub-appellations of the Lodi AVA
```
Alta Mesa
Borden Ranch
Clements Hills
Cosumnes River
Jahant
Mokelumne River
Sloughhouse
```
734
Large AVA located on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada Range
Sierra Foothills AVA
| large in size, but low in vine acreage as only about 1% of total area is planted to vines
735
El Aliso
Original (1833) name of the estate of Jean-Luis Vignes; one of the first commercial wineries in Southern California
736
2 leading red grapes of Washington State
Cabernet Sauvignon
| Merlot
737
2 top white grapes of Washinton State
Chardonnay
| Riesling
738
14 AVAs of Washington State
```
Columbia Valley
Lake Chelan
Wahluke Slope
Naches Heights
Horse Heaven Hills
Ancient Lakes of Columbia Valley
Walla Walla Valley
Yakima Valley
Rattlesnake Hills
Snipes Mountain
Red Mountain
Columbia Gorge
Lewis-Clark Valley
Puget Sound
```
739
AVA shared between Washington State and Idaho
Lewis-Clark Valley
740
Mountain Range that forms a rain shadow for most Washington State Vineyards
Cascades
741
Washington State AVA surrounding Seattle
Puget Sound
742
Largest AVA in Washington State
Columbia Valley
743
3 sub-appellations of the Yakima Valley AVA
Red Mountain
Rattlesnake Hills
Snipes Mountain
744
3 AVAs shared by Washington State and Oregon
Columbia Valley
Columbia Gorge
Walla Walla Valley
745
Tiny AVA located on the Oregon side of the Walla Walla Valley
The Rocks District of Milton-Freewater
746
Meaning behind "the rocks" in the name of the AVA
The cobblestone-rich soils that define the borders of the AVA
747
Leading red grape of Oregon
Pinot Noir
748
Leading white grape of Oregon
Pinot Gris
749
7 sub-appellations of the Willamette Valley AVA
```
Dundee Hills
Ribbon Ridge
Eola-Amity Hills
McMinnville
Yamhill-Carlton District
Chehalem Mountains
Van Duzer Corridor
```
750
2 sub-appellations of the Umpqua Valley AVA
Elkton Oregon
| Red Hill Douglas County
751
Sub-appellation of the Rogue Valley AVA
Applegate Valley
752
AVA shared between Oregon and Idaho
Snake River Valley
753
Unique law pertaining to varietal Pinot Noir and Pinot Gris produced in Oregon
Must contain a minimum of 90% of the stated variety (applies to some other varieties as well)
754
AVA that produces 85% of New York State's wine
Finger Lakes AVA
755
2 sub-appellations of the Finger Lakes AVA
Seneca Lake
| Cayuga Lake
756
2 noteworthy wines (grapes) of the Finger Lakes AVA
Riesling
Cabernet Franc
(Also: labrusca grapes and cold-hardy hybrids)
757
Viticulturalist/winemaker who introduced vinifera grapes to New York State
Dr. Konstantin Frank
758
3 AVAs of Long Island
Long Island AVA
North Fork of Long Island AVA
Hamptons AVA
759
Oldest continuously operating winery in the United States
Brotherhood Winery
| Hudson River Region AVA
760
New York's Benmarl Vineyards
Considered to be the oldest vineyard in the US
761
Canadian wine production is concentrated in these four areas:
Ontario
British Columbia
Nova Scotia
Quebec
762
Wine quality-control system used in Ontario, Canada
VQA (Vintner's Quality Alliance)
763
Leading wine region of Ontario
Niagara Peninsula
764
3 Viticultural Areas of Ontario
Lake Erie North Shore
Niagara Peninsula
Prince Edward County
765
3 sub-appellations of the Niagara Escarpment Region
Beamsville Bench
Short Hills Bench
Twenty Mile Bench
766
3 sub-appellations of Niagara-on-the-Lake
Four Mile Creek
Niagara Lakeshore
St. David's Bench
767
3 sub-appellations of the Niagara Peninsula (with no other regional affiliation)
Creek Shores
Lincoln Lakeshores
Vinemount Ridge
768
Leading wine region of British Columbia
Okanagan Valley
769
9 Geographical Indications of British Columbia
```
Fraser Valley
Gulf Islands
Kootenarys
Lillooet
Okanagan Valley
Shuswap
Similkameen Valley
Thompson Valley
Vancouver Island
```
770
4 sub-appellations of the Okanagan Valley
Golden Mile Bench
Naramata Bench
Okanagan Falls
Skaha Bench
771
Leading wine region of Baja California
Valle de Guadalupe
772
Two "signature" grapes of Argentina
Malbec
| Torrontes
773
Three specific varieties of Torrontes
Torrontes Mendocino
Torrontes Riojano
Torrontes Sanjuanino
774
Red grape known in France as Douce Noir
Bonarda (known in California as Charbono)
775
Pink-skinned grape varieties widely grown in Argentina
Criolla
(Criolla Grande and Criolla Chica)
Cereza
776
Three levels of wine classification used in Argentina
1) Denominacion de origen controlada (DOC) - the highest level
2) Indicacion geografica (IG)
3) Indicacion de procedencia (IP) - table wines, regional wines
777
Two DOCs of Argentina
Lujan de Cuyo
| San Rafael
778
Most prolific wine-producing province of Argentina
Mendoza
779
Four wine-making provinces of Argentina's Northern Regions
Jujuy
Salta
Tucuman
Catamarca
780
Three wine-making provinces of Argentina's Cuyo (Central) Regions
```
Mendoza
San Juan
La Rioja (La Rioja Argentina)
```
781
Single wine-making province of Argentina's "Center"
Cordoba
782
Four wine-making provinces of Argentina's Patagonia Region
Chubut
Neuquen
Rio Negro
La Pampa
783
Province of Argentina considered part of the "Atlantic" viticultural area
Buenos Aires
784
Four subregions of Salta
Cachi
Cafayate (Valley)
Molinos
San Carlos
785
Ultra-high-altitude vineyard located in Jujuy
Moya Vineyard
786
Ultra-high altitude vineyard located in Molinos
Altura Maxima
787
Multi-province GI that includes parts of Tucuman, Catamarca, & Salta
Calchaqui Valley (Valles Calchaquies)
788
Five main sub-regions of Mendoza
```
Uco Valley
Northern Oasis
Primera Zona
East Mendoza
South Mendoza
```
789
Two main rivers of Neuquen Province
Limay
| Neuquen
790
Province located in the middle of Argentina, east of the Andes, known for grassland (plains)
La Pampa
791
Southernmost wine-producing province of Argentina
Chubut
792
The easternmost GI of Argentina
Chapadmalal GI
793
Capitol city of Uruguay
Montevideo
794
Leading grape variety of Uruguay
Tannat
795
Alternative name for Tannat (in honor of an early adopter) used in Uruguay
Harriague (in honor of Pascual Harriague)
796
Red grape widely used in Uruguay for rose (exported to Brazil)
Black Muscat
797
Chile's cold ocean current
Humboldt Current
798
Very dry desert located at the northern end of Chile's viticultural areas
Atacama Desert
799
Leading grape variety of Chile
Cabernet Sauvignon
800
Chilean name(s) for the Friulano grape
Sauvignon Vert
| Sauvignonasse
801
Geographical terms for Chile's wine regions, as defined west-east
Costa (Coast)
Entre Cordilleras (Between the Mountains)
Andes
802
Grape variety previously thought to be Chilean "Merlot"
Carmenere
803
Six main viticultural regions of Chile
```
Atacama
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Central Valley
Del Sur (Southern Regions)
Austral
```
804
Three subregions of the Coquimbo Region
Elqui Valley
Choapa Valley
Limari Valley
805
Three subregions of the Aconcagua Region
Aconcagua Valley
Casablanca Valley
San Antonio Valley
806
Subregion of the Aconcagua Region best-known for cool-climate white varieties
Casablanca Valley
807
Zone located within the San Antonio Valley subregion -- known for granite soils
Leyda Valley
808
Wine region surrounding the city of Santiago de Chile
Maipo Valley
809
Two zones of Chile's Rapel Valley
Colchagua Valley
| Cachapoal Valley
810
3 subregions of Chile's "Southern Regions" viticultural area
Itata Valley
Bio-Bio Valley
Malleco Valley
811
2 subregions of Chile's "Austral Region" viticultural area
Cautin Valley
| Osorno Valley
812
Brazilian state best-known for wine production
Rio Grande do Sur
813
Brazil's only DO
Vale dos Vinhedos DO
814
Brazil's six main wine-production regions
```
Serra Gaucha
Vale do Sao Francisco
Serra do Sudeste
Campos de Cima da Serra
Planalto Catarinense
Campanha
```
815
Multi-state GI that combines New South Wales, Victoria, and Tasmania
South Eastern Australia (multi-state zone)
816
Mountain range that parallels Australia's southeastern coast
Great Dividing Range
817
Leading red grape of Australia
Shiraz
818
Leading white grape of Australia
Chardonnay
819
Terms used for Australia's specific Geographical Indications
Multi-state
State
Zone
Region Subregion
820
The largest of Australia's wine regions in terms of geographic size
Riverina
821
Small island located 150 miles (241 km) off the coast of Victoria; known for cool-climate viticulture
Tasmania
822
Two cool-climate regions of Victoria, located in the outskirts of Melbourne
Yarra Valley
| Mornington Peninsula
823
Three continguous inland GIs of Victoria
Heathcoate
Bendigo
Goulburn Valley
824
Six regions of the Limestone Coast Zone
```
Coonawarra
Mount Benson
Mount Gambier
Padthaway
Robe
Wrattonbully
```
825
Two leading regions of South Australia; located in the outskirts of Adelaide; known for Shiraz
Barossa Valley
| McLaren Vale
826
Region located at Australia's southwestern extremity
Margaret River
827
Region in Australia known for Riesling; part of the Mount Lofty Ranges Zone
Clare Valley
828
Region in Australia known for Riesling; part of the Barossa Zone
Eden Valley
829
Two wine regions located in the state of Queensland
Granite Belt
| South Burnett
830
Australian area known for varietal Semillon
Hunter, Hunter Valley
831
Australian region known for fortified Muscat
Rutherglen
832
Coonawarra's bright red soil
Terra Rossa
833
Three "enduring" geographical indications of New Zealand
New Zealand
North Island
South Island
834
Leading grape variety of New Zealand
Sauvignon Blanc
835
Leading red grape of New Zealand
Pinot Noir
836
High mountain chain on New Zealand's South Island
Southern Alps
837
Hard sedimentary sandstone found in many parts of New Zealand
Greywacke
838
Highest-producing (by volume) wine region in New Zealand
Marlborough
839
Three subregions of Marlborough
Wairau Valley
Awatere Valley
The Southern Valleys
840
Leading New Zealand region for red wines OTHER than Pinot Noir
Hawke's Bay
841
Area within Hawke's Bay known for unique, rocky soil
Gimblett Gravels
842
New Zealand wine region located within the province of Wellington
Wairarapa
843
Two sub-zones of Wairarapa
Gladstone
| Martinborough
844
Northern-most wine region of New Zealand
Northland
845
Three sub-zones of Auckland
Kumeu
Matakana
Waiheke Island
846
Area that calls itself the "Chardonnay Capital of New Zealand"
Gisborne
847
Three sub-zones of Gisborne
Manutuke
Ormond
Patutahi
848
Wine region surrounding the city of Christchurch, New Zealand
Canterbury
849
Four sub-zones of Canterbury
Canterbury Plains
North Canterbury
Waipara/Waipara Valley
Waitaki Valley/Canterbury
850
Six sub-zones of Central Otago
```
Alexandra
Bannockburn
Bendigo
Cromwell/Lowburn/Pisa
Gibbston
Wanaka
```
851
Geographical Indication of North Otago
Waitaki Valley/North Otago
852
Wine region located to the west of Marlborough, with a "sunny" nickname
Nelson
| "Sunny Nelson"
853
Two sub-zones of Nelson
Moutere Hills
| Waimea Plains
854
Historic dessert wine of South Africa, produced since the 1700s
Vin de Constance
| Constantia
855
Cold ocean current that flows up the coast of South Africa
Benguela Current
856
Coastal wind that affects the vineyards of the Western Cape
Cape Doctor
857
South African name for Chenin Blanc
Steen
858
South African name for Muscat of Alexandria
Hanepoot
859
South African name for Crouchen Blanc
Cape Riesling
860
Parentage of Pinotage
Pinot Noir X Cinsault
861
Wine made with 30% to 70% Pinotage
Cape Blend
862
Two leading red grapes of South Africa
Cabernet Sauvignon
| Shiraz
863
Leading white grape of South Africa
Chenin Blanc
864
South Africa's leading Geographical Unit for Viticulture
The Western Cape
865
Wine appellation scheme used in South Africa
Wine of Origin (WO)
866
Four categories of wine areas, as defined by the Wine of Origin scheme
Geographical Units
Regions
Districts
Wards
867
Regions of the Western Cape GU
```
Coastal Region/Boberg
Cape South Coast
Breede River Valley
Klein Karoo
Olifants River
```
868
Appellation that contains the districts of Paarl, Stellenbosch, and Swartland (among others)
Coastal Region
869
Seven wards of Stellenbosch
```
Banghoek
Bottleary
Devon Valley
Jonkershoek Valley
Papegaaiberg
Polkadraai Hills
Simonsberg-Stellenbosch
```
870
Four wards of the Cape Town District
Constantia
Durbanville
Philadelphia
Hout Bay
871
District of South Africa originally setlled by French Huguenots
Franschhoek
| Originally known as the Drakenstein Valley
872
Cool-climate district located close to Hermanus and Cape Agulhas
Walker Bay District
873
Appellation that contains the districts of Cape Agulhas, Elgin, and Walker Bay (among others)
Cape South Coast Region
874
Appellation authorized for certain fortified wines of South Africa's Coastal Region
Boberg
875
Appellation that contains the districts of Robertson and Worcester (among others)
Breede River Valley Region
876
3 countries in North Africa with active wine industries
Algeria
Morocco
Tunisia
877
Modern China's first winemaking facility
The Changyu Winemaking Company
| now known as the Changyu Pioneer Wine Company, Inc.
878
Year when several hundred varieties of Vitis vinifera were brought to China
1892
879
Name for Carmenere, as used in parts of China
Cabernet Gernischt
880
Chinese wine-producing province, home to the China Great Wall Wine Company
Hebei
881
Muscat Hamburg X Alicante Bouschet
Yan 73
882
Muscat Hamburg X Vitis amurensis hybrid used for its extreme cold resistance
Gongniang No. 1
883
Chinese wine-producing province, home to Grace Vineyards
Shanxi
884
Chinese wine-producing province, home to the Shangri-La Winery Company Limited
Yunnan
885
French-created Cabernet Sauvignon X Grenache cross
Marselan
886
Grape also known as Dragon Eyes
Longyan
887
The first legally recognized wine region of China
Eastern Foot of Helan Mountain
| located in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
888
Chinese wine-producing province, home to the Sino-French Demonstration Vineyard
Hebei
889
Chinese wine-producing province, home to the Changyu Pioneer Wine Company
Shandong
890
Chinese region with an established classification model based on the 1855 Classification of Bordeaux
Ningxia
| Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
891
Japanese red grape; a hybrid made with Muscat of Hamburg
Muscat Bailey-A
892
Pink-skinned grape variety, considered native to Japan
Koshu
893
Japan's first two geographical indications
Yamanashi GI
| Hokkaido GI
894
Term used for wine that is "cloudy" or otherwise not clear in appearance
Turbid
895
Average human recognition threshhold for sweetness/sugar
1%
896
The five (generally accepted) basic tastes
```
Acid (sour)
Sweet
Salt
Bitter
Umami
```
897
Ideal serving temperatures for sweet white wines
43F to 47F
| 6C to 8C
898
Ideal serving temperatures for dry Sherry
43F to 47F
| 6C to 8C
899
Ideal serving temperatures for sparkling wines
43F to 50F
| 6C to 10C
900
Ideal serving temperatures for light white and rose wines
45F to 50F
| 7C to 10C
901
Ideal serving temperature for medium- to full-bodied dry white wines
50F to 55F
| 10C to 13C
902
Another term for a wine's tertiary aromas
Bouquet/Bottle Bouquet
903
Ideal serving temperature for light-bodied red wines
50F to 55F
| 10C to 13C
904
Ideal serving temperature for medium-bodied red wines
55F
| 13C
905
Ideal serving temperature for full-bodied and aged red wines
59F to 64F
| 15C to 18C
906
Ideal serving temperature for Tawny Port and Sweet Sherry
54F to 61F
| 12C to 16C
907
Ideal serving temperature for vintage Port
64F to 68F
| 18C to 20C
908
5 instances where decanting may be appropriate
```
Young, robust reds
Complex wines with moderate aging
Fully aged and mature wines
Wines with sediment
Biodynamic white wines
```
