South America Flashcards
1
Q
Two “signature” grapes of Argentina
A
Malbec
Torrontes
2
Q
Three specific varieties of Torrontes
A
Torrontes Mendocino
Torrontes Riojano
Torrontes Sanjuanino
3
Q
Red grape known in France as Douce Noir
A
Bonarda (known in California as Charbono)
4
Q
Pink-skinned grape varieties widely grown in Argentina
A
Criolla
(Criolla Grande and Criolla Chica)
Cereza
5
Q
Three levels of wine classification used in Argentina
A
- Denominacion de origen controlada (DOC) – the highest level
- Indicacion geografica (IG) – quality wines below the DOC level
- Indicacion de procedencia (IP) – table wines, regional wines
6
Q
Two DOCs of Argentina
A
Lujan de Cuyo
San Rafael
7
Q
Most prolific wine-producing province of Argentina
A
Mendoza
8
Q
Four wine-making provinces of Argentina’s Northern Regions
A
Jujuy
Salta
Tucuman
Catamarca
9
Q
Three wine-making provinces of Argentina’s Cuyo (Central) Regions
A
Mendoza San Juan La Rioja (La Rioja Argentina)
10
Q
Single wine-making province of Argentina’s “Center”
A
Cordoba
11
Q
Four wine-making provinces of Argentina’s Patagonia Region
A
Chubut
Neuquen
Rio Negro
La Pampa
12
Q
Province of Argentina considered part of the “Atlantic” viticultural area
A
Buenos Aires
13
Q
Four subregions of Salta
A
Cachi
Cafayate (Valley)
Molinos
San Carlos
14
Q
Ultra-high-altitude vineyard located in Jujuy
A
Moya Vineyard
15
Q
Ultra-high-altitude vineyard located in Molinos
A
Altura Maxima
16
Q
Multi-province GI that includes parts of Tucuman, Catamarca, & Salta
A
Calchaqui Valley (Valles Calchaquies)
17
Q
Five main sub-regions of Mendoza
A
Uco Valley Northern Oasis Primera Zona East Mendoza South Mendoza
18
Q
Two main rivers of the Neuquen Province
A
Limay and Neuquen
19
Q
Province located in the middle of Argentina, east of the Andes, known for grassland (plains)
A
La Pampa
20
Q
Southernmost wine-producing province of Argentina
A
Chubut
21
Q
The easternmost GI of Argentina
A
Chapadmalal GI
22
Q
Capitol city of Uruguay
A
Montevideo
23
Q
Leading grape variety of Uruguay
A
Tannat
24
Q
Alternative name for Tannat (in honor of an early adopter) used in Uruguay
A
Harriague (in honor of Pascual Harriague)
25
Red grape widely used in Uruguay for rose (exported to Brazil)
Black Muscat
26
Chile's cold ocean current
Humboldt Current
27
Very dry desert located at the northern end of Chile's viticultural areas
Atacama Desert
28
Leading grape variety of Chile
Cabernet Sauvignon
29
Chilean name(s) for the Friulano grape
Sauvingon Vert, Sauvinonasse
30
Geographical terms for Chile's wine regions, as defined west-east
Costa (Coast)
Entre Cordilleras (Between the Mountains)
Andes
31
Grape variety previously though to be Chilean "Merlot"
Carmenere
32
Six main viticultural regions of Chile
```
Atacama
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
Central Valley
Del Sur (Southern Regions)
Austral
```
33
Three subregions of the Coquimbo Region
Elqui Valley
Choapa Valley
Limari Valley
34
Three subregions of the Aconcagua Region
Aconcagua Valley
Casablanca Valley
San Antonio Valley
35
Subregion of the Aconcagua Region best-known for cool-climate white varieties
Casablanca Valley
36
Zone located within the San Antonio Valley subregion -- known for granite soils
Leyda Valley
37
Wine region surrounding the city of Santiago de Chile
Maipo Valley
38
Two zones of Chile's Rapel Valley
Colchagua Valley
| Cachapoal Valley
39
3 subregions of Chile's "Southern Regions" viticultural area
Itata Valley
Bio-Bio Valley
Malleco Valley
40
2 subregions of Chile's "Austral Region" viticultural area
Cautin Valley
| Osorno Valley
41
Brazilian state best-known for wine production
Rio Grande do Sur
42
Brazil's only DO
Vale de Vinhedos DO
43
Brazil's six main wine-production regions
```
Serra Gaucha
Vale do Sao Francisco
Serra do Sudeste
Campos de Cima da Serra
Planalto Catarinense
Campanha
```
44
Where does the majority of the South American continent lie?
In the tropics, although the Southern Cone at the bottom of the coninent pushes through the temperate winegrowing latitudes
45
What are the three major wine-producing countries of South America?
Argentina, Chile, and Brazil
46
Who are the major wine exporters of South America?
Argentina and Chile; Uruguay's production is smaller but still does produce wine for export
47
Which country occupies the largest portion of suitable viticultural land in South America and makes the most wine?
Argentina
48
Where is the primary market for Argentinian wine?
Buenos Aires, but the country's wine industry has become increasingly export-oriented
49
What is one of the keys to understanding Argentina's wine industry and culture in general?
The bulk of its population is of European origin, and a large percentage originated in Italy and Spain. So wine is an important part of Argentine culture and daily life.
50
What borders Argentina to the west?
The long chain of the Andes Mountains
51
What borders Argentina to the east?
Atlantic Ocean
52
What does the Andean ridgeline do for Argentina?
Forms a border with Chile; creates a formidable barrier to the prevailing westerly winds and results in a significant rain shadow that keeps western Argentina very dry.
53
What contributes to Argentina's western foothills exceptional winegrowing conditions?
Dry air
Plentiful irrigation water from Andean snowmelt
High elevations
Almost unlimited sunshine
54
What is the climate of Argentina?
Continental; Summers are hot, but the lack of humidity causes nighttime temperatures to drop rapidly, helping to retain acidity in the grapes. Winters are cold but not typically severe.
55
What are the winds that often shake the vineyards of Argentina?
Zonda winds
56
What effects do the Zonda winds have on Argentina's vines?
Can damage leaves and fruit and, when followed by a cold front, bring the risk of frost damage.
57
What is the greatest threat in Argentina at harvest time?
Hailstorms which can severely damage vineyard crops
58
What grape varieties were the original focus of Argentina's wine industry?
Range of grape varieties including Criolla Grande, Criolla Chica, and Cereza descended from the original vines (known as Mission Grapes) brought into South America by European missionaries in the 16th century
59
What are Mission Grapes?
Range of grape varieties including Criolla Grande, Criolla Chica, and Cereza descended from the original vines brought into South America by European missionaries in the 16th century
60
Why were Mission Grapes grown historically?
Mainly to be used in inexpensive everyday wines for local consumption or for bulk export.
61
What did Argentina shift to more recently in terms of grape varieties?
Higher-quality production emphasizing two key grapes: Malbec and Torrontes
62
Two key grapes of Argentina
Malbec and Torrontes
63
Red Grapes of Argentina
```
Malbec
Bonarda (Douce Noir)
Cabernet Sauvignon
Syrah
Tempranillo
Merlot
Pinot Noir
Tannat
Cabernet Franc
Petit Verdot
```
64
White Grapes of Argentina
```
Torrontes Riojano
Torrontes Mendocino
Torrontes Sanjuanino
Chardonnay
Moscatel de Alejandria
Chenin Blanc
Sauvignon Blanc
Viognier
Pedro Gimenez
```
65
Alternate name for Bonarda
```
Douce Noir (France)
Carbono (California)
```
66
Are Cereza, Criolla Grande, and Criolla Chica still widely grown in Argentina?
Yes, although they are not typically approved for use in vinos finos
67
What is Argentina's signature red variety?
Malbec
68
Argentina Malbec profile
Deeply colored, often inky black, and hae corresponding fruit flavors of blackberry and plum
69
Second most exported grape of Argentina
Torrontes
70
Argentina Torrontes profile
Light-bodied wine with pronounced floral aromas
71
3 leading reds besides Malbec in Argentina
Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah
72
What are the three distinct varieties of Torrontes?
Torrontes Mendocino
Torrontes Riojano
Torrontes Sanjuanino
73
Which variety of Torrontes is the most grown?
Torrontes Riojano
74
What is the widely grown Pedro Gimenez used for in Argentina?
Fortified wines and Bulk wines
75
When was Argentina's appellation system enacted?
1999
76
How many levels are in Argentina's appellation system?
3
77
What are the 3 levels of Argentina's appellation system from highest to lowest?
Denominacion de origen controlada (DOC)
Indicacion geografica (IG)
Indicacion de procedencia (IP)
78
What is the IP level used for in Argentina?
Table wines and regional wines
79
Who enforces Argentina's DOC laws?
a local consejo, or council
80
What do the DOC regulations entail?
Geographic boundaries
Permissable grape varieties
Planting densities
Other Requirements
81
How many DOCs are in Argentina?
2
82
What are the 2 DOCs in Argentina?
Mendoza subregions of Lujan de Cuyo and San Rafael
83
What can be produced in the Lujan de Cuyo DOC?
Malbec
84
What can be produced in the San Rafael DOC?
Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Chardonnay
85
What is the Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura?
INV; Regulating body of wine in Argentina that places strict controls, including pricing requirements, on the best wine of Argentina
86
What are the best wines of Argentina called?
Vinos finos
87
How much of total production is vinos finos?
20% of all wine produced
88
What are the requirements for vinos finos?
```
Premium grapes (typically excludes wine produced from the Cereza or Criolla grape varieties)
Varietal wines must contain 85% of stated variety
```
89
What took effect in 2011 in regards to vinos finos?
Defining of terms such as Reserva and Gran Reserva
90
Reserva requirements for vinos finos
White wines - 6 mos aging
| Red wines - 1 yr aging
91
Gran Reserva requirements for vinos finos
White wines - 1 yr aging
| Red wines - 2 yrs aging
92
Where is the Jujuy region in Argentina?
Located in the extreme northwest of Argentina; tucked deep into the Andes Mountains and as such contains some of the highest elevation vineyards in the world
93
What is the highest vineyard in Argentina?
Moya Vineyard (10, 922 ft/3,330 m) above sea level
94
What is the climate of Jujuy?
Very little rain, abundant sunshine, and a wide diurnal temperature swing
95
What is the total acreage of Jujuy?
A mere 65 acres (26 ha)
96
What is the acreage of Salta?
Approximately 8,300 acres (3,365 ha)
97
What is Salta known for?
High-elevation vineyards which range from 5,000 to 10,200 ft above sea level
98
What region in Salta is home to a majority of the region's vineyards?
Cafayate
99
What is Cafayate known for?
High-altitude Torrontes Riojano in addition to Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon
100
What is the ultra-high elevation vineyard found in Molinos within Salta?
Altura Maxima ("Maximum Height") - 10,206 ft/3,111 m
101
What is Altura Maxima planted to?
Malbec
102
What is Tucuman?
Sun-drenched, high-altitude, densely populated region in Argentina that is home to just over 280 acres of vines
103
Where are most of the vines of Tucuman located?
Calchaqui Valley (Calles Calchaquies)
104
Where does the Calchaqui Valley extend?
Tucuman and across parts of Catamarca and Salta
105
What makes up the majority of the plantings in the Calchaqui Valley?
Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Torrontes Riojano
106
How many acres of vines does Catamarca have? What is nearly 40% planted to?
6,200 acres (2,500 ha); Native Criolla grape varieties (some of which are used for bulk wine or table grapes), although quality wine production -- including unique wines based on Criolla varieties -- is rapidly expanding
107
What is the leading export variety of Catamarca?
Torrontes Riojano followed by Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, and Syrah
108
Where are the majority of the Catamarca's vineyards located?
In a succession of high-elevation river valleys tucked between mountain ridges -- where warm days, cool nights, and sunshine are abundant
109
Where is La Rioja?
South of Catamarca
110
What is La Rioja's climate?
Warm days and cool nights, as well as a tendency for drought conditions.
111
Where are the majority of the vineyards of La Rioja?
Famatina Valleys, located to either side of the Famatina mountain range
112
What is La Rioja planted to?
51% Red grapes, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Bonarda, and Syrah
32% - Torrontes Riojano is by far the single most widely-planted grape of the region
113
What is the most widely planted grape variety of La Rioja?
Torrontes Riojano
114
What percentage of Argentina's vines are in San Juan?
17% making it the second largest grape-producing province in the country (after Mendoza)
115
Grape varieties of San Juan
Somewhat equally divided between red, white, and Criolla varieties
Syrah, Malbec, Bonarda, and Cabernet Sauvignon are the leading red varieties
Range of white grapes, led by Torrontes Sanjuanino plus Torrontes Riojano, Chardonnay, Torrontes Mendocino, Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, and Viognier
116
How much of Argentina's vineyard acreage is in Mendoza?
Nearly 75%, it is home to many of the internationally renowned Argentine wineries
117
What mountain range does Mendoza take advantage of?
Andes mountains, with most of its vineyards planted between 2,000 and 4,000 ft (610 to 1,220 m) above sea level
118
How much of Mendoza's vines are planted to red grapes?
Over 61% -- led by Malbec, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Tempranillo
119
What are the leading white grapes of Mendoza?
Chardonnay, Torrontes Riojano, and Sauvignon Blanc
120
What are the five large sub-regions of Argentina?
```
Uco Valley
Primera Zona
Northern Oasis
East Mendoza
South Mendoza
```
121
2 DOCs located in Mendoza
```
Lujan de Cuyo (Primera ZOna)
San Rafael (South Mendoza)
```
122
Where is Cordoba located?
Almost in the geographic center of Argentina, to the east of La Rioja
123
Who settled Cordoba in the early 1600s?
Jesuit missionaries hailing from Spain settled in the province in the early 1600s and established several estancias (working ranches) complete with schools, churches, orchards, and vineyards.
124
What are estancias?
Working ranches
125
When did Jesuits stop producing wine in Argentina?
1767, when the Spanish crown expelled them from Argentina. At this point most of the vineyards of Cordoba were abandoned and wine production stagnated in the area
126
When did the wine industry of Cordoba come back to life? Why?
1870s when a strong wave of Italian immigrants brought the industry back to life
127
What is the topography of Cordoba?
Located east of the Andes, contains a series of moderate-elevation mountain ranges in its western portion and an extensive plain covering much of the east
128
What are the leading grape varieties of Cordoba?
Merlot, Pinot Noir, Malbec, and Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc
129
Where is Neuquen?
The Neuquen Province is located south of Mendoza and considered part of Argentine Patagonia
130
Where are the majority of the vineyards of Neuquen?
In the basins of the Limay and Neuquen rivers, in the southeastern part of the province
131
What is the climate of Neuquen?
An area of moderate elevation (between 886 ft and 1,363 ft) with a typically windy and dry climate. Days tend to be warm-to-hot, followed by brisk, desert-like cold nights
132
How much of Neuquen is planted to red grapes?
Nearly 85% of the vines, led by Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Pinot Noir
133
What are the leading white varieties of Neuquen?
Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, and Semillon
134
Where is La Pampa?
To the northeast of Neuquen and in the center of the country. It is a gently undulating plain -- at an average elevation of 1,000 ft -- with 60 mile long fan-shaped valleys running from west to east
135
What is the climate of La Pampa?
Moderate continetnal climate with mild autumns and springs, warm summers, and cold winters
136
What accounts for nearly 50% of the plantings of La Pampa?
Malbec, with Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlto, Cabernet Franc, Pinot Noir, and Chardonnay being the other leading varieties
137
Where are the vineyards of Rio Negro?
Planted across a series of west-east valleys located along the Colorado and Negro Rivers; They stretch from teh inland valleys in teh western section of the province (where they top out at 1,214 ft and continue to the east, almost to the point where the rivers meet the Atlantic Ocean
138
Are the vineyards of Rio Negro planted at high elevations?
No, they are actually some of the lowest elevation viney
139
How many acres of vines are in Rio Negro?
Nearly 3,750 acres (1,515 ha)
140
What are the leading grapes of Rio Negro?
Malbec, Merlot, Pinot Noir, and all three versions of Torrontes
141
What is the southernmost wine-producing province in Argentina?
Chubut
142
What is the name of the vineyard in Chubut that is one of the southernmost vineyards in the world?
Sarmiento -- it sits below the 45th parallel (South)
143
Where are many of the vineyards of Chubut planted?
In the steppes (relatively flat, grassland areas) close to the Atlantic Coast
144
How much of Chubut's 180 acres are planted to red varieties?
Nearly 60%
145
What is the leading grape of Chubut?
Pinot Noir, followed by Chardonnay, Merlot, Malbec, and Torrontes Riojano
146
What region has joined the ranks of emerging wine regions as Argentine wine producers have extended the limits of viticulture to the east?
Buenos Aires
147
How many acres are in Buenos Aires?
Less than 400 acres (160 ha)
148
What are the leading grape varieties of Buenos Aires?
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
although a diverse selection of red grapes including Pinot Noir are also grown
149
What GI, located near the town of Mar del Plata, contains the easternmost vineyards in Argentina?
Chapadmalal GI
150
How does Chapadmalal GI compare to the rest of Argentina's vineyards?
As they are in Buenos Aires, just a few miles from the Atlantic Ocean -- this ocean-influenced region is much cooler and receives more rainfall than many of Argentina's other vineyard areas.
151
How large is Chile?
Chile stretches along South America's Pacidic Coast for almost 2700 miles, with viticulture involved in nearly 800 miles of that length (mostly between the latitudes of 30S and 40S)
152
Why is much of Chile's wine specifically intended for sale to consumers in other countries as a national revenue source?
Chile produces much more wine than its modest domestic market can absorb.
153
How much of Chilean wine is exported?
2/3rds of total production
154
What is Chile situated between?
Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains
155
What is in the northern part of Chile?
Atacama Desert -- one of the earth's driest places
156
What is in the south of Chile?
Tierra del Fuego -- frozen archipelago
157
Due to the Andes, Atacama Desert, and Tierra del Fuego -- Chile holds what distinction?
Thanks to those natural barriers and Chile's strict quarantine laws -- it is phylloxera-free
158
Where are the majority of the vines of Chile?
Central Valley (which also contains the capital city of Santiago)
159
What does the Central Valley lie between?
Low coastal mountains and the Andes
160
What are the growing conditions of the Central Valley of Chile similar to?
Some of the prime winegrowing areas of California
161
What is the Humboldt Current?
Cold ocean current flowing along its shores from the polar seas
162
What does the Humboldt Current do?
The prevailing westerly winds bring cool, moist air inland which results in the areas direcly influenced by these breezes have low average temperatures and less sunshine
163
What are the conditions of the majority of the Central Valley in Chile? (Not affected by Humboldt Current)
Coastal hills block the fog and chilly air, so the vineyards are warm, dry, and sunny throughout the growing season
164
What is the climate in Central Valley of Chile?
Mediterranean, and most of the rain falls during the winter. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 90F (32C) and humidity is low
165
What divides the Central Valley of Chile?
The north-south Central Valley is cut longitudinally by several rivers running westward from the mountains to the ocean
166
What do the rivers in the Central Valley of Chile do?
Besides providing ample snowmelt water for irrigation, divides the long Central Valley into a series of smaller valley basins that get progressively cooler from north to south
167
Where are many of Chile's vines from?
They were brought from Bodeaux during the mid-1800s, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Sauvignon Blanc
168
What is the most planted grape in Chile?
Cabernet Sauvignon, many people believe that Chile is ideally suited for the production of world-class Cabernet Sauvignon
169
Red Grape varieties of Chile
```
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Carmenere
Syrah
Cabernet Franc
Carignan
Cinsault
Pais (Listan Prieto)
Pinot Noir
```
170
Another name for Pais in Chile
Listan Prieto
171
White Grape Varieties of Chile
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Viognier
Semillon
172
Why is Carmenere no longer abundant in Bordeaux?
While it was utilized in pre-phylloxera Bordeaux red blends, little was replanted after phylloxera
173
What was Carmenere mistaken for in Chile?
A spicy Merlot -- hence it was referred to as Merlot Chileno
174
When was Chilean Merlot determined to be Carmenere?
1994
175
Who determined Chilean Merlot was Carmenere?
Jean-Michel Boursiquot of the Montpellier School of Oenology
176
Why is Carmenere not well suited to Bordeaux?
It requires a lengthy season to reach full maturity which Bordeaux doesn't really offer
177
Style of Chilean Carmenere
Rich in color, redolent of red fruits, spice, and berries, and has softer tannins than Cabernet Sauvignon
178
Does Chile focus on more red or white varieties?
Red, although plantings of Sauvignon Blanc and Chardonnay are notable
179
What has recent research shown much of Chile's previous Sauvignon Blanc vines to be?
A less aromatic grape known as Sauvignon Vert (also known as Sauvinonasse or, in Italy, Friulano) -- most have been replanted with true Sauvignon Blanc. The two varieties are still not always clearly defined -- both being referred to simply as Sauvignon
180
When did Chile's wine labeling system come into effect?
1995
181
What is Chile's wine labeling system similar to?
That of the United States it is essentially identical to the United States' system of American Viticultural Areas in that there are no subcategories for lower-quality wines as there are in Europe
182
Do the wine laws of Chile follow the European model of quality designations
No
183
What are the name of Chile's wine law designations?
Denominacion de Origen (DO)
184
How are the place-of-origin designations of Chile based?
Primarily on the progression of valleys south-ward through the middle of the country
185
Place-or-origin designations in Chile from big to small
Viticultural Regions
Subregions
Zones
Areas
186
How are the geographical districts based on Chile's east-west geography labelled?
Costa (Coast)
Entre Cordilleras (Between the Mountains)
Andes
187
What is the purpose of the geographical district labelling in Chile?
They are designed to reflect the overwhelming influence of the Pacific Ocean and the Andes Mountains on Chilean viticulture
188
What are the requirements for labeling under Chilean wine law?
Minimum requirements for place of origin, vintage, and variety are all set at 75%
189
Why do Chilean wineries often exceed the 75% minimum and operate at 85% instead?
To confine to the requirements for export to the European Union
190
What is the requirement to utilize the Costa, Entra Cordilleras, or Andes designation?
May be appended to existing DOs if a minimum of 85% of the grapes are grown in the stated district
191
From north to south, what are the six main wine regions of Chile?
```
Atacama
Coquimbo
Aconcagua
the Central Valley
Del Sur (Southern Regions)
the Austral Region
```
192
What two regions in Chile have limited plantings?
Austral Region -- which is located at the southernmost extreme of Chile and just beginning to be planted with vines
Atacama -- northernmost region which has limited acreage
193
What is most of the limited acreage of Atacama utilized for?
Table grapes and wine grapes distilled into Pisco
194
What is the northernmost fine wine region in Chile?
Coquimbo
195
What subregion of Coquimbo skirts the southern edge of the Atacama desert?
Elqui Valley
196
What is grown in Elqui Valley in Chile?
While the Elqui Valley has historically specialized in table grapes and other fruits, new high-altitude vineyards are producing Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenere, Chardonnay, and Sauvignon Blanc
197
What is Elqui Valley's best-known wine
Cool-climate Syrah
198
What makes Limari Valley in Coquimbo the ideal location for mineral-driven whites?
Cooling Pacific Ocean fogs and the influence of teh Humboldt Current
199
What is the leading grape variety of Limari Valley?
Chardonnay
200
What subregion is located at Chile's narrowest point where there is virtually no distinction between the Andes and the Coastal Mountains?
Choapa Valley
201
What are the weather conditions of Choapa Valley?
Desert-like conditions, often receiving less than 5 inches (12.7 cm) of rain per year
202
What does the Choapa Valley produce?
Small amounts of Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah
203
What is the Aconcagua region named after?
The river that runs through it
204
What are the three subregions of Aconcagua?
Aconcagua Valley
Casablanca Valley
San Antonio Valley
205
What is the warmest subregion of Aconcagua?
Aconcagua Valley -- it has a distinctly Mediterranean climate
206
What grape varieties are in Aconcagua?
Coastal plantings feature white grapes, while the much hotter interior is home to Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah
207
Why is the Casablanca Valley quite cool?
It is the most coastal wine area within Chile, and its proximity to the ocean provides it with the benefits of a maritime climate including frequent morning fogs
208
What is primarity grown in Casablanca Valley?
White varieties which make up 75% of all plantings particularly Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. The area is also gaining a reputation for its Pinot Noir
209
What are the grape varieties of San Antonion Valley?
As it is close to the Pacific OCean and also possesses a cool climate which allows for a slow ripening of the grapes -- Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Syrah, and Suavignon Blanc are the leading varieties
210
What is the zone located within in San Antonio Valley?
Leyda Valley
211
What is the Leyda Valley highly regarded for?
Wines with minerality and complexity due to the granite soils and very breezy climate
212
How much of Chile's current winegrowing area is contained in the Central Valley?
80%
213
What are the subregions of Central Valley from north to south?
Maipo Valley
Rapel Valley
Curico Valley
Maule Valley
214
What subregion is located around Santiago?
Maipo Valley
215
What subregion is the historical heart of Chile and the central of Chile's winemaking culture?
Maipo Valley
216
What does Maipo Valley produce?
Well-balanced reds including its specialty of Cabernet Sauvignon, with lesser plantings of Merlot, Chardonnay, Carmenere, Sauvignon Blanc, and Syrah
217
What makes up the Rapel Valley?
Cachapoal and Colchaguea Valleys
218
What is Rapel Valley focused on?
Red wine producttion
219
What does Cachapoal produce?
As it has a warm, but not hot, climate it mainly produces Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and Carmenere
220
What does the more southern Colchagua produce?
Full-bodied, premium reds form Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, and Carmenere
221
Where is Curico Valley located?
Further inland and without any maritime influence
222
When was Curico Valley planted? When was there a renewed interest in it?
mid-1800s; 1970s
223
What is planted in Curico Valley?
More evenly planted with red and white varieties, particularly Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Carmenere
224
What is Chile's largest subregion and also one of its oldest?
Maule Valley
225
Where is Maule Valley located? What is its climate?
Southern end of the Central valley where the valley floor broadens
Located in western Chile, Maule enjoys a cooling ocean influence, and a mild, dry climate
226
What does the mild, dry climate permit many producers to do?
Practice organic viticulture
227
What does Maule Valley produce?
Pais, Cabernet Sauvignon, Carignan, Malbec, Carmenere, and a variety of other red wines
228
Why is their a cooler climate in Del Sur (Southern Regions)?
More because of latitude than of the maritime influence
229
What are the two primary valleys of Del Sur (Southern Regions)?
Itata Valley
| Bio-Bio Valley
230
What have Itata Valley and Bio-Bio Valley long been dedicated to?
Pais and Moscatel, but they have recently begun experimenting with varieties such as Pinot Noir and Riesling as well as with other international varieties
231
What does Itata Valley specialize in?
Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot
232
What is unique about Bio-Bio Valley?
It has the highest rainfall in Chile, but little humidity due to the windy conditions, so Pinot Noir and Chardonnay flourish
233
What grape varieties are mostly planted in the more southern Malleco Valley?
Chardonnay and Pinot Noir
234
What is the largest country in South America in terms of landmass?
Brazil
235
What does Brazil rank in terms of wine production?
Third
236
What has Brazil had in terms of of producers?
Hundreds of small, family-owned wineries producing light, fruit -driven wine for local consumption
237
Why has Brazilian wine seen significant growth?
Due predominantly to increasing investments in vinifera-based vineyards and modern winery facilities -- thus Brazilian wineries are producing high-quality wine for export
238
When did Brazil start awarding geographical indication status to certain wineproducing areas?
2002
239
What are the classifications of Brazilian wine regions from the highest to lowest?
Denominacao de Origem (DO)
| Indicacao de Origem (IO)
240
How many wine producing regions are in Brazil?
6
241
How many of Brazil's wine producing regions are in the state of Rio Grande do Sul
Four
242
What wine-producing state is found in the southeastern portion of Brazil and considered to be Brazil's main wine-producing state?
Rio Grade do Sul
243
What are the 6 regions of Brazil?
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Serra Gaucha
Campanha
Serra do Sudeste
Campos de Cima da Serra
Planalto Catarinense
Vale do Sao Francisco
```
244
What region in teh Rio Grade do Sul is considered to be the cradle of Brazilian wine production?
Serra Gaucha
245
How much of Brazil's wine production is in Serra Gaucha?
Over 85%
246
Who settled Serra Gaucha and brought the culture and industry of wine there?
Italian immigrants
247
What is Serra Gaucha largely focused on?
Red wines, although its sparkling wines are increasing in quality and reputation
248
What are the leading vinifera grape varieties of Serra Gaucha?
Merlot
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
Tannat
249
What grape varieties are used for Charmat Method sparkling wines of Serra Gaucha?
Malvasia
| Moscato
250
What grape varieties are used for Traditional Method sparkling wines of Serra Gaucha?
Chardonnay
| Pinot Noir
251
What is Brazil's first and only DO?
Vale dos Vinhedos (which is in Serra Gaucha)
252
What do the DO regulations require in Brazil?
Use of vinifera grapes with Merlot and Chardonnay specified as flagship varieties
253
What IO status regions are in Serra Gaucha?
Montes
Pinot Bandeira
Monte Belo do Sul
Farroupilha
254
What region in Brazil is located on the southern border of Brazil close to Uruguay?
Campanha
255
What region has some of the oldest vineyards in Brazil?
Campanha
256
What are the climate/soils of Campanha?
Warm climate; Soils of maily granite and limestone -- which makes it an ideal region for ripening sturdy red grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Tempranillo, and Tannat
257
Is Serra do Sudeste one of the older growing regions of Brazil?
No, viticulture is fairly new -- being introduced in the 1970s, but only experiencing significant plantings since the early 2000s
258
What happens to most of the grapes grown in Serra do Sudeste?
Transported to wine producing facilities in Serra Gaucha
259
What are the 4 regions in Rio Grande do Sul?
Serra Gaucha
Campanha
Serra do Sudeste
Campos de Cima da Serra
260
Climate/plantings of Campos de Cima da Serra
Relatively cool climate and long growing season
Mainly to Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, and Tannat, as well as aromatic white grapes such as Riesling, Pinot Gris, and Gewurztraminer
261
What state is Planalto Catarinense located within?
Santa Caterina
262
How many acres are dedicated to vinifera in Planalto Catarinense?
741 acres (300 ha)
263
Where are the highest elevation vineyards in Brazil?
Planalto Catarinense -- with elevations of 2900 to 4600 ft (900 to 1400 m) above sea level
264
What are the leading grape varieties of Planalto Catarinense?
```
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Pinot Noir
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
```
265
What does Vale do Sao Francisco mean?
Valley of Saint Francis
266
What state is the Vale do Sao Francisco located within?
Bahia
267
What is unique about Vale do Sao Francisco?
The vineyards in this region are located at 9 degrees south latitude with a climate classified as tropical semi-arid -- which allows for 2 harvests per year, making vine management quite challenging
268
What is produced in Vale do Sao Francisco?
Single-variety wines and red blends, along with sparkling wines produced by both traditional and tank methods
269
What is South America's fourth largest wine producer?
Uruguay
270
What is the climate of Uruguay?
The country falls just within the boundary of the temperate zone in terms of latitude, and much of the country experiences high humidity and subtropical temperatures
271
Where are most of the vineyards of Uruguay located?
Southern part of the country particularly near the capital city of Montevideo
272
Why are many of the vineyards in the southern part of the country?
As this area has a somewhat milder climate than the rest of the country due to poximity to the Southern Atlantic OCean and the Rio de la Plata estuary
273
What are the majority of Brazil's grapes?
Vinifera
274
What is the leading grape variety of Brazil?
Tannat
275
Profile of Tannat
Hearty, tannic red
276
Where did the Tannat of Brazil come from?
French and Spanish Basque Country
277
What is Tannat known as in Brazil? Why?
Harriague; in honor of Pascual Harriague, a Frenchman who helped spread the grape variety throughout Uruguay
278
Leading Grape Varieties of Uruguay
```
Tannat
Cabernet Sauvignon
Cabernet Franc
Merlot
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Viognier
Black Muscat
```
279
What is Black Muscat used for in Uruguay?
Rose
280
Is the Black Muscat Rose of Brazil purely consumed domestically?
No, it is also exported to Brazil
