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CSW/HBSC > Spain/Portugal > Flashcards

Spain/Portugal Flashcards

1
Q

Four classifications for PDO wines in Spain

A

Vino de Calidad con Indicacion Geografica (VCIG)
Denominacion de Origen (DO),
Denominacion de Origen Calificada (DOCa),
Vino de Pago (Estate Wine)

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2
Q

Spanish classification for PGI Wines

A

Vino de la Tierra (VdIT)

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3
Q

Regulating body of each DO

A

Consejo Regulador

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4
Q

Alternative names for the Mazuelo grape

A

Carinena

Carignan

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5
Q

Alternative name for the Viura grape

A

Macabeo

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6
Q

Vino Nobile

A

Wine that has aged for a minimum of 18 months (barrel or bottle); may be used for PGI or PDO wines

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7
Q

Vino Anejo

A

Wine that has aged for a minimum of 24 months (barrel or bottle); may be used for PGI or PDO wines

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8
Q

Vino Viejo

A

Wine that has aged for a minimum of 36 months in an oxidative environment; may be used for PGI or PDO wines

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9
Q

Label term: Joven/Generico

A

Wine that has been aged for shorter than the time needed to qualify for “Crianza” status; may only be used for PDO wines

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10
Q

PDO label term: Crianza (for red wines)

A

Minimum aging:
24 months (including 6 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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11
Q

PDO label term: Riserva (for red wines)

A

Minimum aging:
36 months (including 12 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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12
Q

PDO label term: Gran Riserva (for red wines)

A

Minimum aging:
60 months (including 18 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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13
Q

PDO label term: Crianza (for white and rose)

A

Minimum aging:
18 months (including 6 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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14
Q

PDO label term: Riserva (for white and rose)

A

Minimum aging:
24 months (including 6 months in barrel)
Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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15
Q

PDO label term: Gran Riserva (For white and rose)

A

Minimum aging: 48 months (including 6 months in barrel)

Note: some DOs have stricter standards

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16
Q

Two DOCa wines of Spain

A 
Rioja DOCa
Priorato DOCa (Priorat DOQ)
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17
Q

Three main white grapes of Rias Baixas

A

Albarino
Loureira
Treixadura

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18
Q

Main grape variety of Rueda

A

Verdejo

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19
Q

Other white grapes used in the Rueda DO (in addition to Verdejo)

A

Sauvignon Blanc

Viura

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20
Q

Grapes allowed for use in Rueda DO - red wines

A

Tempranillo
Cabernet Sauvignon
Garnacha
Merlot

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21
Q

Style(s) of wine produced in the Cigales DO

A

Red and rose, based on Tempranillo (Tinta del Pais), often blended with Garnacha

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22
Q

Main grape variety of Ribera del Duero

A

Tempranillo (75% minimum)

here known as Tinta del Pais or Tinto Fino

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23
Q

Minor red grape varieties of Ribera del Duero

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot Malbec
Garnacha

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24
Q

Unique terroir of Ribera del Duero

A

Hot summers, cold winters
Vineyards are among the highest-elevation in Spain (as high as 2,500 ft/760m)
Large diurnal temperature shifts

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25
Q

Principal grapes of the Navarra DO

A

Tempranillo and Garnacha

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Chardonnay are gaining in importance

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26
Q

Leading DO of Aragon

A

Somontano DO

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27
Q

DO – formerly known as Falset – adjacent to Priorat

A

Montsant

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28
Q

Region where the majority of Cava is produced

A

Penedes

Catalonia

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29
Q

Three primary white grapes of Cava

A

Macabeo, Parellada, Xarel-lo

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30
Q

Red grapes allowed for use in Cava

A

Pinot Noir
Garnacha
Monastrell
Trepat

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31
Q

Minimum required lees aging for Cava

A

9 months

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32
Q

Minimum required lees aging for Cava Reserva

A

15 months

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33
Q

Minimum required lees aging for Cava Gran Reserva

A

30 months

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34
Q

Minimum required lees aging for Cava de Paraje Calificado

A

36 months

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35
Q

Grape also known as Monastrell

A

Mourvedre

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36
Q

Region that grows a large proportion of Spain’s Airen grapes (for use in brandy)

A

Castilla-La Mancha

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37
Q

DO located in Castilla-La Mancha named for the “Valley of the Rocks”

A

Valdepenas DO

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38
Q

Grape variety also known as Cencibel

A

Tempranillo

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39
Q

Spain’s largest DO in terms of total area

A

La Mancha DO

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40
Q

Three DOs of Murcia

A

Jumilla
Yecla
Bullas

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41
Q

Leading grape variety of the Montilla-Moriles DO

A

Pedro Ximenez

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42
Q

Outstanding climate features of Montilla-Moriles

A

Intense summer heat (the area is located inland and relatively far south)
grapes may be super-ripe and wines may be very high abv%

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43
Q

Secondary grape of Montilla-Moriles DO

A

Moscatel (Muscat)

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44
Q

Year the Rioja was first designated as a DOCa

A

1991

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45
Q

Location of the Rioja DOCa

A

North-central Spain, inland from the Cantabrian Mountains; Mostly in the autonomia of La Rioja; some vineyards in Navarra and Basque Country

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46
Q

River that flows through the Rioja DOCa

A

Ebro River

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47
Q

Three zones of the Rioja DOCa

A

Rioja Alta
Rioja Alavesa
Rioja Oriental (formerly Rioja Baja)

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48
Q

The high-altitude, hilly area covering most of the western half of the Rioja DOCa

A

Rioja Alta

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49
Q

The portion of the western half of Rioja DOCa located (mostly) north of the Ebro River

A

Rioja Alavesa

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50
Q

The lower and flatter eastern portion of the Rioja DOCa; the hottest and driest of the zones

A

Rioja Oriental (formerly known as the Rioja Baja)

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51
Q

Primary red grapes of the Rioja DOCa

A

Tempranillo
Garnacha
Mazuelo
Graciano

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52
Q

Principle white grape of the Rioja DOCa

A

Viura (51% minimum)

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53
Q

White grapes (in addition to Viura) allowed for use in Rioja DOCa

A 
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Malvasia
Garnacha Blanca
Maturana Blanca
Verdejo
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54
Q

Grape variety most often used in the production of Rioja Rose

A

Grenache/Garnacha

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55
Q

Sparkling wine produced in the Rioja DOCa

A

Vino Espumoso de Calidad de Rioja DOCa

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56
Q

Traditional aging vessels used in Rioja

A

225L American Oak Barrels

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57
Q

“Traditional” style of Rioja

A 
Highly tannic
Extensive Oak Aging
Meant to Bottle-Age for Long Periods
Earthiness
Minerality
"Leathery" Character
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58
Q

“Modern” style of Rioja

A

Single-vineyard
Single-variety
Approachable at a younger age

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59
Q

Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Crianza (red)

A

24 months total aging including 12 months in oak

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60
Q

Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Riserva (red)

A

36 months total aging, including 12 months in oak and 6 months in the bottle

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61
Q

Minimum aging requirements for Rioja Gran Reserva (red)

A

24 months in oak
24 months in bottle
Total of 60 months

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62
Q

Location of Priorato DOCa

A

In Catalonia, just inland from Barcelona, mountainous region about 18 miles/29 km from the Mediterranean

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63
Q

Year that Priorato was “promoted’ to DOCa

A

2009

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64
Q

Principal red grapes of the Priorato DOCa

A

Garnacha and Carinena (Carignan) are the most prominent;

Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Syrah are also allowed

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65
Q

Decomposed slate soils of Priorat

A

Licorella

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66
Q

White grapes allowed for use in Priorat

A

Garnacha Blanca
Macabeo
Pedro Ximenez
(plus others)

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67
Q

DO that covers Sherry

A

Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO

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68
Q

Three towns of the Sherry Triangle

A

Jerez de la Frontera
El Puerto de Santa Maria
Sanlucar de Barrameda

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69
Q

Three main grapes of Sherry

A

Palomino
Moscatel
Pedro Ximenez

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70
Q

Leading grape used in most (dry) Sherries

A

Palomino

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71
Q

Three main soil types of Jerez

A

Albariza
Barro
Arena

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72
Q

Style of Sherry that is aged with flor yeast

A

Fino

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73
Q

Sherry that is aged under flor is said to undergo _______ aging

A

Biological

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74
Q

Style of Sherry that is aged without flor yeast

A

Oloroso

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75
Q

Sherry that is NOT aged under flor is said to undergo _______ aging

A

Oxidative

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76
Q

Style of Sherry that is first aged under flor, then aged oxidatively

A

Hybrid-Style Sherry

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77
Q

Soleo

A

The process of drying grapes (post-harvest) in the hot sun

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78
Q

Two styles of dried-grape Sherry

A

Pedro Ximenez

Moscatel

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79
Q

Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for 12 to 15 years

A

Vinos con indicacion de edad

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80
Q

Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for a minimum of 20 years

A

Vinum optimum signatun

VOS/Very Old Sherry

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81
Q

Category for (non-fino) Sherry that has been aged for a minimum of 30 years

A

Vinum optimum rare signatun

VORS/Very Old Rare Sherry

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82
Q

Unfiltered of unfined Sherry

A

En Rama

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83
Q

Anada Sherry

A

Single-vintage Sherry

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84
Q

A fino sherry from the coastal town of El Puerto de Santa Maria

A

Puerto Fino

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85
Q

Type of Sherry that must be aged in Sanlucar de Barrameda

A

Manzanilla

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86
Q

DO for Manzanilla

A

Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO

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87
Q

Sweetened, fino Sherry, originally produced in Bristol

A

Pale Cream

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88
Q

Two types of Hybrid Sherry

A

Amontillado

Palo Cortado

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89
Q

A sweetened Oloroso Sherry made famous by the “Harvey’s Bristol” bran

A

Cream Sherry

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90
Q

Five preferred red varieties for Port

A 
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)
Tinta Barroca
Tinta Cao
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91
Q

2 leading varieties for white Port

A

Gouveio

Malvasia Fina

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92
Q

System used to rank the Port wine vineyards of the Douro

A

Cadastro

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93
Q

Three subregions of the Douro

A

Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior

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94
Q

The westernmost (and most fertile) section of the Douro

A

Baixo Corgo

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95
Q

The central core of the Douro

A

Cima Corgo

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96
Q

Terroir/climate of the Cima Corgo

A

Steep rocky slopes
Schist and Granite Soils
Hot summers/Cold winters

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97
Q

The upriver, eastern portion of the Douro

A

Douro Superior

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98
Q

Subregion of the Douro with the greatest concentration of high-quality Port vineyards

A

Cima Corgo

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99
Q

Annual authorization determining the amount of wine allowed to be used in the production of Port

A

Beneficio

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100
Q

Low, open troughs traditionally used in the production of Port

A

Lagares

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101
Q

Traditional barrels used to transport Port

A

Pipes

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102
Q

Traditional boats used to transport Port

A

Barcos Rabelos

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103
Q

Seaside town where many Port Lodges are located

A

Vila Nova de Gaia

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104
Q

Port aged for about two years in large casks before being bottled and ready-to-drink

A

Ruby Port

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105
Q

A blend of premium Ruby Ports (bottled after four to six years of aging)

A

Reserve Port

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106
Q

Port from a single year’s harvest, produced only in the best years

A

Vintage Port

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107
Q

Aging and bottling date required for Vintage Port

A

Must be aged in cask
Must be bottled by July 30 of the third year following harvest
(Considered very age-worthy and may improve in the bottle for many years)

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108
Q

Port from a single year, matured in large oak vats for four to six years before bottling

A

Late-Bottled Vintage Port

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109
Q

Port produced from the grapes of a single estate and a single year

A

Single Quinta Vintage Port

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110
Q

A single-vintage tawny Port

A

Colheita Port

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111
Q

Style of Port introduced by Croft in 2008

A

Rose Port

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112
Q

Most widely-grown grape on the island of Madeira

A

Tinta Negra

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113
Q

Four “noble” grapes of Madeira

A

Sercial
Verdelho
Boal (Bual)
Malvasia (Malmsey)

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114
Q

Style of Madeira indicated by “Sercial”

A

Extra dry or dry

Highly acidic

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115
Q

Style of Madeira indicated by “Verdelho”

A

Off-dry or medium dry
Honeyed
Somewhat smokey

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116
Q

Style of Madeira indicated by “Boal”

A

Sweet
Raisiny
Medium-rich
Highly aromatic

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117
Q

Style of Madeira indicated by “Malmsey”

A

Very sweet
Somewhat soft
Very rich

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118
Q

Madeira production method involving storing barrels “in the rafters”

A

Canteiro

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119
Q

Madeira production method involving heating the wine in a vat

A

Estufagem/Estufa Method

cuba de calor

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120
Q

Madeira production method involving leaving the wine in steam-heated rooms

A

Armazem de calor

Used mainly by the Madeira Wine Company

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121
Q

Traditional name for off-dry, blended Madeira

A

Rainwater Madeira

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122
Q

Minimum age of Rainwater Madeira

A

3 years

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123
Q

Minimum and maximum age of a Reserve Madeira

A

5 to 10 years

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124
Q

Minimum and maximum age of Special Reserve Madeira

A

10 to 15 years

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125
Q

Minimum and maximum age of Extra Reserve Madeira

A

15 to 20 years

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126
Q

Requirements for Colheita Madeira

A 
Single vintage (min 85%)
At least 5 years of aging
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127
Q

Minimum age of Frasqueira (vintage) Madeira

A

20 years

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128
Q

Three levels of wine classification in Portugal

A

Vinho (Vinho de Portugal)
Vinho Regional (VR) - PGI
Denomicacao de Origem Controlada (DOC) - PDO

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129
Q

3 red grapes used in production of Port and widely used for non-fortified wines

A

Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz (Tempranillo)

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130
Q

3 other leading red grapes of Portugal

A

Castelao (Periquita)
Baga
Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)

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131
Q

Leading white grape of Portugal

A

Fernao Pires

Maria Gomes

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132
Q

Another name for Tinta Amarela

A

Trincadeira

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133
Q

Grape also known as Tinta Roriz

A

Tempranillo

Tinta Aragonez

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134
Q

DOC wine produced in the Minho

A

Vinho Verde

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135
Q

Styles of wine produced in the Vinho Verde DOC

A 
Mostly white (some red & rose)
Light and high acid
Some with "spritz"
Meant to be consumed young
Some sparkling (Espumante)
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136
Q

Two leading white grapes of Vinho Verde

A

Alvarinho

Loureiro

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137
Q

Leading grape of red Vinho Verde

A

Vinhao

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138
Q

Three appellations used in the Douro

A

Porto DOC
Douro DOC
VR Duriense

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139
Q

Classifications used for unfortified wines produced on the island of Madeira

A

Madeirense DOC

Terras Madeirenses VR

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140
Q

DOC located within the Beira Atlantico VR

A

Bairrada DOC

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141
Q

Main grape variety of red wines of the Bairrada DOC

A

Baga

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142
Q

DOC located south (and inland) of the Minho; well-known for unfortified wines

A

Dao DOC

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143
Q

Leading red grapes of the Dao DOC

A

Alfrocheiro
Tinta Roriz
Jaen (Mencia)
Touriga Nacional

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144
Q

Leading white grapes of the Dao DOC

A

Encruzado

Bical

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145
Q

Beach-area DOC known for its famous sand dunes and wooden fences

A

Colares DOC

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146
Q

Leading grape varieties of the Colares DOC

A

Ramisco (red)

Malvasia (white)

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147
Q

Lisboa-area DOC well-known for brandy (aguardente)

A

Lourinha DOC

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148
Q

Vin doux naturel produced in the region of Setubal

A

Moscatel de Setubal

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149
Q

The southernmost region on the Portuguese mainland

A

Algarve

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150
Q

Four DOCs of Algarve

A

Lagos DOC
Portimao DOC
Lagoa DOC
Tavira DOC

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151
Q

Three DOCs in the Azores

A

Biscoitos
Graciosa
Pico

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152
Q

Leading style(s) of wine produced in the Azores

A

Mostly white
Dry or fortified
Based on Verdelho, Arinto (Pederna), or Terrantez

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153
Q

Special classification (appellation) for estate wines

A

Vinos de Pago

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154
Q

Vintage Madeira that has been cask aged for a minimum of 20 years

A

Frasqueira

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155
Q

Mostly widely planted red grape of Portugal

A

Castelao (also know as Periquita)

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156
Q

Most widely planted white grape in Portugal

A

Fernao Pires (also known as Maria Gomes)

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157
Q

Term used for Tempranillo (as used in Port)

A

Tinta Roriz

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158
Q

The most widely grown grape on the island of Madeira

A

Tinta Negra Mole (also known as Tinta Negra)

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159
Q

Countries that make up the Iberian Peninsula

A

Spain

Portugal

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160
Q

Large plateau within Spain

A

Meseta

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161
Q

Almost 60% of Spain lies at what elevation?

A

above 2000ft (610m)

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162
Q

Body of water to the north of Spain

A

Bay of Biscay

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163
Q

Mountain range that separates France from Spain

A

Pyrenees Mountain

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164
Q

Body of water on the southern and eastern borders of Spain

A

Mediterranean Sea

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165
Q

Climate of Spain

A

Mostly continental (hot summers/cold winters with rainfall fairly evenly spread throughout the year) despite the fact that the country is nearly surrounded by water

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166
Q

What shields Spain from many of the winter storms and colder influences coming from the north?

A 
Pyrenees Mountains
Cordillera Cantabrica (Cantabrian Mountains)
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167
Q

What part of Spain is a maritime climate?

A

The relatively exposed northwest corner

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168
Q

Maritime climate

A

Mild summers
Mild winters
Considerable rainfall year-round

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169
Q

What part of Spain is a Mediterranean climate?

A

Southwest

Mediterranean coastal areas

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170
Q

Mediterranean climate

A

Hot, dry, sunny summers and mild, wetter winters

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171
Q

What months are generally dry throughout Spain?

A

June, July, and August

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172
Q

Number of autonomous communities in Spain

A

17

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173
Q

Number of autonomous communities on the mainland of Spain

A

15

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174
Q

2 Island groups of Spain

A

Balearic Islands in the Mediterranean

Canary Islands in the North Atlantic

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175
Q

What cities that are on the northern coast of Africa are part of Spain?

A

Ceuta

Melilla

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176
Q

Languages of Spain

A

Spanish
Galician (Galego) – Galicia including Rias Baixas
Basque (Euskara) in the Basque Country (Euskadi) and Navarra
Catalan (Catala) in Catalonia (Catalunya), Valencia and the surrounding areas

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177
Q

Grape variety that represents about 25% of the plantings in Spain

A

Airen

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178
Q

What is Airen generally used for?

A

Brandy

Commercial Bulk Wine

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179
Q

Second most planted grape of Spain making up just over 20% of plantings

A

Tempranillo (especially in the northern part of the Meseta)

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180
Q

What is Tempranillo prized for?

A

Long-lived wines with moderate acidity and aromas of spice, chalk, strawberries, and tobacco, often accompanied by a hefty input from oak aging

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181
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Rioja/New World

A

Tempranillo

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182
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Toro

A

Tinta de Toro

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183
Q

Names for Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero

A

Tinta de Pais

Tinto Fino

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184
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Cigales

A

Tinta de Pais

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185
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Catalonia

A

Ull de Llebre

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186
Q

Name for Tempranillo in La Mancha, Valdepenas

A

Cencibel

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187
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Portugal

A

Aragonez

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188
Q

Name for Tempranillo in Douro within Portugal

A

Tinta Roriz

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189
Q

Common grape varieties of Penedes

A

Parellada and Xarel-lo

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190
Q

Two major categories of Spanish wines

A

Table Wines

Quality Wines

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191
Q

Wine categories within the Table Wines level

A

Vinos de Mesa (literally, table wines)

Vinos de la tierra (country wines) which are generally considered superior

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192
Q

How do Vinos de mesa and Vinos de la tierra differ?

A

Vinos de la tierra are sourced from within a single geographical indication and must meet nominal alcohol and sensory standards

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193
Q

Level of Spanish wine equivalent to PGI

A

Vinos de la Tierra – labelled as Vinos de la Tierra de _______

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194
Q

How many Vino de la Tierra regions are there (as of 2019)?

A

42

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195
Q

How much of Spain’s total wine production is quality wines?

A

40%

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196
Q

How many production areas qualify to be considered quality wines?

A

over 80

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197
Q

Spanish wine levels from highest to lowest

A 
Vinos de Pago (PDO)
DOCa (PDO)
DO (PDO)
Vinos de Calidad (PDO)
Vinos de la Tierra (PGI)
Vinos de Mesa/Wine
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198
Q

Four subcategories of quality wines (PDO), in order of increasing quality

A

Vino de calidad con indicacion geografica (VCIG)
Denominacion de origen (DO)
Denominacion de origen calificada (DOCa)
Vino de Pago

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199
Q

What is the designation Vinos de calidad con indicacion geografica mostly intended for?

A

Up-and-coming regions that are expected to prove themselves worthy of DO status before too long

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200
Q

How many years before VCIG wines are eligible for elevation to DO?

A

5 years

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201
Q

When was VCIG classification established?

A

2005

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202
Q

How many regions held VCIG level as of 2019?

A

8 regions

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203
Q

8 regions in the VCIG level?

A 
Cangas
Calles de Benavente
Valtiendas
Sierra Salamanca
Granada
Las Islas Canarias
Cebreros
Legrija
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204
Q

Definition of DO

A

Demarcated zone whose production is prescribed with regard to grape varieties, crop yields, winemaking methods, and aging requirements

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205
Q

How many DOs in Spain as of 2019?

A

67 (not including DOCa or Vinos de Pago)

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206
Q

Who controls the local production areas and practices of the DO?

A

Consejo Regulador (Regulating Council)

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207
Q

How do DO and DOCa differ?

A

DOCa is reserved for standout regions among the DOs and have higher standards

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208
Q

How many years must a DO demonstrate superior quality to be elevated to DOCa?

A

10 years

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209
Q

2 DOCa

A

Priorat

Rioja

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210
Q

Equivalent to DOCa in Catalonia

A

DOQ

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211
Q

When was the Vino de Pago category established?

A

2003

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212
Q

What is the aim of the Vino de Pago category?

A

To recognize specific single vineyards of distinction (very often, historical estates) that consistently produce excellent wine

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213
Q

Do Vino de Pago rules supersede those of the DO or DOCa they are located within?

A

No, the appellations can have their own rules, but are still bound by the rules of the DO or DOCa

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214
Q

2 major Spanish regions that do not currently have any Vinos de Pago

A

Rioja
Ribera del Duero

Could be because the established appellation is preferred over a lesser-known designation

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215
Q

How many Vinos de Pago as of 2019?

A

20

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216
Q

Spanish name for oak barrels

A

Barricas

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217
Q

Joven

A

(Young); Term that may be used for PDO wine released the year after it was made, and if oak-aged at all, aged for a shorter period than the legal minimum requirement for Crianza

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218
Q

Alternative term for Joven as of 2018

A

Generico (Generic)

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219
Q

Wine area known as Green Spain?

A

Galicia

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220
Q

What is notable about wines produced in Galicia versus the rest of Spain

A

As it is cooler and wetter than the rest of the country, the wines are notable for their high acidity

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221
Q

How many subregions are within Rias Baixas?

A

5

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222
Q

Valdeorras grape varieties

A

Experimenting with international, but has revived its indigenous varieties of Godello and Mencia

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223
Q

Ribeiro wine production

A

Mostly white wines from an array of grapes, including Albarino

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224
Q

River that flows through the heart of Castilla y Leon

A

Duero River

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225
Q

Regions around the Duero River

A 
(Castilla y Leon)
Toro
Rueda
Cigales
Ribera del Duero
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226
Q

Where does Castilla y Leon lie?

A

On the high plains of the Northern Meseta

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227
Q

Why does Castilla y Leon get less rain than Green Spain?

A

It has the protection of the mountains to the North, although the region does get more rain than Southern Spain

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228
Q

Type of wines made in Toro

A

Red (mostly)
White
Rosado

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229
Q

Red wines from Toro are made from what grape variety?

A

Tempranillo (called TInta de Toro)

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230
Q

Types of wines made in Rueda

A 
White Wines (Prized)
Red/Rosado (Minor)
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231
Q

Why are white wines produced more frequently in Rueda?

A

The region has a significant Diurnal Shift

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232
Q

Main White Grape variety of Rueda

A

Verdejo

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233
Q

Verdejo style

A

Light, aromatic (although some producers are experimenting with oak)

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234
Q

Blending partners for Verdejo in Rueda

A 
Sauvignon Blanc (also used as an alternative)
Viura
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235
Q

When were red wines/rosados allowed to be produced in Rueda?

A

2008

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236
Q

What grape varieties are utilized for Red/Rosado in Rueda?

A

Tempranillo
Cabernet Sauvignon
Garnacha
Merlot

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237
Q

What percent of total wine production is red wines within Rueda?

A

5%

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238
Q

Types of wines made in Cigales

A

Reds

Rosados

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239
Q

Grape variety used for Reds in Cigales

A

Tempranilla (called Tinta de Pais)

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240
Q

What grape variety is used as a blending partner for rosado in Cigales?

A

Garnacha

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241
Q

What region is on par with Rioja for red wine production?

A

Ribera del Duero

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242
Q

What percentage of Tempranillo must the red wines of Ribera del Duero be?

A

75% (known as Tinta de Pais or Tinto Fino here)

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243
Q

What grape varieties are blended with Tempranillo in Ribera del Duero?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Malbec
Garnacha

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244
Q

What is challenging about the climate of Ribera del Duero?

A

Extremes of both hot and cold, and only about sixteen weeks during which growers can be certain that there will be no frost while midsummer brings temperatures as high as 40C/104F

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245
Q

Why does Ribera del Duero have such a good diurnal shift?

A

High elevation – one of the highest in Spain at 2500ft (760m)

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246
Q

What does the diurnal shift in Ribera del Duero allow for?

A

The grapes to become fully ripe, while preserving their acidity despite the high heat

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247
Q

Where is Navarra?

A

Between La Rioja and the French border to the northeast

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248
Q

Was Navarra ever its own kingdom?

A

Yes, it maintained its independence until the Castilian Empire in 1512

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249
Q

What region crosses into the southwestern portion of Navarra?

A

Rioja DOCa

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250
Q

What style of wine is Navarra famous for?

A

Rosado

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251
Q

What are the principal grape varieties of Navarra?

A

Tempranillo and Garnacha

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252
Q

What grape varieties are growing in importance in Navarra?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Chardonnay

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253
Q

What was the first region designated as a DO in Spain?

A

Rioja

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254
Q

What year did Rioja become a DO?

A

1925

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255
Q

What was the first region to become a DOCa?

A

Rioja

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256
Q

What year did Rioja become a DO?

A

1991

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257
Q

What proportion of DO-level wine does Rioja produce?

A

One/sixth

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258
Q

Where is Rioja located?

A

North-central Spain inland from the Cantabrian Mountains

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259
Q

What do the Cantabrian Mountains do for Rioja?

A

Moderate the area’s climate by blocking much of the cold influence from the Bay of Biscay/Atlantic Ocean

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260
Q

What regions does Rioja stretch across?

A

Mostly the autonomia of La Rioja, but some in Basque Country and Navarra

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261
Q

Rioja is located in the valley of what river?

A

Ebro River

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262
Q

What three things help to provide warm summers and milder winters for Rioja?

A

Cantabrian Mountains
Ebro River
Mediterranean Sea

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263
Q

3 Sub-appellations of Rioja

A

Rioja Alta
Rioja Alavesa
Rioja Oriental

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264
Q

Former name of Rioja Oriental

A

Rioja Baja

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265
Q

What is Rioja Alta?

A

High-altitude, hilly area covering most of the western half of the region

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266
Q

What is Rioja Alavesa?

A

Essentially, the part of Rioja Alta north of the Ebro

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267
Q

What is Rioja Oriental?

A

Lower, flatter eastern portion of the Rioja DOCa

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268
Q

Which of the three subzones is the hottest/driest of Rioja?

A

Rioja Oriental

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269
Q

Why do Rioja Alta/Rioja Alavesa produce much of the region’s fine grapes?

A

Milder climate

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270
Q

Do the wines of Rioja have to be limited to a single subzone?

A

No, they can be and may be labeled as such but many contain a blend of two or all three of the subzones

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271
Q

What percentage of the vineyards are dedicated to red varieties in Rioja?

A

Well over 90%

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272
Q

What red grape variety is most prevalent in Rioja?

A

Tempranillo

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273
Q

What other red varieties are allowed in Rioja beyond Tempranillo?

A

Garnacha
Mazuelo
Graciano

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274
Q

Two alternative names for Mazuelo

A

Carinena

Carignan (when outside of Spain)

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275
Q

What is the main white grape variety of Rioja?

A

Viura

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276
Q

What other white varieties are allowed in Rioja besides Viura?

A 
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Malvasia
Garnacha Blanca
Maturana Blanca
Verdejo
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277
Q

Does Rioja produce only red wines?

A

No, it also produces white and rose although reds are what it is famous for

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278
Q

What does Rioja owe its prominence to?

A

Phylloxera; Bordeaux winemakers settled here in the late 19th century after their own vineyards were destroyed

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279
Q

What did the Bordeaux winemakers bring to Rioja?

A

Extensive winemaking experience (including improved vinification techniques and the use of 225L oak barrels for aging) & Phylloxera

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280
Q

Traditional red Rioja

A

Tempranillo based
Aged for extended periods in oak (almost exclusively American Oak, although French is being introduced)
Tannic
Can improve in bottle for decades

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281
Q

Traditional red Rioja flavor notes

A

Less of a focus on fruit flavors

More of a focus on earthiness, minerality, and the distinctive “leathery” bouquet that can develop as the wine ages

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282
Q

What new emphasis is being placed on Rioja wines?

A

Single-vineyard/single-variety wines

Wines that are more approachable at a younger age

283
Q

Are Rioja’s aging restrictions more or less strict than the other wines of Spain?

A

More

284
Q

Rioja Crianza requirements

A

Minimum 24 months total aging, including at least 12 months in barrel

285
Q

Rioja Reserva requirements

A

Minimum 36 months total aging, to include at least 12 months in the barrel and at least 6 months in the bottle

286
Q

Rioja Gran Reserva requirements

A

Minimum 60 months total aging, to include at least 24 months in the barrel and at least 24 months in the bottle

287
Q

How is Viura usually made in Rioja?

A

Cold fermented and released young, although some wineries still produce white Rioja in the traditional barrel-fermented, oak aged style

288
Q

What grape variety makes up most of Rioja Rosado?

A

Garnacha (blended with other red grapes of the region)

289
Q

When were traditional method sparkling wines allowed in Rioja?

A

2018

290
Q

What are traditional method sparkling wines labelled as in Rioja?

A

Vino Espumoso de Calidad de Rioja DOCa

291
Q

Where is Aragon?

A

East of both Navarra and La Rioja

292
Q

What is true about the climate of Aragon?

A

Very hot in summer

Very cold in winter

293
Q

What region in Aragon has developed the province’s best reputation for modern wines?

A

Somontano DO (in the foothills of the Pyrenees)

294
Q

How many red varieties are produced in Aragon?

A

8, including Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Syrah, and Garnacha

295
Q

What is one of the specialties of Aragon?

A

bright, intensely hued rosados produced primarily from Garnacha

296
Q

How many white varieties are produced in Aragon?

A

7, with Chardonnay and Macabeo being most widely planted

297
Q

Two alternative names for Catalonia

A

Cataluna (Spanish)

Catalunya (Catalan)

298
Q

Where is Catalonia?

A

Northeastern corner of Spain

299
Q

What type of climate is present in Catalonia?

A

Mediterranean

300
Q

What does the Mediterranean climate do for Catalonia?

A

Provides good growing conditions and presents fewer challenges to producing quality grapes than many other parts of Spain

301
Q

What region is the only one in Spain to have a DO that covers the entire autonomous region?

A

Catalonia

302
Q

Which region is the largest producer of quality wine in Spain?

A

Catalonia, with more than 20% of DO production

303
Q

When was Priorat promoted to DOQ (DOCa)?

A

2009

304
Q

When was the Priorat DO established?

A

1950

305
Q

Where is Priorat located?

A

In a mountainous region just inland from Barcelona

306
Q

How far from the Mediterranean Sea is Priorat?

A

18 miles (29km)

307
Q

What shields Priorat from the damp sea air of the Mediterranean and Ebro Valley winds?

A

Mountains

308
Q

What type of soil is Priorat known for?

A

Llicorella

309
Q

What is the composition of Llicorella soil?

A

Flat, easily breakable stones made of decomposed slate flecked with mica and other minerals

310
Q

What does the Llicorella soil add to the wines?

A

Distinct herbal and mineral character to the powerful, deep red wines

311
Q

What is the primary grape of Priorat?

A

Garnacha (but Carinena is almost as prominent)

312
Q

Aside from Garnacha and Carinena, what other red grape varieties are allowed in Priorat?

A

Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Syrah

313
Q

Name for rose in Catalan?

A

Rosat

314
Q

3 major white grapes of Priorat

A

Garnacha Blanca
Macabeo
Pedro Ximenez

315
Q

What type of soil/climate is present in Tarragona?

A

Diverse mix of both

316
Q

What styles of wines are produced in Tarragona?

A

Young reds
Roses
Whites
Port-style fortified wines

317
Q

What is the majority of production in Tarragona?

A

Full-bodied, aromatic whites (75% of production)

318
Q

When did Montsant become a DO?

A

2001

319
Q

What subzone was Montsant created from?

A

Falset (a former subzone of the Tarragona DO adjacent to Priorat)

320
Q

What grape varieties are found in Montsant?

A

Mature Garnacha and Carinena

Smaller but significant plantings of Ull de Llebre (Tempranillo), Cabernet Sauvignon, and Syrah

321
Q

What is Costers del Segre made up of?

A

Several noncontiguous subzones

322
Q

What is responsible for the sudden and dramatic improvements to the wines of Costers del Segre?

A

Introduction of capital, state-of-the-art equipment and young, well-educated enologists with nontraditional outlooks on winemaking

323
Q

What is true about the wines of Costers del Segre?

A

Typically blends of traditional and international varieties

324
Q

What region started the modern wine revolution in the 1970s?

A

Penedes

325
Q

What was Penedes the first to do?

A

Use stainless steel equipment and temperature-controlled fermentation techniques

326
Q

What does Penedes focus on mainly?

A

White wines

327
Q

Penedes encompasses most of the production areas of what?

A

Cava (although most of the Penedes DO wines are still whites)

328
Q

Grape varieties of Penedes

A

Xarel-lo
Macabeo
Parellada

329
Q

Leading white grape varieties of Penedes

A

Xarel-lo

Chardonnay

330
Q

Are the red wines of Penedes mostly indigenous varieties?

A

No, they are a mix of international and indigenous varieties

331
Q

Where is Castilla-La Mancha?

A

Central Meseta

332
Q

What is true about the area of Castilla-La Mancha?

A

Flat, hot, and dry area dotted by windmills reminiscent of the story of Don Quixote

333
Q

What is Castilla-La Mancha home to?

A

Spain’s vast acreage of Airen

334
Q

What is Airen predominantly used for?

A

Spanish brandy

335
Q

What is the largest physical DO in Spain?

A

La Mancha (although output is comparatively low for such a large area, as vineyards tend to be very widely spaced with small vines)

336
Q

What grape varieties are grown in La Mancha?

A

Airen and Cencibel (Tempranillo) plus internation varieties

337
Q

What does Valdepenas mean?

A

Valley of the Rocks

338
Q

What is Valdepenas nearly surrounded by?

A

The La Mancha DO

339
Q

Why does Valdepenas carry a somewhat better reputation?

A

Variations in soil that allow for better water retention – an important advantage in this arid environment

340
Q

How many Vinos de Pago are located in Castilla-La Mancha?

A

8, all of which use international blends and many of which are known for unique, expressive styles of wine

341
Q

Where is Murcia?

A

Southern portion of the Levant (eastern coast) of Spain

342
Q

What is true about the vineyards of Murcia?

A

Located somewhat inland, and thus influenced by the hot, arid climate of Spain’s interior – just slightly moderated by the Mediterranean coast

343
Q

3 DOs of Murcia

A

Jumilla
Yecla
Bullas

344
Q

Styles of wines produced in the DOs of Murcia

A 
Red
White
Rose
Sparkling
Vinos de Licor
345
Q

What is the major output of all three of the DOs of Murcia

A

Deep, concentrated reds and flavorful roses

346
Q

Main grape variety of Murcia

A

Monastrell (Mourvedre)

347
Q

Alternate name for Jerez

A

Xeres

348
Q

What is the main production of Jerez?

A

Sherry

349
Q

What DO is Sherry produced under?

A

Jerez-Xeres-Sherry DO

350
Q

Where is Sherry mainly exported to?

A

Britain

the Netherlands

351
Q

Where is the Sherry region?

A

The southwest of Spain, in Andalusia, between Cadiz and Seville

352
Q

What three towns form the Sherry triangle?

A

Jerez de la Frontera
Sanlucar de Barrameda
El Puerto de Santa Maria

353
Q

What is true about the climate of Jerez?

A

Somewhat cooler due to the proximity to the Atlantic Ocean

354
Q

What are Sanlucar de Barrameda and El Puerto de Santa Maria?

A

Seaports

355
Q

What do the summer month of the Sherry region feature?

A

Continually cloudless days with no rain at all

356
Q

What is true about the vineyards closer to the water in Jerez?

A

They are markedly cooler

357
Q

3 Grape Varieties of Jerez for Sherry

A

Palomino
Pedro Ximenez
Moscatel

358
Q

Primary grape of Sherry

A

Palomino (sole or majority grape variety in most sherries)

359
Q

What is the principal sweetening agent in the sweeter styles of Sherry?

A

Pedro Ximenez (PX)

360
Q

What style of sherry does Pedro Ximenez produce on its own?

A

Intensely sweet and rich dessert sherry

361
Q

Which clone of Muscat is Moscatel?

A

Muscat of Alexandria

362
Q

What is Moscatel used for in sherries?

A

As a sweetener or to impart a fruity characteristic to younger sherries

363
Q

3 soil types of Jerez

A

Albariza
Barro
Arena

364
Q

Which soil type does Palomino prefer?

A

Albarizo

365
Q

Composition of Albarizo soil

A

30% limestone rich chalk along with some clay and sand

366
Q

What soil type does Pedro Ximenez prefer?

A

Barro

367
Q

Composition of Barro soil

A

Clay soil with iron oxide and a little chalk and sand

368
Q

What soil type does Moscatel prefer?

A

Arena

369
Q

Composition of Arena soil

A

Predominantly sandy soil

370
Q

Is the majority of Sherry dry or sweet when it enters the aging and blending process?

A

Dry

371
Q

2 basic styles of Sherry

A

Fino

Oloroso

372
Q

Fino-Style Sherry

A

Fortified to a low level of alcohol in order to permit the flor to flourish

373
Q

Hybrid-Style Sherry

A

Begin as fino, aging under flor. However, during the aging process, the flor dies out, allowing the wines to age both biologically and oxidatively while in the solera

374
Q

Oloroso-Style Sherry

A

Initially fortified to a higher alcoholic strength in order to prevent the development of flor at a later point. The oxidative style.

375
Q

How does the absence of flor affect the profile of Oloroso Sherry?

A

The wine ages in the presence of oxygen, resulting in a rancio (oxidized) character and a light-to-deep brown color

376
Q

Dried Grape Sherry

A

Sweet Sherry produced using grapes harvested at a high level of ripeness with the sugars further concentrated by drying the grapes, post-harvest, on straw mats in the hot sun and then partially fermenting before fortication and aging

377
Q

Main grapes used for Dried Grape Sherry

A

Pedro Ximenez

Moscatel

378
Q

Soleo process

A

Concentration of the sugars of grapes by drying the grapes, post-harvest, on straw mats in the hot sun

379
Q

Who instituted two new sherry designations in the early 2000s?

A

Sherry Consejo Regulador

380
Q

Which sherry styles can carry the aged sherry designation?

A

Individual soleras of amontillado, palo cortado, oloroso, and pedro ximenez

381
Q

What style of sherry is specifically excluded from the aged sherry designation designation?

A

Fino Sherry

382
Q

Vinos con indicacion de edad

A

Sherries with an age indication

383
Q

How long are vinos con indicacion de edad sherries aged?

A

12 to 15 years

384
Q

What is the general higher qualification than vinos con indicacion de edad?

A

Vinos de vejes calificado (Sherries of certified old age)

385
Q

What are the two levels of Vinos de vejes calificado?

A

Vinum optimum signatum (VOS/Very old Sherry)

Vinum optimum rare signatum (VORS/Very old rare Sherry)

386
Q

What’s the minimum aging for VOS sherry?

A

20 years minimum in solera

387
Q

What’s the minimum aging for VORS sherry?

A

30 years minimum in solera

388
Q

En Rama Sherry

A

Natural style of sherry that is unfined and unfiltered, or at least minimally filtered

389
Q

Is the En Rama style of sherry common?

A

No it is somewhat rare

390
Q

Single vintage Sherry name

A

Anada

391
Q

When did the tradition of single vintage sherries die out?

A

1800s, however they are becoming more prevalent again

392
Q

Why are single-vintage aged sherries typically quite expensive?

A

Rarity as well as the enhanced oxidation and evaporation experienced by these wines

393
Q

Where is Montilla-Moriles DO?

A

east of Jerez

394
Q

What is Montilla-Moriles DO known for?

A

Rich dessert wines that are often compared to the wines of Jerez

395
Q

How does the climate differ in Montilla-Moriles versus Jerez?

A

It is further inland so more continental, and overall warmer and drier

396
Q

What grape variety accounts for over 70% of the overall plantings in Montilla-Moriles DO?

A

Pedro Ximenez, as it thrives in the warmer climate

397
Q

How does the intense summer heat affect the wines of Montilla-Moriles DO?

A

Grapes ripen to very high sugar levels

398
Q

What alcoholic strength can the wines of Montilla-Moriles DO reach due to the hot climate?

A

14 to 16% (or even higher) pre fortification

399
Q

Does Montilla-Moriles only produce sweet wines?

A

No, a small amount of dry still wines are produced as well as some non-PX dessert wines from very ripe Moscatel grapes

400
Q

Which styles of sherry fall under the Fino Style?

A

Fino
Puerto Fino
Manzanilla
Pale Cream

401
Q

Which styles of sherry fall under the Hybrid Style?

A

Amontillado

Palo Cortado

402
Q

Which styles of sherry fall under the Oloroso Style?

A

Oloroso

Cream Sherry

403
Q

Which styles of sherry fall under the Dried Grape Style?

A

Pedro Ximenez

Moscatel

404
Q

4 general styles of Sherry

A

Fino
Hybrid
Oloroso
Dried Grape

405
Q

Where is Puerto Fino sherry from?

A

Coastal town of El Puerto de Santa Maria

406
Q

Fino Sherry

A

A pale, delicate, dry wine produced primarily from the Palomino grape under the influence of flor yeast and, thus, showing the unmistakable characteristics of the flor to both the nose and palate. At 15% abv or so, it is among the least alcoholic of the fortified wines. Unless deliberately sweetened, fino Sherries are dry on the palate

407
Q

Puerto Fino Sherry

A

Fino Sherry from the coastal town of El Puerto de Santa Maria. The cool climate of the coast encourages a thick covering of flor, resulting in a light, crisp wine with a hint of saltiness

408
Q

Manzanilla Sherry

A

Fino Sherry that is matured in the seaside town of Sanlucar de Barrameda, produced according to the Manzanilla Sanlucar de Barrameda DO. It has a slightly different flavor that other finos, often described as briny due to the maritime humidity, which encourages a more vigorous flor yeast population

409
Q

Where is Manzanilla Sherry matured?

A

Sanlucar de Barrameda

410
Q

Pale Cream Sherry

A

Sweetened style of fino Sherry that originated in Bristol. Aside from the addition of a sweetening agent, no other color, aroma, or flavor is added.

411
Q

Where did Pale Cream sherry originate?

A

Bristol

412
Q

Amontillado Sherry

A

Sherry that starts out as a fino and is aged under a layer of flor but that loses its protective flor after a few years (naturally or through additional fortification). It is therefore aged like an oloroso in the presence of oxygen. Amontillado Sherries tend to have intense, nutty aromas

413
Q

Palo Cortado Sherry

A

Unique Sherry made from fino-quality base wine, but it never quite develops flor as initially expected. It then continues aging oxidatively, but it never quite develops into an oloroso. It has the nutty characteristics of an amontillado but without the flor aroma. Palo Cortado has the color and full body of an oloroso Sherry.

414
Q

Oloroso Sherry

A

A Palomino-based Sherry aged in partially filled barrels without flor and with considerable oxidation. Oloroso Sherry changes in color from its original shade of gold to light brown to deep brown as it ages, increasing in alcohol, body, and aroma

415
Q

Cream Sherry

A

Sweetened Oloroso Sherry, typically produced using a blend of Sherries and often showing a distinctly darkened amber or brown color. Harvey’s Bristol Cream Sherry – so named for its creamy texture – is one of the original commercial brands of cream Sherry.

416
Q

Name for Sweetened styles of Fino/Oloroso Sherry?

A

Fino - Pale Cream

Oloroso - Cream

417
Q

One of the original commercial brands of cream sherry

A

Harvey’s Bristol Cream Sherry

418
Q

Pedro Ximenez Sherry

A

Very dark, very sweet, almost syrupy Sherry produced using thin-skinned Pedro Ximenez grapes. Plantings of Pedro Ximenez grapes are quite limited in Jerez, so grapes form the nearby Montilla-Moriles DO are permitted in these wines

419
Q

Moscatel Sherry

A

Wines made from grapes that are left to dry for a short time after harvest and are typically made into a sweet, golden wine with fruity and floral aromas

420
Q

What are many of the Moscatel grapes grown in Jerez used for?

A

Sweetening other styles of Sherry

421
Q

Name for Spain’s high-quality, Traditional Method Sparkling Wine

A

Cava

422
Q

What is unusual about the Cava designation?

A

It is scattered across Spain

423
Q

What area accounts for 95% of Spain’s Cava production?

A

Catalonia

424
Q

How many regions are allowed to produce Cava?

A

8

425
Q

What percentage of Spain’s quality wine is Cava?

A

10%

426
Q

What town is the heart of the Cava designation?

A

San Sadurni de Noya (Sant Adurni d’Anoia) west of Barcelona

427
Q

Other major Cava producing towns of Catalonia?

A

Barcelona
Tarragona
Lleida
Girona

428
Q

What does the proximity to the Mediterranean coast do for Cava towns?

A

moderates the daily temperature and increases the humidity

429
Q

What type of soil is mainly in the towns of Cava?

A

Chalky

430
Q

What are the three classic grape varieties of Cava?

A

Macabeo
Xarel-lo
Parellada

431
Q

Are all of the main grape varieties of Cava red?

A

No, they are white

432
Q

What style of Cava does Macabeo produce?

A

Dry wines of balanced acidity and subtle aromas

433
Q

What style of Cava does Xarel-lo produce?

A

Full-bodied, plesant wines with a good degree of acidity

434
Q

Why is Xarel-lo the basis for most Cava blends?

A

Its freshness and fine aroma

435
Q

What style of Cava does Parellada produce?

A

Wines that are smooth, with moderate alcohol and a delicate aroma

436
Q

What kind of aspect does Parellada do well in?

A

Higher-elevation areas

437
Q

How does Parellada differe from Xarel-lo?

A

More subtle, but provides and backbone and acidity to the wine

438
Q

Other approved varieties for Cava

A 
Chardonnay
Malvasia (Subirat Parent)
Pinot Noir
Garnacha
Monastrell
439
Q

What grape may only be used in the production of Cava rosado?

A

Trepat

440
Q

Where is Trepat thought to be native to?

A

Catalonia

441
Q

What are the four levels of Cava?

A

Cava
Cava Reserva
Cava Gran Reserva
Cava de Paraje Calificado (Qualified Single Estate Cava)

442
Q

What does Cava de Paraje Calificado mean?

A

Qualified Single Estate Cava

443
Q

Production requirements for Cava level?

A

Minimum 9 months lees aging in bottle
White or Rose
Any Sweetness

444
Q

Production requirements for Cava Reserva level?

A

Minimum 15 months of lees aging in bottle
White or Rose
Brut-Level Sweetness or drier

445
Q

Production requirements for Cava Gran Reserva level?

A

Minimum 30 months of lees aging in bottle
White or Rose
Brut-Level Sweetness or drier

446
Q

Production requirements for Cava de Paraje Calificado

A

Minimum 36 months of lees aging in bottle
White or Rose
Produced from single-estate vines
Brut-Level Sweetness or drier

447
Q

Where does Portugal lie?

A

Southwestern section of the Iberian Peninsula

448
Q

What borders Portugal to the west and south?

A

Atlantic Ocean

449
Q

What borders Portugal to the north and east?

A

Spain

450
Q

What prevents vineyards from thriving all over Portugal?

A

Rugged terrain (rugged ridges and valleys)

451
Q

Where do vineyards cling to the sides of steep valley walls?

A

Douro

452
Q

How many distinct climates are in Portugal?

A

Three

453
Q

How is the climate of the coastal part of northern Portugal?

A

Lush and green with abundant rainfall (similar to Green Spain to the north). Influenced by the Atlantic, temperatures are moderate and humidity is high

454
Q

What is the climate of the southern coastal region of Portugal?

A

More Mediterranean, with warmer summers, mild winters, and very little precipitation during the growing season. The climate is decidedly continental and arid.

455
Q

Why does the ocean not moderate the temperature of the southern part of Portugal?

A

Patchwork of mountain ranges found there

456
Q

What is the climate of the inland valleys (especially those close to the Spanish border to the east)?

A

Blisteringly hot summers and very cold winters, with minimal precipitation

457
Q

How many varieties of grape does the Instituto da Vinha e do Vinho list as being present in Portugal?

A

Almost 350 varieties

458
Q

Are most of the grapes grown in Portugal found in other places?

A

No, aside from some crossover with Spain they are mostly unique, and international varieties aren’t typical although that is slowly changing

459
Q

What are some of the leading red varieties in Portugal used for?

A

Port production

460
Q

What are the three big red varieties in Portugal?

A

Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz

461
Q

What is the profile of Touriga Nacional?

A

Complex wines with firm structure and black fruit flavors

462
Q

What is the profile of Touriga Franca?

A

Usually used in blends, offering floral, blackberry, and plum notes

463
Q

What is the alternate name for Tinta Roriz?

A

Aragonez (Portugal)

Tempranillo (Rest of the World)

464
Q

What is the profile of Tinta Roriz?

A

Red fruit, olive, and herbal characteristics

465
Q

Alternate name for Castelao

A

Periquita

466
Q

Where is Periquita predominantly planted?

A

Southern Portugal

467
Q

What is the profile of Periquita?

A

Age-worthy wines with a complex, herbaceous character; although it is adaptable and can also make fruit-forward, easy-drinking reds and roses

468
Q

2 other significant red varieties of Portugal

A

Baga

Trincadeira

469
Q

What is an alternate name for Trincadeira

A

Tinta Amarela

470
Q

Why is Baga often aged in neutral or older barrels?

A

It is extremely tannic and the older oak doesn’t impart additional tannins

471
Q

What is the profile of Baga?

A

Extremely tannic, age worthy, robust wines with plum and tobacco notes

472
Q

Where does Trincadeira grow best?

A

Hot, dry areas such as the Alentejo and Tejo

473
Q

What is the profile of Trincadeira?

A

Vibrant acidity and aromas of blackberry, herbs, and pepper

474
Q

What percentage of Portuguese wines are white?

A

Less than 1/3rd

475
Q

Where are white varieties more predominant in Portugal?

A

In the cooler areas in the north and on the islands

476
Q

What two grapes are the stars of Vinho Verde?

A

Loureiro

Alvarinho

477
Q

What is the Spanish name for Loureiro?

A

Loureira

478
Q

What is the Spanish name for Alvarinho?

A

Albarino

479
Q

What is the profile of Alvarinho?

A

Distinctly tart and mineral in character, with peach and citrus aromas and flavors

480
Q

What is Portugal’s most planted white variety?

A

Fernao Pires

481
Q

What is an alternate name for Fernao Pires?

A

Maria Gomes

482
Q

Where is Fernao Pires mostly found?

A

Mainly in the south (Palmela, Tejo, and Setubal) and on the central coast (Bairrada)

483
Q

What is the profile of Fernao Pires?

A

Very aromatic

484
Q

Does Fernao Pires only make still wines?

A

No it is also makes sparkling

485
Q

Are the grapes of Madeira mostly red or white?

A

White

486
Q

What are the 4 grapes of Madeira?

A

Sercial
Verdelho
Boal (Bual)
Malvasia (Malmsey)

487
Q

What is an alternate name of Malvasia?

A

Malmsey

488
Q

What are the three levels of Portuguese wine laws?

A

Vinho (Vinho de Portugal)
Vinho regional (VR)
Denominacao de origem controlada (DOC)

489
Q

What is the former name of the Vinho category?

A

Vinho de mesa

490
Q

What is the Vinho category?

A

Basic wine

491
Q

What portion of Portugal’s production is Vinho?

A

1/4th

492
Q

What is the Vinho regional category?

A

Country wines from on of the VR regions

493
Q

How many VR regions are in Portugal?

A

14

494
Q

How many regions do the 14 VR designations cover?

A

12 regions in Portugal plus the islands of Azores and Madeira

495
Q

How much of Portugal’s production is Vinho regional?

A

1/4th

496
Q

What does the VR category of Portugal equal in the EU system?

A

PGI Wines

497
Q

What is the alternate name for PGI?

A

Indicacao Geografica Protegida (IGP)

498
Q

What is the Denominacao de Origem Controlada (DOC)?

A

Primary category for quality wine

499
Q

How many DOCs are in Portugal?

A

31 including Porto and Madeira

500
Q

What are the DOCs equivalent to in the EU system?

A

PDO

501
Q

What is the name for PDO in Portugal?

A

Denominacao de Origem Protegida

502
Q

Where is the Minho located?

A

Northwestern corner of Portugal, just south of the Spanish region of Rias Baixas

503
Q

What is the climate of the Minho?

A

It is the coolest and wettest part of Portugal

504
Q

Does Minho produce more whites or reds?

A

Whites

505
Q

Is the majority of the wines in the Minho VR?

A

No, most of the production is in the Vinho Verde DOC

506
Q

What DOC is the only DOC larger than the Vinho Verde DOC?

A

Porto

507
Q

What does Vinho Verde mean?

A

Green wine, although the term is meant to mean the wine is meant to be consumed young

508
Q

What kinds of wines are produced in Vinho Verde?

A

Red, white, or pink

509
Q

What grapes are used for white Vinho Verde?

A

Mostly Loureiro and Alvarinho, sometimes blended with Arinto, Trajadura, and other grapes

510
Q

What does Loureiro provide in a blend?

A

Richness on the palate

511
Q

What does Alvarinho provide in the blend?

A

Leanness and Higher acidity

512
Q

Is Vinho Verde always a blend?

A

No it can be single variety as well

513
Q

How does Alvarinho led Vinho Verde differ from Rias Baixas Albarino?

A

More Petillant, mineral, and tart

514
Q

What is the profile of white Vinho Verde?

A

Generally low in alcohol and high in acidity, with a fresh citrus character

515
Q

What is the minimum alcohol level for white Vinho Verde?

A

8.5%

516
Q

What grape variety is most red Vinho Verde made from?

A

Vinhao

517
Q

What style of wine does Vinhao produce?

A

Deeply colored, full-bodied wines

518
Q

What is encouraged with red Vinho Verde that is not encouraged in white Vinho Verde?

A

Malolactic Fermenation, although the wine still has a high acidity

519
Q

Is most red and rose Vinho Verde exported?

A

No, it remains mostly within Portugal for domestic consumption

520
Q

When was the Douro’s boundaries defined?

A

1756

521
Q

What was among the first demarcated wine regions in the world?

A

Douro in 1756

522
Q

What is the Douro primarily known for?

A

Port

523
Q

Does the Douro only produce ports?

A

No, it is also a well-regarded for unfortified wines

524
Q

What portion of the production of the Douro is released under the Porto DOC?

A

About 2/3rds

525
Q

What makes up the rest of the Douro production?

A

High Quality unfortified wine along with a small amount of fortified Moscatel do Douro labeled as Douro DOC

526
Q

What are the still wines of the Douro made from?

A

The same grapes as Port production

527
Q

Are international varieties allowed in the Douro DOC?

A

No, they do not qualify and are released under the VR Duriense

528
Q

What does the Douro span?

A

From 40 miles (64km) east of the city of Oporto and extend 60 miles (96km) east to the Spanish border

529
Q

What is the name of the Douro river once it reaches Spain?

A

Duero

530
Q

What is the general terrain of the Douro?

A

Rugged, wild, and remote

531
Q

What are the three subregions of the Douro from west to east?

A

Baixo Corgo
Cima Corgo
Douro Superior

532
Q

Baixo Corgo region generally

A

Westernmost section, relatively fertile area with ample rainfall

533
Q

What type of wines does Baixo Corgo make?

A

Mostly lighter styles of Port

534
Q

Cima Corgo region generally

A

Central core of the Port region, has steep rocky slopes of schist and granite that have been terraced.

535
Q

Climate of Cima Corgo

A

Hotter summers
Colder winters
Less rain than Baixo Corgo

536
Q

Which subregion is considered to produce the finest ports?

A

Cima Corgo

537
Q

Where are the majority of the vineyards used in Port production located?

A

Cima Corgo

538
Q

Douro Superior region generally

A

Upriver, eastern part of the valley

539
Q

Climate of Douro Superior

A

Extreme temperatures

Very little rainfall

540
Q

What is the largest subregion of the Douro in terms of physical size?

A

Douro Superior, but less than one quarter is under vine

541
Q

What is mainly produced in Douro Superior?

A

Unfortified Wine

542
Q

What are the 5 preferred varieties of the Douro?

A 
Touriga Nacional
Touriga Franca
Tinta Roriz
Tinta Barroca
Tinto Cao
543
Q

What are the white varieties used in white Port?

A

Gouveio

Malvasia Fina

544
Q

What is the unique and complex vineyard ranking system called in the Port DOC?

A

Cadastro

545
Q

How many factors does the cadastro assess?

A

12 factors

546
Q

What are some of the factors assessed by the cadastro?

A

Altitude
Yield
Locality

547
Q

What are vineyards classified from under the cadastro system?

A

From A (high) to F (low)

548
Q

What does the ranking from the cadastro along with the harvest conditions determine?

A

Each growers beneficio authorization

549
Q

What is the beneficio authorization?

A

Maximum amount of wine that is allowed to be fortified and used to produce Port in that year

550
Q

What was traditional about the production of Port?

A

The grapes were foot trodden in low, open granite or concrete troughs known as lagares

551
Q

Lagares

A

Low, open granite or concrete troughs for foot-crushing

552
Q

Do they still foot trod grapes for Port?

A

Yes, although some producers have transitioned to more modern mechanical means

553
Q

What ABV are Ports fortified to?

A

19% to 22%

554
Q

Pipes

A

Barrels youn Port was placed into

555
Q

How were young Port’s typically transferred to the city of Oporto?

A

Downriver via ornate flat-bottomed boats known as barcos rabelos

556
Q

Barcos Rabelos

A

Ornate flat-bottomed boats that were used to transfer young Ports to the city of Oporto

557
Q

Where did the center of Port trade shift to in the late 1800s?

A

Across the river to the town of Vila Nova de Gaia

558
Q

What are the lodges in Vila Nova de Gaia used for?

A

Storing and aging of Port

559
Q

Why was the center of Port trade and the lodges transitioned to a different place?

A

The high humidity and cooler temperatures of these towns on the coast proved to be much better for aging the Port with minimal evaporation or maderization

560
Q

What has the boat transportation transitioned to in current day?

A

Truck transport, thus the structure of the trade is changing slowly

561
Q

Is Vila Nova de Gaia still the home of most of the Port lodges?

A

Yes, although more and more quintas now do their own blending and aging in temperature-controlled facilities in the Douro

562
Q

What is the general style of Port?

A

Sweet, high in alcohol, and rich in complex flavors and aromas

563
Q

What differentiates to a large degree the styles of Port?

A

How Long

What Type of Container

564
Q

Ruby Style of Port

A

Simplest of Ports, comprising a large share of all Port produced. Rubies have a vibrant red color and youthful aromas but lack the longevity and complexity of flavors found in other styles of port

565
Q

Aging of Ruby Port

A

Large oak casks for about two years before being bottled and ready to drink

566
Q

Reserve Style of Port

A

Blend of premium ruby Ports after four to six years’ aging in oak vats

567
Q

Aging of Reserve Ports

A

4 to 6 years in oak vats

568
Q

What is Reserve Port similar to?

A

Tawny Port

569
Q

Style of Late-Bottled Vintage (LBV)

A

Wine from a single year, matured in large oak vats for four to six years after harvest

570
Q

Aging of Late-Bottled Vintage (LBV)

A

Matured in large oak vats for four to six years after harvest

571
Q

What is done to LBV ports before bottling?

A

Filtered

572
Q

Style of Tawny Ports

A

Tawny port is a version or ruby Port that is aged long enough in oak for the color to oxidize from ruby red to a golden brown shade, developing richer, more oxidized flavors along the way

573
Q

How long is Basic tawny Port aged for?

A

Just a few years

574
Q

How long is “Reserve Tawny Port” aged for?

A

At least 7 years in oak before bottling – this represents the true style

575
Q

What does the age on a label of Tawny Port refer to?

A

Average of time – so some of the wine in the bottle will be older and some will be younger

576
Q

What is true of ports with indicated age on the bottle?

A

Highly complex and rich wines that represent the pinnacle of quality for wood-aged Ports

577
Q

Style of Vintage Port

A

Rarest and most expensive style of Port produced.

578
Q

What is different about Vintage Ports?

A

Whereas most Ports are blends of wine from several harvest, vintage Port is from a single year’s harvest and is only produced in teh best years

579
Q

Who decides when a Vintage Port will be made?

A

A vintage year is declared at the discretion of the producer, but must be approved by the Instituto dos Vinhos de Douro e Porto (IVDP)

580
Q

Are vintages commonly declared for Vintage Port?

A

No, sometimes it is as few as 3 years out of 10

581
Q

Aging for Vintage Port

A

Aged in cask, but must be bottled by July 30 of the third year after harvest. After bottling, the wine is usually cellared for many more years before release. The wine may spend decades aging in the bottle.

582
Q

What is true about Vintage Port?

A

Unique and reflective of the growing conditions of a single year

583
Q

Style of Single Quinta Vintage Port

A

Variation on the vintage port style – is produced from the grapes of a specific estate or vineyard.

584
Q

What is the controversy with Single Quinta Vintage Ports?

A

They are sometimes produced in years that were not considered good enough for a producer to declare a vintage year for their entire estate. In these cases, specific vineyards that did have excellent-quality harvests may be bottled under this designation

585
Q

Do Single Quinta Vintage Port and Vintage Port have the same requirements?

A

Yes, they both require the same handling

586
Q

Two examples of Single Quinta Vintage Port

A

Dow’s Quinta do Bomfim

Taylor’s Quinta de Terra Feita

587
Q

Style of Colheita Port

A

Single-vintage tawny port

588
Q

Aging for Colheita Port

A

Wine must remain in cask for at least seven years, but the practice is it usually spends a much longer time in wood before being bottled.

589
Q

Is Colheita Port common?

A

No, very few vintners produce this style

590
Q

Style of White Port

A

Made in both off-dry and sweet styles and often served as an apertif

591
Q

Is White Port as prevalent as Red?

A

No, but a small quantity does still exist

592
Q

What grapes are used in White Port production?

A

Malvasia Fina, Gouveio, Rabigato, and others

593
Q

Who introduced the Rose style of Port?

A

Croft, called Croft Pink

594
Q

When was Croft Pink introduced?

A

2008

595
Q

What was the goal of Rose Port?

A

Intended to appeal to a new generation of wine drinkers. The style proved quite popular, and several other shippers quickly followed suit

596
Q

Where is Madeira?

A

An island located in the Atlantic some 400 miles off the coast of Morocco

597
Q

What is responsible for the rise of Madeira?

A

Its position as a resupply point for ships en route to the Far East or the Americas. Ships typically took aboard local wines, which were fortified so they wouldn’t spoil during the long voyage.

598
Q

How was Madeira created?

A

The fortified wines aboard shift spent time in the stiflingly hot cargo hold of the ship as it sailed through the tropics which dramatically changed the character of the wine

599
Q

General style of Madiera

A

Amber-colored wine with nutty, caramelized flavors

600
Q

Maderization

A

Cooking process used for the production of Madeira

601
Q

Aside from Madeira, where else can wines labeled under the Madeira DOC be produced?

A

Porto Santo, which is 27 miles northeast of Madeira

602
Q

Does Madeira only make fortified wines?

A

No, unfortified table wines are also made on both islands – in red, white, or rose

603
Q

What are unfortified table wines labeled as in Madeira?

A

Madeirense DOC or Terras Madeirenses VR

604
Q

What is the elevation of the highest point of Madeira?

A

6000 ft

605
Q

What kind of island is Madeira?

A

Volcanic

606
Q

How are the vines planted in Madeira?

A

Steep, terraced slopes of the central mountain spine

607
Q

What is the climate of Madeira?

A

Mild subtropical climate with little annual temperature variation with moderate rainfall, although rare in summer.

608
Q

When does Madeira receive 75% of its precipitation?

A

Autumn/Winter

609
Q

How are vineyards irrigated in Madeira?

A

Through a system of canals called levadas, a practice that dates to the mid-fifteenth century

610
Q

What are levadas?

A

Canals used for irrigation in Madeira

611
Q

What are the “noble” grapes of Madeira?

A

Sercial
Verdelho
Boal
Malvasia (Malmsey)

612
Q

Where are the different noble grapes planted in Madeira?

A

Different elevations

Sercial - halfway up the mountain
Verdelho - little lower
Malvasia/Boal - closer to sea level

613
Q

What is the most widely planted variety on the island of Madeira?

A

Tinta Negra

614
Q

What is the former name of TInta Negra in Madeira?

A

Tinta Negra Mole

615
Q

Does Madeira only come in the sweet style?

A

No it comes in both dry and sweet – depending on when fortification occurs (during or after)

616
Q

Which grapes are used to make the dry style of Madeira?

A

Sercial
Verdelho
Tinta Negra

617
Q

Which grapes make the sweet style of Madeira?

A

Boal
Malvasia
Tinta Negra

618
Q

Do all styles of Madeira go through the Maderization process?

A

Yes

619
Q

What are the two main ways to re-create the sunbaked conditions that initially created Madeira?

A

Canteiro Method

Estufagem Method

620
Q

What is the Canteiro Method for Madeira?

A

Wine is placed in casks and stored in the rafters of an uncooled warehouse, and subjected to high temperatures under the subtropical son for a minimum of two years.

621
Q

What is the minimum amount of time a wine spends in the Canteiro Method?

A

2 years

622
Q

What is true of the resulting wine from the Canteiro Method?

A

Considered highest quality

623
Q

How does the Canteiro Method affect the resulting wine?

A

Some evaporation occurs
Wine becomes more concentrated
Develops more complex flavors and aromas

624
Q

Aging of Vinho de Canteiro?

A

Minimum 3 years before bottling, but the finest examples may remain in cask for 20 years or more

625
Q

What is the Estufagem Method for Madeira?

A

Wine is left in a concrete or steel vat known as an estufa. Hot water is circulated through a submerged coil within the vessel for a minimum of 3 months heating the wine to 113F to 122F (45C to 50C). After this process, the wine rests in the estufa for a minimum of 90 days before being transferred to cask for aging.

626
Q

What is Cuba de Calor?

A

Process used for Estufagem method in which wine is left in a concrete or steel vat known as an estufa. Hot water is circulated through a submerged coil within the vessel for a minimum of 3 months heating the wine to 113F to 122F (45C to 50C). After this process, the wine rests in the estufa for a minimum of 90 days before being transferred to cask for aging.

627
Q

What is an Estufa?

A

Concrete or stainless steel vat used for Estufagem method of Madeira production

628
Q

How long must a wine rest in the estufa before being transferred to cask for aging?

A

3 months

629
Q

What is true about the Estufagem Method of Madeira production?

A

Cheapest in both time and cost

630
Q

What is Armazem de Calor?

A

Second type of estufagem method that involves leaving the wine in vats in a large room that is heated by steam to over 120F (49C) for six months to one year. The wine itself reaches temperatures of 86F to 100F (30C to 38C).

631
Q

How long are wines made using the Armazem de Calor left in their vats?

A

6 months to one year

632
Q

Who mainly utilizes the Armazem de Calor estufagem method?

A

Madeira Wine Company

633
Q

How does Armazem de Calor compare to Cuba de Calor?

A

Armazem utilizes lower temperatures and a longer period of time so it is gentler on the wine and is considered an intermediate method in terms of both the time required and the cost.

634
Q

How long before a wine made using the estufagem method may be released?

A

Minimum 2 years

635
Q

Where do the classic styles of Madeira get their names?

A

From the grapes used to produce them

636
Q

Sercial style of Madeira

A

Extra dry or dry
Highly acidic
Excellent as an aperitif

637
Q

Verdelho style of Madeira

A

Off-dry or Medium dry
Honeyed
Somewhat smoky character

638
Q

Boal style of Madeira

A

Sweet
Raisiny
Medium Rich
Highly Aromatic

639
Q

Malmsey style of Madeira

A

Very sweet
Somewhat soft
Very rich

640
Q

Why are the classic styles of Madeira not seen as much anymore?

A

They were labeled by variety and with the new adoption of EU wine laws – varietal labeling was only allowed if the wine contained 85% of the listed variety which wasn’t true of Madeira

641
Q

How is Madeira labeled now?

A

Proprietary name or simply Madeira occasionally with a style term attached

642
Q

Rainwater style of Madeira

A

Traditional name for an off-dry blend with a golden or semi-golden color

643
Q

How aged must the wine be to be called Rainwater Madeira?

A

3 years

644
Q

Reserve (Reserva) style of Madeira

A

Wine that is at least 5 (but no more than 10) years old

645
Q

Special Reserve (Reserva Especial) style of Madeira

A

Wine that is at least 10 years (but no more than 15 years) old

646
Q

Extra Reserve style of Madeira

A

Wine that is at least 15 (but no more than 20) years old

647
Q

When are age indications allowed for Madeira?

A

When the wine is 20, 30, or over 40 years old -

648
Q

For an age indication of Madeira – how is the age determined?

A

By the youngest wine in the blend

649
Q

Colheita style of Madeira

A

Produced from a single vintage (85% minimum) and aged for at least 5 years before bottling

650
Q

Frasqueira style of Madeira

A

Vintage Madeira
Cask aged for a minimum of 20 years
Minimum of 85% of the wine must be from the stated vintage (this allows for some “topping up” of the wine with younger wines from the aging process

651
Q

Where is the Bairrada DOC located?

A

Within the Beira Atlantico VR, just inland from the coast

652
Q

What is the climate of the Bairrada DOC?

A

Cool Maritime

653
Q

What does Bairrada produce?

A

White, Red, Rose, and Sparkling; although most of the output is Red

654
Q

What grape variety forms the basis of the Bairrada DOC?

A

Baga

655
Q

What is Baga known for?

A

Being highly acidic and highly tannic

656
Q

How are Bairrada sparkling wines produced?

A

Using the Traditional Method

657
Q

What is the aging requirements for Bairrada sparkling wines?

A

9 months

658
Q

What is the main white grape used in sparkling and still whites in Bairrada?

A

Maria Gomes (Fernao Pires)

659
Q

Where is the Dao located?

A

Between the sea and the mountains, just south of the Minho region

660
Q

How does the Dao compare to Bairrada physically?

A

Dao is farther inland, is surrounded by mountains, and has a more continental climate

661
Q

What styles of wine are produced in the Dao?

A

White, Red, Rose, and Sparkling

662
Q

What is the main style of the Dao DOC?

A

Complex, full-bodied red blends

663
Q

What grape varieties are key in the Dao DOC?

A

Alfrocheira
Tinta Roriz
Jaen (Mencia)
Touriga Nacional

664
Q

What are the main white varieties of the Dao DOC?

A

Encruzado

Bical

665
Q

Where is the Lisboa VR

A

West and north of the city of Lisbon

666
Q

What does the Lisboa produce a great deal of?

A

Portugal’s regional wine

667
Q

What is the grape variety and profile of Lisboa VR whites?

A

Based on the Arinto grape

Fresh and Crisp

668
Q

What is the grape varieties and styel of Lisboa VR reds?

A

Based on Bastardo, Trincadeira, and Ramisco (red and white international varieties are allowed)
Fruit-forwards with a good value-to-quality ratio

669
Q

Where is the small DOC of Colares?

A

In Lisboa, next to the famous surfing beach of Guinco

670
Q

What are the vineyards of Colares DOC known for?

A

Being planted in the sand and protected from the ocean winds by windbreaks made of sand dunes and wooden fences

671
Q

What styles of wines are produced in Colares DOC?

A

High acid/High tannin reds based on Ramisco

Aromatic whites based on Malvasia

672
Q

What is produced in the Lourinha DOC within Lisboa?

A

Aguardente (Brandy) rather than wine

673
Q

Where is Tejo?

A

To the east of Lisboa, covering the same area as the Ribatejo Province, this flat, fertile wine region spans both sides of the Tejo River

674
Q

What is the former name of Tejo?

A

Ribatejano

675
Q

What does Tejo produce?

A

Significant producer of regional (VR Tejo) wine and even more significant producer of vinho de Portugal

676
Q

How big is the region of Tejo?

A

55,000 acres (22,300ha)

677
Q

What does the Do Tejo DOC within Tejo produce?

A

Red, white, sparkling, rose, and licoroso (fortified) wines from a wide range of approved varieites

678
Q

Licoroso

A

Term for fortified wine

679
Q

What are the leading red varieties of the Do Tejo DOC?

A

Castelao

Trincadeira

680
Q

What is the leading white variety of Do Tejo DOC?

A

Fernao Pires

681
Q

Where is the Peninsula de Setubal?

A

Just south of Tejo and protected from the sea by the Arrabida mountain range

682
Q

What DOCs are in Peninsula de Setubal?

A

Setubal DOC

Palmela DOC

683
Q

What is Setubal DOC mainly known for?

A

Vins doux naturels (VDNs) produced from the Muscat of Alexandria grape

684
Q

When produced from at least 85% Muscat – how is the wine labeled in Setubal DOC?

A

Moscatel de Setubal

685
Q

What is produced in the Palmela DOC?

A

Mainly red wines based on the Castelao grape, which thrives in the area’s sandy soils

686
Q

Where is the Alentejano region of Portugal?

A

Southeast Portugal

687
Q

What are the two areas of production of the Alentejano region?

A

Alentejo DOC

Alentejano VR

688
Q

What is the climate of Alentejano?

A

Continental

689
Q

What is the general profile of the wines of Alentejano?

A

Since the climate is more continental, the wines are rich, fruit-forward, and full-bodied while still retaining good acidity

690
Q

What are the main grape varieties of Alentejano?

A

Aragonez (Tempranillo
Trincadeira (Tinta Amarela)
Alicante Bouschet

691
Q

What is the Alicantejano VR seeing new plantings of?

A

International varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah

692
Q

What is the southernmost region of Portugal on the mainland?

A

Algarve

693
Q

What do the climates of Algarve depend on?

A

Proximity to the Atlantic Coast

694
Q

What moderates Algarve?

A

Chain of mountains along the northern border of the region from Spain to the ocean which blocks the heat that plagues Alentejo

695
Q

What are the four DOCs of Algarve?

A

Lagos
Portimao
Lagoa
Tavira

696
Q

Which region contains similar plantings to Algarve?

A

Alentejo

697
Q

How many islands are in the Azores?

A

9

698
Q

Where is the Azores region located?

A

Approximately 1000 miles (1610km) off the west coast of Portugal

699
Q

What is the overarching region of the Azores?

A

Azores VR

700
Q

How many of the 9 islands of Azores have DOCs?

A

3

701
Q

What are the DOCs of Azores?

A

Biscoitos
Graciosa
Pico

702
Q

Where is Madeira in relation to Azores?

A

700 miles southeast of Pico

703
Q

What styles of wine are produced in Azores?

A

Majority is white (dry or fortified)

704
Q

What grape varieties are used in Azores, primarily?

A

Verdelho
Arinot (Pederna)
Terrantez

CSW/HBSC (22 decks)

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