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CSW/HBSC > Austria & Central/Eastern Europe > Flashcards

Austria & Central/Eastern Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Leading grape variety of Austria

A

Gruner Veltliner

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2
Q

Name for Chardonnay (sometimes) used in Austria

A

Morrillon

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3
Q

Most widely planted red grape in Austria

A

Zweigelt

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4
Q

Parentage: Zweigelt

A

Blaufrankisch X St. Laurent

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5
Q

Austrian scale for must weight

A

KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwaage

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6
Q

Three levels of wine classification used in Austria

A

Basic wine: Wein
PGI: Landwein
PDO: Qualitatswein, Pradikatswein, DAC

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7
Q

What is a DAC?

A

Districtus Austriae Controllatus

PDO regions that are approved only for specific grape varieties and types of wine

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8
Q

Austrian dried-grape wine

A

Strohwein (Schilfwein)

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9
Q

Austrian “mountain wine”

A

Bergwein (minimum 26% gradient)

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10
Q

Three terms (indicating ripeness) used by the Vinea Wachau

A

Steinfeder
Federspiel
Smaragd

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11
Q

Austria’s three Landwein regions (Weinbauregion)

A

Weinland Osterreich
Steierland
Bergland

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12
Q

Austria’s four quality wine regions (Weinbaugebiete)

A

Burgenland
Niederosterreich
Wien (Vienna)
Steiermark

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13
Q

Burgenland DAC approved for both red and white wines

A

Leithaberg DAC

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14
Q

DAC – located in Niederosterreich – approved for Gruner Veltliner only

A

Weinviertel DAC

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15
Q

Grape varieties (2) allowed in the Traisental, Kremstal, and Kamptal DACs

A

Gruner Veltliner

Riesling

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16
Q

Two DACs – located in Burgenland – approved for Blaufrankisch only

A

Mittelburgenland DAC

Eisenberg DAC

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17
Q

DAC – located in Burgenland – approved for Zweigelt and Zweigelt-based blends

A

Neusiedlersee DAC

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18
Q

Niederosterreich DAC – approved in 2019 – for dry wines (100% varietal and/or blends)

A

Carnuntum DAC

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19
Q

DAC approved for white field blends only

A

Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC

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20
Q

Wine region – located in Niederosterreich – formerly known as Donauland

A

Wagram

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21
Q

Three DACs of Steiermark

A

Sudsteiermark DAC
Vulkanland Steiermark DAC
Weststeiermark DAC

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22
Q

DAC where 20% of the vineyards are Sauvignon Blanc

A

Sudsteiermark DAC

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23
Q

DAC known for volcanic soils

A

Vulkanland Steiermark DAC

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24
Q

Region of production: Schilcher Rose

A

Weststeiermark DAC

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25
Q

Grape variety used in Schilcher Rose

A

Blauer Wildbacher

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26
Q

Traditional, seasonal wine taverns of Austria

A

Heurigen

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27
Q

Dessert wine produced near the town of Rust

A

Ruster Ausbruch

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28
Q

Levels of the Austrian Pradikat, from lowest to highest

A

Spatlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese/Eiswein/Strohwein
Trockenbeerenauslese

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29
Q

Alternative name of Hungary’s “Egri Bikaver”

A

Bull’s Blood/Bull’s Blood of Eger

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30
Q

Main grape variety of Egri Bikaver

A

Kadarka

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31
Q

Alternative name for Blaufrankisch (used in Hungary)

A

Kekfrankos

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32
Q

Famous dessert wine of Hungary

A

Tokaji Aszu

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33
Q

In addition to Hungary, Tokaji Aszu is produced in a small area of:

A

Slovakia

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34
Q

2 leading grape varieties of Tokaji Aszu

A

Furmint

Harslevelu

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35
Q

Ultra-sweet wine produced in Tokaj using free-run from botrytis-affected grapes

A

Eszencia (Essencia)

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36
Q

The inland area of Croatia

A

Kontinentalna Hrvatska

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37
Q

The western (coastal) portion of Croatia

A

Primorska Hrvatska

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38
Q

Croatia’s native grape, considered synonymous with Zinfandel

A

Crljenak Kastelanski (also known as Tribidrag)

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39
Q

Most widely grown white grape in Croatia

A

Grasevina

Welschriesling

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40
Q

Leading white grape of Switzerland

A

Chasselas

Fendant

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41
Q

Leading red grape of Switzerland

A

Pinot Noir

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42
Q

Leading wine region of Switzerland; located near the Rhone River to the east of Lake Geneva

A

Valais

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43
Q

Leading wine region of French-speaking Switzerland

A

Northern Shore of Lake Geneva

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44
Q

Two leading white grapes of Romania

A

Feteasca Alba

Feteasca Regala

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45
Q

Two leading red grapes of Romania

A 
Pinot Noir (for export)
Feteasca Neagra (signature red)
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46
Q

Location of the Cotnari DOC

A

Moldovan Hills, Romania

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47
Q

Three PGI regions of Slovenia

A

Podravje
Primorska
Posavje

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48
Q

Egg-shaped vessel used to produce wine in the Republic of Georgia

A

Kvevri (Qvevri)

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49
Q

Leading red grape of the Republic of Georgia

A

Saperavi

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50
Q

Leading white grape of the Republic of Georgia

A

Rkatsiteli

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51
Q

Winery famous for producing “Brut Paradiso” sparkling wine

A

Novy Svet Winery (Crimea)

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52
Q

What is responsible for the halting and infastructure destruction in Eastern Europe?

A

World War II and the subsequent Soviet domination of most of the area

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53
Q

Which countries remained outside of communist rule?

A

Austria & Switzerland

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54
Q

How were Austria and Switzerland affected by being outside communist rule compared to the other coutries of eastern and central Europe?

A

It seemingly focused them on high output, which resulted in a decrease in quality

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55
Q

When did Austria run to its own quality issues?

A

1980s

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56
Q

Why are Swiss wines largely unseen outside of Switzerland?

A

Partly because of domestic consumption and partially because the Swiss franc is higher in value than other currencies (which makes Swiss wines prohibitively expensive)

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57
Q

What did Austria originally act as?

A

A supplier of bulk wines for the German wine market

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58
Q

What happened in Austria that brought on a public relations crisis in the mid-1980s?

A

A few brokers chemically adulterated some wine to artifically give them richness

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59
Q

How did Austria respond to the public relations crisis?

A

After several years of disastrous export sales, the Austrians tightened controls and began focusing on quality.

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60
Q

Is Austria a major player in the wine market?

A

No, but its wines are well regarded

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61
Q

Where is Austrial?

A

Centrally located in Europe, southeast of Germany and northeast of Italy

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62
Q

Why are the lower hills and plains in the eastern part of Austria the only parts that contain winegrowing areas?

A

Because the Alps cover much of the country, especially toward the west

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63
Q

Where are the majority of Austria’s vineyard lands?

A

The three eastern states of Niederosterreich, Burgenland, and Steirmark which border the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia

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64
Q

Another name for Niederosterreich

A

Lower Austria

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65
Q

Another name for Steiermark

A

Styria

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66
Q

What is the climate of Austria?

A

As in most of central Europe, the climate in eastern Austria is cool continental. Summers are mild and winters are very cold.

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67
Q

What is the climate of Austria similar to?

A

That of Baden in Germany, which lies at the same latitude just to the west. Its viticultural conditions are similar as well

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68
Q

How many grape varieties are authorized for use in Austria bottled at the PGI or PDO level?

A

40 (26 white and 14 red)

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69
Q

How much of Austria’s production is white wine?

A

Over 66%

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70
Q

What is the signature grape variety of Austria?

A

Gruner Veltliner

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71
Q

Gruner Veltliner profile

A

Citrus, white pepper, and mineral characteristics

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72
Q

What do young examples of Gruner Veltliner provide vs. older vines and better vineyards?

A

Young - Fresh fruit & vibrant acidity

Older vines - Ageability for 3 to 10 years

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73
Q

Is Gruner Veltliner widely grown outside of Austria?

A

No, it is found only in a few places, mostly in eastern Europe

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74
Q

How much of Austria is planted to Gruner Veltliner?

A

1/3 of the total acreage – 35,530 acres (14,380 ha)

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75
Q

What is Welschriesling?

A

Not true Riesling, but a variety that makes fragrant, perfumed, high-acid wines

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76
Q

What is Muller-Thurgau?

A

Riesling X Madeline Royal crossing, it is a reliable producer, but it makes wines that are low in acid and relatively unremarkable

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77
Q

Another name for Weissburgunder

A

Pinot Blanc

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78
Q

What is true about Riesling in Austria?

A

Most commonly produed in a dry style, but also in the full range of sweetness levels up to Trockenbeerenauslese

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79
Q

What is another name for Chardonnay in Austria?

A

Morillon

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80
Q

What is the second most widely planted grape in Austria?

A

Zweigelt

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81
Q

What is Zweigelt?

A

Blaufrankisch X St. Laurent crossing, displays a medium body and cherry flavors with a peppery finish

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82
Q

Two alternate names for Blaufrankisch

A

Lemberger

Kekfrankos

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83
Q

What is Blaufrankisch?

A

One of the few Austrian varieties with commercial importance in the United States. Produces a full-bodied wine with high acidity, solid tannins, and dark-berry fruit flavors

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84
Q

What is St. Laurent?

A

A member of the Pinot family that produces medium-bodied wines with medium tannins and cherry-berry flavors

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85
Q

Does St. Laurent have a large amount of plantings in Austria?

A

No, it makes up only a small percentage of planted acreage, but it is increasingly exported

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86
Q

Leading red grape varieties of Austria

A 
Zweigelt
Blaufrankisch
Spatburgunder
Blauburger
St. Laurent
Portugieser
Merlot
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87
Q

Leading white grape varieties of Austria

A 
Gruner Veltliner
Welchriesling
Riesling
Weissburgunder
Muller-Thurgau
Chardonnay/Morillon
Sauvignon Blanc
Muskateller/Muscat
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88
Q

Austrian name for Muscat

A

Muskateller

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89
Q

What is the Austrian measure for must weight?

A

Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW)

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90
Q

What is 1 degree KMW in Brix?

A

1.2 Brix

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91
Q

What is 1 degree KMW in Oechsle?

A

5 Oechsle

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92
Q

Austria’s place-of-origin and classification system is similar, but not identical to what country?

A

Germany

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93
Q

What is Austria’s classification heirarchy based on?

A

Minimum levels of ripeness, as well as other attributes

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94
Q

Three levels of Austrian wines

A

Wein
Landwein
PDO (which features 3 sub-categories)

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95
Q

What is the former name of Wein?

A

Tafelwein

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96
Q

What is Wein in Austria?

A

Basic category, may carry a vintage date and/or a grape variety

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97
Q

What can Wein not carry in Austria?

A

A place-of-origin more specific than Osterreich

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98
Q

Local name for Austria

A

Osterreich

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99
Q

What is Landwein in Austria?

A

Wine with a geographical indication equivalent to PGI in the EU model

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100
Q

Austrian Landwein regions are called?

A

Weinbauregionen

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101
Q

What are the 3 Weinbauregionen?

A

Weinland Osterreich
Steierland
Bergland

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102
Q

What are the 3 terms for PDO wines in Austria?

A

Qualitatswein
Pradikatswein
Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)

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103
Q

What are the requirements for PDO wines in Austria?

A

Must be sourced from a single quality wine region (Weinbaugebiet), subregion, or a specifically-defined Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)

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104
Q

Austrian term for single quality wine region

A

Weinbaugebiet

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105
Q

How much of Austrian wine is PDO level?

A

2/3rds

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106
Q

How many of Austria’s Federal States are designated as PDO wine-producing appellations?

A

All 9, although the majority of the PDO-level wine is produced in its easternmost states

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107
Q

What is required for Austria’s Qualitatswein?

A

Must be produced from grapes harvested at a minimum of 15 degrees KMW

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108
Q

How many degrees KMW are required to qualify for Pradikatswein status?

A

19 degrees KMW

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109
Q

How do Austria’s Pradikatswein levels differ from Germany’s?

A

Kabinett wines are considered a subset of Qualitatswein rather than the beginning rung on the ripeness ladder of the Pradikat
Austrian Pradikat includes guidelines for a dried-grape wine, known as Strohwein or Schilfwein

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110
Q

What are the Austrian Pradikats based on?

A

Ripeness levels

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111
Q

Austrian dried-grape wine

A

Strohwein/Schilfwein

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112
Q

What are the Austrian Pradikatswein levels from least to mo

A

Spatlese
Auslese
Beerenauslese (BA),Eiswein, and Strohwein/Schilfwein
Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)

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113
Q

Spatlese requirements in Austria

A

Minimum 19 degrees KMW

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114
Q

Auslese requirements in Austria

A

21 degrees KMW; unripe grapes must be removed from the bunches

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115
Q

BA, Eiswein, and Strohwein/Schilfwein requirements in Austria

A

Minimum 21 degrees KMW

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116
Q

TBA requirements in Austria

A

Minimum 30 degrees KMW; majority of the grapes must be affected by Botrytis

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117
Q

Why was there concern about using must weight (sugar content) as a designation of quality in Austria?

A

Austrian producers thought that their wines would be broad-brushed as being universally sweet – so they sought to further define quality for its dry wines

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118
Q

Organization in the Wachau that defines dry wines?

A

Vinea Wachau (Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus)

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119
Q

3 levels of quality in Vinea Wachau

A

Steinfeder
Federspiel
Smaragd

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120
Q

Steinfeder

A

Lightest style of dry wines

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121
Q

Federspiel

A

Classic or middleweight dry wines

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122
Q

Smaragd

A

Fullest-bodied dry wines

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123
Q

What do the Vinea Wachau terms indicate?

A

Increasing levels of ripeness for wines that are dry on the palate

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124
Q

When was the DAC instituted?

A

2003

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125
Q

What was instituted in 2003 in Austria?

A

Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)

Appellation system that follows the terroir-based concept developed in France and promoted by the European Union.

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126
Q

What are Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)?

A

Classified grape-growing regions which may be considered the highest level of quality in Austria

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127
Q

What can the DAC designation be used for?

A

Only for the specified grape varieties considered the most outstanding and most typical of the delineated region

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128
Q

What does each DAC specify?

A

Alcohol levels
Aging regimens
Other specific details

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129
Q

Can all wines produced within a DAC use that label?

A

No, wines that don’t meet requirements carry a more generic area label

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130
Q

Austrian name for classic

A

Klassik

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131
Q

2 levels that exist in DACs

A

Klassik

Reserve

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132
Q

What does the Reserve level in DACs indicate?

A

Higher standards for alcohol profile and specifics in terms of flavor profile

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133
Q

Which 3 DACs recieved additional classifications in JUly 2016? What were they?

A

Kamptal DAC
Kremstal DAC
Traisental DAC

They will be further classified according to a three-tier quality ladder, beginning with regional, and moving up to village, and single vineyard wines

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134
Q

Are most non DAC designations terroir driven?

A

No they are based primarily on the ripeness of the harvested grapes

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135
Q

What is a key difference between Austrian and German wine styles?

A

Austrian wines (excluding dessert wines) are typically dry

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136
Q

Two wine styles unique to Austria

A

Strohwein/Schilfwein

Bergwein

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137
Q

What is Strohwein/Schilfwein

A

Dried-grape wine that uses grapes of at least BA ripeness that have been air-dried on mats made of Stroh (straw) or Schilf (reeds) or hung on strings. The raisenated grapes are then pressed, and the juice is fermented into a sweet wine

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138
Q

What determines whether the dried-grape wine is Strohwein or Schilfwein?

A

Drying vessel – Strohwein is dried on mats made of straw. Schilfwein is dried on mats made of reeds

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139
Q

What is Strohwein/Schilfwein similar to?

A

Recioto wines of Veneto (Italy)

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140
Q

What are the requirements for Strohwein/Schilfwein?

A

Dried for a minimum of 3 months if picked at 25 KMW

Otherwise, they may be picked at 30 KMW and stored for two months

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141
Q

What does Bergwein mean?

A

Mountain wine

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142
Q

What is Bergwein?

A

Wine produced using grapes grown on extraordinarily steep mountain slopes with at least a 26% gradient

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143
Q

What is the largest winegrowing region in Austria in bothe geographical area nad vineyard acreage?

A

Niederosterreich (Lower Austria)

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144
Q

Climate of Niederosterreich

A

This landlocked area has a continental climate with warm, dry summers and severe wineters

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145
Q

What river flows through Niederosterreich?

A

Danube River (It flows southeast through the region)

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146
Q

What is true about the Danube River in Austria?

A

Flows southeast through the region/Many of the more renowned vineyards are planted along its path

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147
Q

DACs/Subregions of Niederosterreich

A

DACs

  • Carnuntum DAC
  • Kamptal DAC
  • Kremstal DAC
  • Traisental DAC
  • Weinviertel DAC

Subregions

  • Thermenregion
  • Wachau
  • Wagram
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148
Q

What is the largest subregion of Niederosterreich? Where does is stretch from?

A

Weinviertel DAC; stretches from the Danube Valley to the borders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia

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149
Q

Requirements for Weinviertel DAC

A

Must be 100% Gruner Veltliner

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150
Q

Profile of Weinviertel DAC

A

Gruner Veltliners that tend to be quite pungent, spicy, and peppery

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151
Q

Weinviertel DAC Reserve characteristic

A

May have a subtle botrytis character

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152
Q

Which 3 DACs in Niederosterreich have similar climates?

A

Traisental DAC
Kamptal DAC
Kremstal DAC

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153
Q

What do Traisental DAC, Kamptal DAC, and Kremstal DAC produce?

A

Gruner Veltliner or Riesling

154
Q

How does the Gruner Veltliner of Traisental DAC, Kamptal DAC, and Kremstal DAC differ from Weinviertal DAC?

A

The former tends to be lighter and more delicate in style as compared to those of Wienviertal DAC

155
Q

Where is Wachau?

A

Westernmost area of Niederosterreich; lies in a valley following the path of Danube River

156
Q

What does Wachau produce?

A

Riesling and Gruner Veltliner, made into dry, age-worthy wines and often planted on steep inclines; are the leading grapes of the area

157
Q

Where is Wagram?

A

Located along the Danube River to the east of Wachau, Kremstal, and Kamptal

158
Q

Former name of Wagram

159
Q

When was Donauland renamed Wagram?

160
Q

What does Wagram produce?

A 
Gruner Veltliner (most widely planted)
Roter Veltliner
Riesling
Pinot Noir
Zweigelt
161
Q

Style of Gruner Veltliner in Wagram

A

Rich, flavorful, and characteristically spicy white wine

162
Q

What is Roter Veltliner?

A

Pink-skinned grape that – despite its name – has no direct genetic link to Gruner Veltliner

163
Q

What region became a DAC in 2020?

A

Wachau DAC

164
Q

Where is Thermenregion located?

A

Far from the moderating influence of the Danube

165
Q

What does Thermenregion produce?

A

A good deal of red wine – focusing on Zweigelt

166
Q

Two unique grapes grown in Thermenregion?

A

Rotgipfler

Zierfandler (Spatrot)

167
Q

Where is the Carnuntum DAC?

A

To the south and east of Vienna

168
Q

When did Carnuntum become a DAC?

A

October of 2019

169
Q

What is Carnuntum DAC approved for?

A

Production of dry wines which may be produced as single-variety wines of blends

170
Q

What are the white wine varieties allowed in Carnuntum DAC?

A

Chardonnay
Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc)
Gruner Veltliner

171
Q

What are the red wine varieties allowed in Carnuntum DAC?

A

Zweigelt

Blaufrankisch

172
Q

How much of the named variety is required for varietal labelling in Carnuntum DAC?

173
Q

How much of the aforementioned grape varieties are required for labelling in Carnuntum DAC blends?

A

At least 67% (2/3rds)

174
Q

Where is Burgenland?

A

South of Niederosterreich and shares a border with Hungary

175
Q

What creates ideal conditions for the growth of Botrytis cinerea in Burgenland?

A

Lake Neusiedl, the largest closed-basin lake in Europe

176
Q

What famous wine of Austria is produced on the western shore of Lake Neusiedl in the town of Rust?

A

Ruster Ausbruch

177
Q

As of a 2016 change in the Austrian Wine Law, what is Ausbruch synonymous with?

A

The Trockenbeerenauslese level of teh Austrian Pradikat

178
Q

Can the Ausbruch designation be used on any TBA wine?

A

No, it can only be used in conjunction with the wines of Rust

179
Q

What is Ruster Ausbruch?

A

Wine produced on the western shore of Lake Neusiedl in the town of Rust from a combination of botrytis-affected grapes and less concentrated grapes harvested from teh same vineyard. The wine is aged before release, and is often ranked among the finest dessert wines in the world.

180
Q

5 DACs of Burgenland

A 
Mittelburgenland DAC
Eisenberg DAC
Neusiedlersee DAC
Leithaberg DAC
Rosalia DAC
181
Q

What does Mittelburgenland DAC produce?

A

Red wines based on Blaufrankisch; Wines are known for full body, deep color, and spicy aromas as well as red and black fruit flavors

182
Q

Classic requirements for Mittelburgenland DAC

A

Must be matured in stainless steel or used oak; should not show any oak influence

183
Q

Reserve requirements fro Mittelburgenland DAC

A

Additional year of aging (often aged in new oak which is not allowed for Classic)

184
Q

Where is Eisenberg DAC?

A

Surrounding Eisenberg Hill in the southern protion of Burgenland

185
Q

What is produced in Eisenberg DAC?

A

Red wines from Blaufrankisch; similar rules to Mittelburgenland DAC

186
Q

Where is Neusiedlersee DAC?

A

To the east of Lake Neusiedl and stretching to the Hungarian border

187
Q

What is produced in Neusiedlersee DAC?

A

Red wines based on Zweigelt

188
Q

Where is Leithaberg DAC?

A

The vineyards of Leithaberg DAC stretch between Lake Neusiedl to the east, and the Leith Mountains to the west

189
Q

Another name for Leith Mountains

A

Leithagebirge

190
Q

How do the lake and mountains affect Leithaberg DAC?

A

Warm winds around the lake encourage ripeness, while the mountains provide for a significant diurnal swing and cool temperatures at night

191
Q

White wines of Leithaberg DAC requirements

A

May be single variety or blend

Varieties allowed - Gruner Veltliner, Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, and/or Neuburger

192
Q

What is Neuburger

A

Indigenous cross of Roter Veltliner X Sylvaner

193
Q

Red wines of Leithaberg DAC requirements

A

Based on Blaufrankisch, with an allowed (combined) maximum of 15% Zweigelt, St. Laurent, and/or Pinot Noir

194
Q

When was the Rosalia DAC added?

A

Early 2018

195
Q

What is the Rosalia DAC named for?

A

Rosaliengebirge (Rosalia Mountain Range)

196
Q

Where is the Rosalia Mountain Range?

A

It comprises a portion of the Alpine Foothills located on the border between Burgenland and Niederosterreich

197
Q

What is allowed in Rosalia DAC?

A

Dry wines only! (Red or Rose)

198
Q

Grape varieties of red wines in Rosalia DAC

A

Blaufrankisch or Zweigelt (Can be single variety or blend)

199
Q

Rosalia Rose can be produced from what varieties?

A

Any red grape variety approved for PDO wines in Austria

200
Q

What is the southernmost wine-producing region of Austria?

A

Steiermark (Styria)

201
Q

How much of Austria’s vineyards are in Steiermark?

A

Less than 10%

202
Q

What is the topography of Steiermark?

A

Hilly, almost mountainous region with deep valleys and many vineyards planted on south-facing slopes in order to intercept the vivid sunlight

203
Q

Climate of Steiermark

A

Slightly warmer than most other viticultural areas in Austria (although the winters can be just as cold)

204
Q

Due to the warmer climate, what are the 2 leading varieties of Steiermark?

A

Sauvignon Blanc

Chardonnay

205
Q

Are all of Steiermark’s subregions DACs?

A

Yes, as of the 2018 vintage

206
Q

3 subregions of Steiermark

A

Sudsteiermark DAC
Vulkanland Steiermark DAC
Weststeiermark DAC

207
Q

Austrian term for regulations

A

Verordnungen

208
Q

How much of Sudsteiermark is planted to Sauvignon Blanc?

A

Nearly 20% (Leading grape variety)

209
Q

How big is the Sudsteiermark DAC?

A

6,234 Acres (2,563 ha)

210
Q

4 main grape varieties of Sudsteiermark DAC

A

Sauvignon Blanc
Riesling
Pinot Gris
Chardonnay

211
Q

The inclines of Sudsteiermark can reach a steepness of up to?

A

45 degrees

212
Q

What are the soils in Sudsteiermark?

A

Flatter regions – Primarily marine sediments

Hills/slopes - Marl & Conglomerate soils

213
Q

Climate of Sudsteiermark

A

Climate during the vegetative cycle typically consists of warm and humid days combined with cool nights

214
Q

What does the climate of Sudsteiermark allow for?

A

A long growing season and complex, concentrated grapes

215
Q

What type of soil is in Vulkanland Steiermark?

A

Volcanic Soils

216
Q

How big is Vulkanland Steiermark?

A

3,765 acres (1,524 ha) planted to vines

217
Q

Where are many of the vines of Vulkanland Steiermark planted?

A

Slopes of the area’s long-dormant volcanoes, some reaching eleavation as high as 1,968 ft/600 m

218
Q

Grape varieties of Vulkanland Steiermark

A 
Welchriesling
Chardonnay (Morillon)
Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc)
Grauburgunder (Pinot Gris)
Sauvignon Blanc
Zweigelt
219
Q

What is Weststeiermark DAC characterized by?

A

Steep hills and deep valleys

220
Q

How big is Weststeiermark?

A

One of the smalles wine-growing regions of Austria (by acreage) with just over 1200 acres (500 ha) planted to vines

221
Q

What wine is Weststeiermark known for?

A

Primarily known for its Schilcher Rose, now labeled as Schilcher Klassik Westeiermark DAC

222
Q

What is Schilcher Klassik Westeiermark Rose?

A

Schilcher Rose is produced from the Blauer Wildbacher (Schilcher) grape variety

223
Q

How much of all vine plantings in Weststeiermark is Schilcher (Blauer Wildbacher)

A

Nearly 85%

224
Q

Other grape varieties of Weststeiermark

A

Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc)
Welchriesling
Muller-Thurgau

Reds from Blauer Wildbacher (small amount)

225
Q

What is the only European captial to have a PDO within its city limits?

A

Vienna (Wien)

226
Q

What river does Wien lie along?

A

Danube River

227
Q

How big is Wien?

A

Tiny – just 1,500 acres (510 ha), but quite significant in terms of culture and history5

228
Q

What are Heurigen?

A

Seasonal wine taverns in Wien that were a popular annual tradition, where the local winemakeers served their newly-produced wine in and around the vineyards at harvest time

229
Q

What is Gemischter Satz?

A

Tradition of Wien (shared in other parts of Austria as well) – wines made from several different grape varieties fermented together

230
Q

When was the Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz DAC approved? For what?

A

2013; White wines produced using at least 3 grape varieties

231
Q

Requirements for Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz DAC

A

At least 3 varieties
Grapes must be harvested, pressed, and fermented together
No more than 50% from any single variety, and a minimum of 10% each of at least three varieties
Meant to be fruit-forward
May not show significant influenc of oak

232
Q

What is unique about Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz?

A

Grapes must not only be processed together but also must be grown together in a field blend (side by side in the vineyard)

233
Q

How many varieties are allowed in Gemischter Satz?

A

15, and all may be present in a single wine

234
Q

What are some of the varieties approved for Gemischter Satz?

A 
Gruner Veltliner
Sylvaner
Traminer
Rotgipfler
Neuburger
Weissburgunder
Grauburgunder
Chardonnay
235
Q

How much of Hungary’s wine production is white?

236
Q

What grape variety is often used to produce dry white wines and is part of the blend in Hungary’s famous dessert wine Tokaji Aszu?

237
Q

Hungary’s famous dessert wine

A

Tokaji Azsu

238
Q

Best-known red wine of Hungary

A

Egri Bikaver (Bull’s Blood of Eger)

239
Q

Alternate name for Egri Bikaver

A

Bull’s Blood of Eger

240
Q

What is Egri Bikaver?

A

Full-bodied wine traditionally made from Kadarka grapes belnded with other varieties such as Kekfrankos (Blaufrankisch), Kekoporto (Portugieser), Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Menoire, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Blauburger, and Zweigelt

241
Q

Alternate name for Blaufrankisch in Hungary

A

Kekfrankos

242
Q

Alternate name for Portugieser in Hungary

243
Q

When was a newer version of Egri Bikaver introduced?

244
Q

When did Hungary become a member of the EU?

245
Q

What is the newer version of Egri Bikaver?

A

Egri Bikaver Superior

246
Q

What does Egri Bikaver Superior require?

A

Use of at least 5 of the recommended varieties

247
Q

What did Tokaji Aszu manage to survive?

A

Soviet control in the twentieth century

248
Q

Where is Tokaji Aszu produced?

A

Tokaj PDO in Northern Hungary

249
Q

What countries is the Tokaj PDO located within?

A

Hungary (Northern)

Slovakia (Eastern; small part)

250
Q

What are the authorized grape varieties for Tokaj?

A 
Furmint
Harslevelu
Kabar
Koverszolo
Sargamuskotaly (Muscat)
Zeta
251
Q

Hungarian name for Muscat

A

Sargamuskotaly

252
Q

What is the climate in certain portions of the vineyard region in Tokaj ideal for?

A

Encouraging the development of botrytis

253
Q

Aside from dessert wines what else is produced in Tokaj?

A

Dry white wines and sparkling wines

254
Q

What are the primary grape varieties used for Tokaji Aszu? Why?

A

Furmint
Harslevelu

They provide enough acidity and aromatic character to keep the wine from being cloying

255
Q

What are the grapes called in Hungary, when they are late-harvested, botrytis affected grapes?

256
Q

How are Aszu wines made?

A

Aszu grapes are gently mashed into a thick paste and then mixed with a normally fermented base wine to absorb the sugar and flavors of the aszu. Wine is then racked and aged in small casks for a few years in underground tunnels where film-forming yeast similar to the flor of the Sherry region grows

257
Q

What is another name for Eszencia?

A

English name – Essencia

258
Q

What is Eszencia?

A

Wine produced in the Tokaj region – made from the free-run juice of the sweetest, most-botrytized, hand selected berries

259
Q

Requirements for Eszencia

A

Minimum of 45% residual sugar, and often takes years to ferment to a content of 5% to 6% alcohol by volume

260
Q

How long does the winemaking tradition in Croatia stretch back?

A

More than 2000 years

261
Q

What negatively affected winemaking in Croatia?

A

Like the other member states of the former Yugoslavia, it was somewhat wracked by warfare or controled by a communist dictatorship for most of the last century

262
Q

When did Croatia become an independent democratic republic?

263
Q

Where are the fine wine growing conditions in Croatia?

A

Along the Adriatic Sea

264
Q

When did Croatia join the EU?

265
Q

What grape variety is Croatia known for?

A

Crljenak Kastelanski (Tribidrag)

266
Q

Another name for Crljenak Kastelanski

A

Tribidrag
Zinfandel (in US)
Primitivo (in Italy)

267
Q

What was Crljenak Kastelanski renamed as in the United States?

268
Q

What was Crljenak Kastelanski renamed as in Italy?

269
Q

What is the most widely grown white grape variety in Croatia?

A

Grasevina (Welchriesling)

270
Q

Another name for Grasevina

A

Welchriesling

271
Q

How much of Croatia’s production is white wine?

A

Nearly 2/3rds

272
Q

White grape varieties of Croatia

A 
Grasevina (Welchriesling)
Malvasia
Bogdanusa
Sauvignon Blanc
Pinot Gris 
Chardonnay
273
Q

Red grape varieties of Croatia

A 
Crljenak Kastelanski
Frankovka (Blaufrankisch)
Teran
Plavac Mali (Close relative Crljenak Kastelanski)
Cabernet Sauvignon 
Merlot
274
Q

Another name for Blaufrankisch in Croatia

275
Q

What is Plavac Mali closely related to?

A

Crljenak Kastelanski

276
Q

How many broad region is Croatia’s wine country divided into? What seperates them?

A

Two (Kontinentalna Hrvatska & Primorska Krvatska); Dinaric Alps

277
Q

What is the name of the inland region of Croatia?

A

Kontinentalna Hrvatska (Inland Croatia)

278
Q

Where is Inland Croatia?

A

Stretches eastward over 150 miles (240 km), covering much of the eastern half of the country to the border with Hungary

279
Q

What is produced in Kontinentaln Hrvatska (Inland Croatia)?

A

Majority is white wines for local consumption

280
Q

What is the western half of Croatia called?

A

Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)

281
Q

Where is Coastal Croatia?

A

Extends along the Adriatic coastline for 330 miles (530 km), with vineyard areas interspersed among islands and inlents formed by the Kvarner Gulf

282
Q

What is the climate of Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)?

A

Mediterranean, with mairitime influences in the south and warmer areas in the north, particularly around the Istrian Peninsula

283
Q

What is produced in Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)?

A

Majority of the wines, and an even greater majority of the high-quality wines of Croatia

284
Q

Why does Switzerland export little of its output (as a relatively small producer of wine)?

A

Country’s domestic demand is 3x its production volume; Swiss wines are also very expensive outside of Switzerland, given the high value of the Swiss franc

285
Q

Does Switzerland follow the EU model of wine classification?

A

No, Switzerland is not a member of the EU and has its own governing body in charge of wine

286
Q

What is the name of the governing body in charge of wine within Switzerland?

A

OIC

3 names depending on which official language of Switzerland is used

French – Organisme Intercantonal de Certifcation
German – Interkantonale Zertifizierungsstelle
Italian – Organismo Intercantonale di Certificazione

287
Q

What country’s system is similar to that of Switzerland?

A

The French AOC system

288
Q

When did official wine regions and controlled appellations begin to be implemented in Switzerland?

289
Q

What do the appellations of Switzerland specify?

A

Many of them specify grape varieties, and some specify winemaking and wine styles

290
Q

What are the states that oversee winemaking called in Switzerland?

291
Q

Where are most of Switzerland’s winegrowing areas?

A

Despite being set amid the rugged Alps, Switzerland has many protected valleys with fine weatehr for winegrowing. Primary areas of produciton are in the French-speaking part of the country along the northern shore of Lake Geneva and in teh Valais, the valley of the Rhone River, to its east

292
Q

Does Switzerland produce more red or white wine?

A

Slightly more red

293
Q

Main grape varieties of Switzerland

A

Pinot Noir (leading)
Gamay
Merlot
Chasselas (leading white)

294
Q

Another name for Chasselas in Switzerland

295
Q

What did Romania spend most of the 20th century doing in regards to wine?

A

Making large amounts of bulk wine to send east to the Soviet Union (Romania is a former Soviet satellite – Republic of Romania)

296
Q

When did Romania join the EU?

297
Q

What did Romania’s entrance into the EU allow for?

A

Influx of investments and expertise, as well as easier access to markets in the West

298
Q

What is the climate of Romania?

A

Generally continental, moderated in places by the Black Sea, Danube River, and Carpathian Mountains

299
Q

How many appellations are in Romania?

A

More than 40

300
Q

What is the oldest appellation in Romania?

A

Tarnave DOC

301
Q

Where is Tarnave DOC?

A

In the center of Romania surrounding the Carpathian Mountains

302
Q

Well-known sweet wines DOC of Romania?

A

Cotnari DOC

303
Q

Where is Cotnari DOC?

A

In the Moldovan Hills (near the eastern border of Romania)

304
Q

Why were many of Romania’s vineyards replaced with French varieties?

A

Phylloxera

305
Q

What did the Phylloxera epidemic lead to in Romania?

A

Many of Romania’s vineyards were replanted to French varieties – so today there is a dual focus on both indegenous and international grape varieties that has led to varietally labeled wines as well as unusual blends of both French and Romanian varieties

306
Q

Two most widely planted white grapes of Romania

A

Feteasca Alba
Feteasca Regala

Both of which produce light, aromatic wines with varying levels of sweetness

307
Q

White international varieties of Romania

A

Muscat
Aligote
Sauvignon Blanc

308
Q

Two most planted red grapes of Romania (1 international, 1 native)

A

Pinot Noir

Feteasca Neagra

309
Q

What is Pinot Noir considered in Romania?

A

Leading red grape for the export market

310
Q

What is Feteasca Neagra considered in Romania?

A

Flagship red variety of the country

311
Q

When was Bulgaria a leading producer and exporter of wine in terms of volume?

A

1970s and early 1980s

312
Q

What stopped the progression of the Bulgarian wine industry?

A

Tumultuous political forces in the years that followed the early 1980s

313
Q

When did Bulgaria begin its transformation to democracy?

314
Q

When did Bulgaria join the EU?

A

2007, during which time the country began to slowly modernize and improve its wine industry

315
Q

What is the majority of Bulgaria’s wine made from? Intended for?

A

Made from international varieties; Intended for Export, although boutique projects, traditional practices, and native grape varieties remain a small but thriving part of the industry

316
Q

Location and Climate of Bulgaria

A

Located in the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria has a diverse topography and a temperate continental climate with hot summers, long, cold winters and four distinct seasons.

317
Q

What river seperates Bulgaria from Romania (its neighbor to the north)?

A

Danube River

318
Q

What does the northern portion of Bulgaria consist of?

A

Vast lowlands of the Danube Plain

319
Q

What does the southern portion of Bulgaria consist of?

A

Dominated by highlands and elevated plains

320
Q

What borders Bulgaria to the east?

321
Q

Does Bulgaria plant more reds or whites?

A

Split more or less evenly

322
Q

Red grape varieties of Bulgaria

A 
(Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot) - two most widely planted international
Syrah
Pinot Noir
Zinfandel
Mavrud
Rubin
Gamza
Melnik
Pamid
323
Q

What is Rubin?

A

Nebbiolo x Syrah cross

324
Q

Another name for Gamza

325
Q

What is Melnik?

A

Highly tannic variety mostly planted in the Struma River Valley of Bulgaria

326
Q

What is Pamid?

A

Thin-skinned, early-ripening variety in Bulgaria

327
Q

What are the two most widely planted white grapes of Bulgaria?

A

Rkatsiteli
Dimiat

(common throughout Eastern Europe)

328
Q

What is Misket Cherven?

A

Red Misket; Highly aromatic, pink-skinned variety grown in the hillier areas of Bulgaria

329
Q

International white varieties of Bulgaria

A

Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Riesling
Viognier

330
Q

Where is Slovenia?

A

Located on the Mediterranean coast – shares a border with 4 established wine countries

331
Q

4 Established wine countries that share a border with Slovenia

A

West - Italy
North - Austria
South/Southeast - Croatia
Northeast - Hungary

332
Q

When did Slovenia become an independent nation?

333
Q

When did Slovenia join the EU?

334
Q

What are Slovenia’s PDO wines classified as?

A

ZOP - Zasciteno oznacbo porekla

335
Q

How many zasciteno oznacbo porekla (ZOPs) in Slovenia

A

14 defined, as well as several variations

336
Q

What examples of the variations for ZOPs?

A

Traiditonal Method sparkling wines, botrytis-affected wines, and wines with a certain degree of aging

337
Q

How many PGI regions in Slovenia?

338
Q

What is the name of the PGI category in Slovenia?

A

zasciteno geografsko oznacbo (ZGO)

339
Q

What are the 3 zasciteno geografso oznacbo (ZGOs) of Slovenia?

A

Podravje ZGO
Primorska ZGO
Posavje ZGO

340
Q

Where is Podravje ZGO?

A

Inland east of Slovenia, surrounding the valleys of the Pesnica, Drava, and Mura Rivers.

341
Q

Largest of Slovenias ZGOs

A

Podravje – produces roughly half of the country’s wine

342
Q

Where is Primorska?

A

On the coast, across the Adriatic Sea from Venice and sharing a border with Italy’s Friuli region; several of the wine areas located within Primorska straddle the Italian-Slovenian border, divided only by politics

343
Q

Two Slovenian/Italian shared ZOP/DOC examples

A

Slovenia - Goriska Brda ZOP
Italy - Collio Goriziano DOC

Slovenia - Kras ZOP
Italy - Carso DOC

344
Q

Where is Posavje?

A

Located in the southeast of Slovenia, along the border with Croatia

345
Q

What does the name Posavje refer to?

A

(Lower Sava) – refers to its proximity to the end of the Sava River valley

346
Q

What is Posavje?

A

Slovenia’s smallest – and perhaps most old-fashioned – wine-producing region

347
Q

What do the grape varieties of Slovenia reflect?

A

Influence of Italy, Germany, and Austria, and include French (international) varieties as well

348
Q

Does Slovenia produce more white or red wines?

349
Q

Widely planted white grape varieties of Slovenia

A 
Riesling
Gewurztraminer (Traminec)
Muller-Thurgau (Rizvanec)
Pinot Gris (Sivi Pinot)
Sauvignon Blanc
Chardonnay
Tai (Friulano)
Ribolla Gialla
350
Q

Name for Gewurztraminer in Slovenia

351
Q

Name for Muller-Thurgau in Slovenia

352
Q

Name for Pinot Gris in Slovenia

A

Sivi Pinot

353
Q

Name for Friulano in Slovenia

354
Q

Two popular Friulian grape varieties (Tai & Ribolla Gialla) are grown primarily where is Slovenia?

A

Primorska (near the Italian border)

355
Q

What are the leading red grape varieties of Slovenia?

A 
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
St. Laurent
Pinot Noir (Modri Pinot)
Refosco
356
Q

Name for Pinot Noir in Slovenia

A

Modri Pinot

357
Q

Where do many archeologist believe is the site of the world’s first cultivated vineyards?

A

Present-day Georgia

358
Q

What has recently been added to UNESCO’s list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity?

A

The Georgian tradition of aging wine in large, egg-shaped earthenware vessels known as kvevris (often spelled qvevri)

359
Q

What are kvevris (qvevris)?

A

Georgian large, egg shaped earthenware vessels for aging wine

360
Q

When did Georgia become an independent state?

361
Q

When did Georgia pass the “Law of Georgia on Wine and Vine”?

362
Q

What did the “Law of Georgia on Wine and Vine” do?

A

Specify winemaking zones (Controlled appellations recognized by the EU), as well as specifications for grape varieties, definitions of approved wine styles, and a list of approved winemaking and viticultural practices

363
Q

Is Georgia a member of the EU?

A

No, although Georgia and the European Union have maintained trade relations since 1996

364
Q

How many acres in Georgia are under vine?

A

110,000 acres (44,500 ha)

365
Q

What type of wild vines are found in some parts of Georgia?

A

Vitis vinifera silvestris

366
Q

How many identifiable indigenous varieties are in Georgia?

367
Q

How much of Georgian wine is from indigenous varieties?

A

Close to 90%

368
Q

How many varieties are used for commercial winemaking in Georgia?

369
Q

Most widely grown grape in Georgia

A

White – Rkatsiteli (also the predominant white grape variety of eastern Europe)

370
Q

Style of Rkatsiteli

A

Light, floral, crisp white wines

371
Q

What is the leading red grape of Georgia

372
Q

Style of Saperavi

A

High-alcohol wines with good potential for aging

373
Q

What region has the best viticultural conditions of the former Soviet Union?

374
Q

Where is Crimea?

A

Shaped basically like a peninsula that extends into the Black Sea

375
Q

What does Crimea have a long history of?

A

Sparkling wine production

376
Q

What did sparkling wine production begin with in Crimea?

A

1878 founding of Novy Svet Winery

377
Q

Famous wine of Novy Svet Winery in Crimea

A

Brut Paradiso

378
Q

What did Novy Svet Winery’s Brut Paradiso win in the 1900 World’s Fair in Paris?

A

Grand Prix de Champagne – beating out many famous Champagne producers

379
Q

What was the Crimean Peninsula during Soviet times?

A

Larges wine supplier in the USSR

380
Q

Colorful name of the wine produced during Soviet times in Crimea?

A

Sovetskoye Shampanskoye (Soviet Champagne)

381
Q

Does Crimea only produce sparkling wines?

A

No, still wines made primarily from international varieties and a fortified wine are produced as well

382
Q

Fortified wine of Crimea

CSW/HBSC (22 decks)

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