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Austria & Central/Eastern Europe Flashcards

1
Q

Leading grape variety of Austria

A

Gruner Veltliner

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2
Q

Name for Chardonnay (sometimes) used in Austria

A

Morrillon

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3
Q

Most widely planted red grape in Austria

A

Zweigelt

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4
Q

Parentage: Zweigelt

A

Blaufrankisch X St. Laurent

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5
Q

Austrian scale for must weight

A

KMW: Klosterneuburger Mostwaage

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6
Q

Three levels of wine classification used in Austria

A

Basic wine: Wein
PGI: Landwein
PDO: Qualitatswein, Pradikatswein, DAC

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7
Q

What is a DAC?

A

Districtus Austriae Controllatus

PDO regions that are approved only for specific grape varieties and types of wine

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8
Q

Austrian dried-grape wine

A

Strohwein (Schilfwein)

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9
Q

Austrian “mountain wine”

A

Bergwein (minimum 26% gradient)

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10
Q

Three terms (indicating ripeness) used by the Vinea Wachau

A

Steinfeder
Federspiel
Smaragd

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11
Q

Austria’s three Landwein regions (Weinbauregion)

A

Weinland Osterreich
Steierland
Bergland

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12
Q

Austria’s four quality wine regions (Weinbaugebiete)

A

Burgenland
Niederosterreich
Wien (Vienna)
Steiermark

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13
Q

Burgenland DAC approved for both red and white wines

A

Leithaberg DAC

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14
Q

DAC – located in Niederosterreich – approved for Gruner Veltliner only

A

Weinviertel DAC

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15
Q

Grape varieties (2) allowed in the Traisental, Kremstal, and Kamptal DACs

A

Gruner Veltliner

Riesling

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16
Q

Two DACs – located in Burgenland – approved for Blaufrankisch only

A

Mittelburgenland DAC

Eisenberg DAC

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17
Q

DAC – located in Burgenland – approved for Zweigelt and Zweigelt-based blends

A

Neusiedlersee DAC

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18
Q

Niederosterreich DAC – approved in 2019 – for dry wines (100% varietal and/or blends)

A

Carnuntum DAC

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19
Q

DAC approved for white field blends only

A

Wiener Gemischter Satz DAC

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20
Q

Wine region – located in Niederosterreich – formerly known as Donauland

A

Wagram

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21
Q

Three DACs of Steiermark

A

Sudsteiermark DAC
Vulkanland Steiermark DAC
Weststeiermark DAC

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22
Q

DAC where 20% of the vineyards are Sauvignon Blanc

A

Sudsteiermark DAC

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23
Q

DAC known for volcanic soils

A

Vulkanland Steiermark DAC

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24
Q

Region of production: Schilcher Rose

A

Weststeiermark DAC

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25
Grape variety used in Schilcher Rose
Blauer Wildbacher
26
Traditional, seasonal wine taverns of Austria
Heurigen
27
Dessert wine produced near the town of Rust
Ruster Ausbruch
28
Levels of the Austrian Pradikat, from lowest to highest
Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese/Eiswein/Strohwein Trockenbeerenauslese
29
Alternative name of Hungary's "Egri Bikaver"
Bull's Blood/Bull's Blood of Eger
30
Main grape variety of Egri Bikaver
Kadarka
31
Alternative name for Blaufrankisch (used in Hungary)
Kekfrankos
32
Famous dessert wine of Hungary
Tokaji Aszu
33
In addition to Hungary, Tokaji Aszu is produced in a small area of:
Slovakia
34
2 leading grape varieties of Tokaji Aszu
Furmint | Harslevelu
35
Ultra-sweet wine produced in Tokaj using free-run from botrytis-affected grapes
Eszencia (Essencia)
36
The inland area of Croatia
Kontinentalna Hrvatska
37
The western (coastal) portion of Croatia
Primorska Hrvatska
38
Croatia's native grape, considered synonymous with Zinfandel
Crljenak Kastelanski (also known as Tribidrag)
39
Most widely grown white grape in Croatia
Grasevina | Welschriesling
40
Leading white grape of Switzerland
Chasselas | Fendant
41
Leading red grape of Switzerland
Pinot Noir
42
Leading wine region of Switzerland; located near the Rhone River to the east of Lake Geneva
Valais
43
Leading wine region of French-speaking Switzerland
Northern Shore of Lake Geneva
44
Two leading white grapes of Romania
Feteasca Alba | Feteasca Regala
45
Two leading red grapes of Romania
``` Pinot Noir (for export) Feteasca Neagra (signature red) ```
46
Location of the Cotnari DOC
Moldovan Hills, Romania
47
Three PGI regions of Slovenia
Podravje Primorska Posavje
48
Egg-shaped vessel used to produce wine in the Republic of Georgia
Kvevri (Qvevri)
49
Leading red grape of the Republic of Georgia
Saperavi
50
Leading white grape of the Republic of Georgia
Rkatsiteli
51
Winery famous for producing "Brut Paradiso" sparkling wine
Novy Svet Winery (Crimea)
52
What is responsible for the halting and infastructure destruction in Eastern Europe?
World War II and the subsequent Soviet domination of most of the area
53
Which countries remained outside of communist rule?
Austria & Switzerland
54
How were Austria and Switzerland affected by being outside communist rule compared to the other coutries of eastern and central Europe?
It seemingly focused them on high output, which resulted in a decrease in quality
55
When did Austria run to its own quality issues?
1980s
56
Why are Swiss wines largely unseen outside of Switzerland?
Partly because of domestic consumption and partially because the Swiss franc is higher in value than other currencies (which makes Swiss wines prohibitively expensive)
57
What did Austria originally act as?
A supplier of bulk wines for the German wine market
58
What happened in Austria that brought on a public relations crisis in the mid-1980s?
A few brokers chemically adulterated some wine to artifically give them richness
59
How did Austria respond to the public relations crisis?
After several years of disastrous export sales, the Austrians tightened controls and began focusing on quality.
60
Is Austria a major player in the wine market?
No, but its wines are well regarded
61
Where is Austrial?
Centrally located in Europe, southeast of Germany and northeast of Italy
62
Why are the lower hills and plains in the eastern part of Austria the only parts that contain winegrowing areas?
Because the Alps cover much of the country, especially toward the west
63
Where are the majority of Austria's vineyard lands?
The three eastern states of Niederosterreich, Burgenland, and Steirmark which border the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Slovenia
64
Another name for Niederosterreich
Lower Austria
65
Another name for Steiermark
Styria
66
What is the climate of Austria?
As in most of central Europe, the climate in eastern Austria is cool continental. Summers are mild and winters are very cold.
67
What is the climate of Austria similar to?
That of Baden in Germany, which lies at the same latitude just to the west. Its viticultural conditions are similar as well
68
How many grape varieties are authorized for use in Austria bottled at the PGI or PDO level?
40 (26 white and 14 red)
69
How much of Austria's production is white wine?
Over 66%
70
What is the signature grape variety of Austria?
Gruner Veltliner
71
Gruner Veltliner profile
Citrus, white pepper, and mineral characteristics
72
What do young examples of Gruner Veltliner provide vs. older vines and better vineyards?
Young - Fresh fruit & vibrant acidity | Older vines - Ageability for 3 to 10 years
73
Is Gruner Veltliner widely grown outside of Austria?
No, it is found only in a few places, mostly in eastern Europe
74
How much of Austria is planted to Gruner Veltliner?
1/3 of the total acreage -- 35,530 acres (14,380 ha)
75
What is Welschriesling?
Not true Riesling, but a variety that makes fragrant, perfumed, high-acid wines
76
What is Muller-Thurgau?
Riesling X Madeline Royal crossing, it is a reliable producer, but it makes wines that are low in acid and relatively unremarkable
77
Another name for Weissburgunder
Pinot Blanc
78
What is true about Riesling in Austria?
Most commonly produed in a dry style, but also in the full range of sweetness levels up to Trockenbeerenauslese
79
What is another name for Chardonnay in Austria?
Morillon
80
What is the second most widely planted grape in Austria?
Zweigelt
81
What is Zweigelt?
Blaufrankisch X St. Laurent crossing, displays a medium body and cherry flavors with a peppery finish
82
Two alternate names for Blaufrankisch
Lemberger | Kekfrankos
83
What is Blaufrankisch?
One of the few Austrian varieties with commercial importance in the United States. Produces a full-bodied wine with high acidity, solid tannins, and dark-berry fruit flavors
84
What is St. Laurent?
A member of the Pinot family that produces medium-bodied wines with medium tannins and cherry-berry flavors
85
Does St. Laurent have a large amount of plantings in Austria?
No, it makes up only a small percentage of planted acreage, but it is increasingly exported
86
Leading red grape varieties of Austria
``` Zweigelt Blaufrankisch Spatburgunder Blauburger St. Laurent Portugieser Merlot ```
87
Leading white grape varieties of Austria
``` Gruner Veltliner Welchriesling Riesling Weissburgunder Muller-Thurgau Chardonnay/Morillon Sauvignon Blanc Muskateller/Muscat ```
88
Austrian name for Muscat
Muskateller
89
What is the Austrian measure for must weight?
Klosterneuburger Mostwaage (KMW)
90
What is 1 degree KMW in Brix?
1.2 Brix
91
What is 1 degree KMW in Oechsle?
5 Oechsle
92
Austria's place-of-origin and classification system is similar, but not identical to what country?
Germany
93
What is Austria's classification heirarchy based on?
Minimum levels of ripeness, as well as other attributes
94
Three levels of Austrian wines
Wein Landwein PDO (which features 3 sub-categories)
95
What is the former name of Wein?
Tafelwein
96
What is Wein in Austria?
Basic category, may carry a vintage date and/or a grape variety
97
What can Wein not carry in Austria?
A place-of-origin more specific than Osterreich
98
Local name for Austria
Osterreich
99
What is Landwein in Austria?
Wine with a geographical indication equivalent to PGI in the EU model
100
Austrian Landwein regions are called?
Weinbauregionen
101
What are the 3 Weinbauregionen?
Weinland Osterreich Steierland Bergland
102
What are the 3 terms for PDO wines in Austria?
Qualitatswein Pradikatswein Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)
103
What are the requirements for PDO wines in Austria?
Must be sourced from a single quality wine region (Weinbaugebiet), subregion, or a specifically-defined Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)
104
Austrian term for single quality wine region
Weinbaugebiet
105
How much of Austrian wine is PDO level?
2/3rds
106
How many of Austria's Federal States are designated as PDO wine-producing appellations?
All 9, although the majority of the PDO-level wine is produced in its easternmost states
107
What is required for Austria's Qualitatswein?
Must be produced from grapes harvested at a minimum of 15 degrees KMW
108
How many degrees KMW are required to qualify for Pradikatswein status?
19 degrees KMW
109
How do Austria's Pradikatswein levels differ from Germany's?
Kabinett wines are considered a subset of Qualitatswein rather than the beginning rung on the ripeness ladder of the Pradikat Austrian Pradikat includes guidelines for a dried-grape wine, known as Strohwein or Schilfwein
110
What are the Austrian Pradikats based on?
Ripeness levels
111
Austrian dried-grape wine
Strohwein/Schilfwein
112
What are the Austrian Pradikatswein levels from least to mo
Spatlese Auslese Beerenauslese (BA),Eiswein, and Strohwein/Schilfwein Trockenbeerenauslese (TBA)
113
Spatlese requirements in Austria
Minimum 19 degrees KMW
114
Auslese requirements in Austria
21 degrees KMW; unripe grapes must be removed from the bunches
115
BA, Eiswein, and Strohwein/Schilfwein requirements in Austria
Minimum 21 degrees KMW
116
TBA requirements in Austria
Minimum 30 degrees KMW; majority of the grapes must be affected by Botrytis
117
Why was there concern about using must weight (sugar content) as a designation of quality in Austria?
Austrian producers thought that their wines would be broad-brushed as being universally sweet -- so they sought to further define quality for its dry wines
118
Organization in the Wachau that defines dry wines?
Vinea Wachau (Vinea Wachau Nobilis Districtus)
119
3 levels of quality in Vinea Wachau
Steinfeder Federspiel Smaragd
120
Steinfeder
Lightest style of dry wines
121
Federspiel
Classic or middleweight dry wines
122
Smaragd
Fullest-bodied dry wines
123
What do the Vinea Wachau terms indicate?
Increasing levels of ripeness for wines that are dry on the palate
124
When was the DAC instituted?
2003
125
What was instituted in 2003 in Austria?
Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC) | Appellation system that follows the terroir-based concept developed in France and promoted by the European Union.
126
What are Districtus Austriae Controllatus (DAC)?
Classified grape-growing regions which may be considered the highest level of quality in Austria
127
What can the DAC designation be used for?
Only for the specified grape varieties considered the most outstanding and most typical of the delineated region
128
What does each DAC specify?
Alcohol levels Aging regimens Other specific details
129
Can all wines produced within a DAC use that label?
No, wines that don't meet requirements carry a more generic area label
130
Austrian name for classic
Klassik
131
2 levels that exist in DACs
Klassik | Reserve
132
What does the Reserve level in DACs indicate?
Higher standards for alcohol profile and specifics in terms of flavor profile
133
Which 3 DACs recieved additional classifications in JUly 2016? What were they?
Kamptal DAC Kremstal DAC Traisental DAC They will be further classified according to a three-tier quality ladder, beginning with regional, and moving up to village, and single vineyard wines
134
Are most non DAC designations terroir driven?
No they are based primarily on the ripeness of the harvested grapes
135
What is a key difference between Austrian and German wine styles?
Austrian wines (excluding dessert wines) are typically dry
136
Two wine styles unique to Austria
Strohwein/Schilfwein | Bergwein
137
What is Strohwein/Schilfwein
Dried-grape wine that uses grapes of at least BA ripeness that have been air-dried on mats made of Stroh (straw) or Schilf (reeds) or hung on strings. The raisenated grapes are then pressed, and the juice is fermented into a sweet wine
138
What determines whether the dried-grape wine is Strohwein or Schilfwein?
Drying vessel -- Strohwein is dried on mats made of straw. Schilfwein is dried on mats made of reeds
139
What is Strohwein/Schilfwein similar to?
Recioto wines of Veneto (Italy)
140
What are the requirements for Strohwein/Schilfwein?
Dried for a minimum of 3 months if picked at 25 KMW | Otherwise, they may be picked at 30 KMW and stored for two months
141
What does Bergwein mean?
Mountain wine
142
What is Bergwein?
Wine produced using grapes grown on extraordinarily steep mountain slopes with at least a 26% gradient
143
What is the largest winegrowing region in Austria in bothe geographical area nad vineyard acreage?
Niederosterreich (Lower Austria)
144
Climate of Niederosterreich
This landlocked area has a continental climate with warm, dry summers and severe wineters
145
What river flows through Niederosterreich?
Danube River (It flows southeast through the region)
146
What is true about the Danube River in Austria?
Flows southeast through the region/Many of the more renowned vineyards are planted along its path
147
DACs/Subregions of Niederosterreich
DACs - Carnuntum DAC - Kamptal DAC - Kremstal DAC - Traisental DAC - Weinviertel DAC Subregions - Thermenregion - Wachau - Wagram
148
What is the largest subregion of Niederosterreich? Where does is stretch from?
Weinviertel DAC; stretches from the Danube Valley to the borders of the Czech Republic and Slovakia
149
Requirements for Weinviertel DAC
Must be 100% Gruner Veltliner
150
Profile of Weinviertel DAC
Gruner Veltliners that tend to be quite pungent, spicy, and peppery
151
Weinviertel DAC Reserve characteristic
May have a subtle botrytis character
152
Which 3 DACs in Niederosterreich have similar climates?
Traisental DAC Kamptal DAC Kremstal DAC
153
What do Traisental DAC, Kamptal DAC, and Kremstal DAC produce?
Gruner Veltliner or Riesling
154
How does the Gruner Veltliner of Traisental DAC, Kamptal DAC, and Kremstal DAC differ from Weinviertal DAC?
The former tends to be lighter and more delicate in style as compared to those of Wienviertal DAC
155
Where is Wachau?
Westernmost area of Niederosterreich; lies in a valley following the path of Danube River
156
What does Wachau produce?
Riesling and Gruner Veltliner, made into dry, age-worthy wines and often planted on steep inclines; are the leading grapes of the area
157
Where is Wagram?
Located along the Danube River to the east of Wachau, Kremstal, and Kamptal
158
Former name of Wagram
Donauland
159
When was Donauland renamed Wagram?
2007
160
What does Wagram produce?
``` Gruner Veltliner (most widely planted) Roter Veltliner Riesling Pinot Noir Zweigelt ```
161
Style of Gruner Veltliner in Wagram
Rich, flavorful, and characteristically spicy white wine
162
What is Roter Veltliner?
Pink-skinned grape that -- despite its name -- has no direct genetic link to Gruner Veltliner
163
What region became a DAC in 2020?
Wachau DAC
164
Where is Thermenregion located?
Far from the moderating influence of the Danube
165
What does Thermenregion produce?
A good deal of red wine -- focusing on Zweigelt
166
Two unique grapes grown in Thermenregion?
Rotgipfler | Zierfandler (Spatrot)
167
Where is the Carnuntum DAC?
To the south and east of Vienna
168
When did Carnuntum become a DAC?
October of 2019
169
What is Carnuntum DAC approved for?
Production of dry wines which may be produced as single-variety wines of blends
170
What are the white wine varieties allowed in Carnuntum DAC?
Chardonnay Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc) Gruner Veltliner
171
What are the red wine varieties allowed in Carnuntum DAC?
Zweigelt | Blaufrankisch
172
How much of the named variety is required for varietal labelling in Carnuntum DAC?
100%
173
How much of the aforementioned grape varieties are required for labelling in Carnuntum DAC blends?
At least 67% (2/3rds)
174
Where is Burgenland?
South of Niederosterreich and shares a border with Hungary
175
What creates ideal conditions for the growth of Botrytis cinerea in Burgenland?
Lake Neusiedl, the largest closed-basin lake in Europe
176
What famous wine of Austria is produced on the western shore of Lake Neusiedl in the town of Rust?
Ruster Ausbruch
177
As of a 2016 change in the Austrian Wine Law, what is Ausbruch synonymous with?
The Trockenbeerenauslese level of teh Austrian Pradikat
178
Can the Ausbruch designation be used on any TBA wine?
No, it can only be used in conjunction with the wines of Rust
179
What is Ruster Ausbruch?
Wine produced on the western shore of Lake Neusiedl in the town of Rust from a combination of botrytis-affected grapes and less concentrated grapes harvested from teh same vineyard. The wine is aged before release, and is often ranked among the finest dessert wines in the world.
180
5 DACs of Burgenland
``` Mittelburgenland DAC Eisenberg DAC Neusiedlersee DAC Leithaberg DAC Rosalia DAC ```
181
What does Mittelburgenland DAC produce?
Red wines based on Blaufrankisch; Wines are known for full body, deep color, and spicy aromas as well as red and black fruit flavors
182
Classic requirements for Mittelburgenland DAC
Must be matured in stainless steel or used oak; should not show any oak influence
183
Reserve requirements fro Mittelburgenland DAC
Additional year of aging (often aged in new oak which is not allowed for Classic)
184
Where is Eisenberg DAC?
Surrounding Eisenberg Hill in the southern protion of Burgenland
185
What is produced in Eisenberg DAC?
Red wines from Blaufrankisch; similar rules to Mittelburgenland DAC
186
Where is Neusiedlersee DAC?
To the east of Lake Neusiedl and stretching to the Hungarian border
187
What is produced in Neusiedlersee DAC?
Red wines based on Zweigelt
188
Where is Leithaberg DAC?
The vineyards of Leithaberg DAC stretch between Lake Neusiedl to the east, and the Leith Mountains to the west
189
Another name for Leith Mountains
Leithagebirge
190
How do the lake and mountains affect Leithaberg DAC?
Warm winds around the lake encourage ripeness, while the mountains provide for a significant diurnal swing and cool temperatures at night
191
White wines of Leithaberg DAC requirements
May be single variety or blend | Varieties allowed - Gruner Veltliner, Pinot Blanc, Chardonnay, and/or Neuburger
192
What is Neuburger
Indigenous cross of Roter Veltliner X Sylvaner
193
Red wines of Leithaberg DAC requirements
Based on Blaufrankisch, with an allowed (combined) maximum of 15% Zweigelt, St. Laurent, and/or Pinot Noir
194
When was the Rosalia DAC added?
Early 2018
195
What is the Rosalia DAC named for?
Rosaliengebirge (Rosalia Mountain Range)
196
Where is the Rosalia Mountain Range?
It comprises a portion of the Alpine Foothills located on the border between Burgenland and Niederosterreich
197
What is allowed in Rosalia DAC?
Dry wines only! (Red or Rose)
198
Grape varieties of red wines in Rosalia DAC
Blaufrankisch or Zweigelt (Can be single variety or blend)
199
Rosalia Rose can be produced from what varieties?
Any red grape variety approved for PDO wines in Austria
200
What is the southernmost wine-producing region of Austria?
Steiermark (Styria)
201
How much of Austria's vineyards are in Steiermark?
Less than 10%
202
What is the topography of Steiermark?
Hilly, almost mountainous region with deep valleys and many vineyards planted on south-facing slopes in order to intercept the vivid sunlight
203
Climate of Steiermark
Slightly warmer than most other viticultural areas in Austria (although the winters can be just as cold)
204
Due to the warmer climate, what are the 2 leading varieties of Steiermark?
Sauvignon Blanc | Chardonnay
205
Are all of Steiermark's subregions DACs?
Yes, as of the 2018 vintage
206
3 subregions of Steiermark
Sudsteiermark DAC Vulkanland Steiermark DAC Weststeiermark DAC
207
Austrian term for regulations
Verordnungen
208
How much of Sudsteiermark is planted to Sauvignon Blanc?
Nearly 20% (Leading grape variety)
209
How big is the Sudsteiermark DAC?
6,234 Acres (2,563 ha)
210
4 main grape varieties of Sudsteiermark DAC
Sauvignon Blanc Riesling Pinot Gris Chardonnay
211
The inclines of Sudsteiermark can reach a steepness of up to?
45 degrees
212
What are the soils in Sudsteiermark?
Flatter regions -- Primarily marine sediments | Hills/slopes - Marl & Conglomerate soils
213
Climate of Sudsteiermark
Climate during the vegetative cycle typically consists of warm and humid days combined with cool nights
214
What does the climate of Sudsteiermark allow for?
A long growing season and complex, concentrated grapes
215
What type of soil is in Vulkanland Steiermark?
Volcanic Soils
216
How big is Vulkanland Steiermark?
3,765 acres (1,524 ha) planted to vines
217
Where are many of the vines of Vulkanland Steiermark planted?
Slopes of the area's long-dormant volcanoes, some reaching eleavation as high as 1,968 ft/600 m
218
Grape varieties of Vulkanland Steiermark
``` Welchriesling Chardonnay (Morillon) Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc) Grauburgunder (Pinot Gris) Sauvignon Blanc Zweigelt ```
219
What is Weststeiermark DAC characterized by?
Steep hills and deep valleys
220
How big is Weststeiermark?
One of the smalles wine-growing regions of Austria (by acreage) with just over 1200 acres (500 ha) planted to vines
221
What wine is Weststeiermark known for?
Primarily known for its Schilcher Rose, now labeled as Schilcher Klassik Westeiermark DAC
222
What is Schilcher Klassik Westeiermark Rose?
Schilcher Rose is produced from the Blauer Wildbacher (Schilcher) grape variety
223
How much of all vine plantings in Weststeiermark is Schilcher (Blauer Wildbacher)
Nearly 85%
224
Other grape varieties of Weststeiermark
Weissburgunder (Pinot Blanc) Welchriesling Muller-Thurgau Reds from Blauer Wildbacher (small amount)
225
What is the only European captial to have a PDO within its city limits?
Vienna (Wien)
226
What river does Wien lie along?
Danube River
227
How big is Wien?
Tiny -- just 1,500 acres (510 ha), but quite significant in terms of culture and history5
228
What are Heurigen?
Seasonal wine taverns in Wien that were a popular annual tradition, where the local winemakeers served their newly-produced wine in and around the vineyards at harvest time
229
What is Gemischter Satz?
Tradition of Wien (shared in other parts of Austria as well) -- wines made from several different grape varieties fermented together
230
When was the Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz DAC approved? For what?
2013; White wines produced using at least 3 grape varieties
231
Requirements for Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz DAC
At least 3 varieties Grapes must be harvested, pressed, and fermented together No more than 50% from any single variety, and a minimum of 10% each of at least three varieties Meant to be fruit-forward May not show significant influenc of oak
232
What is unique about Wiener (Viennese) Gemischter Satz?
Grapes must not only be processed together but also must be grown together in a field blend (side by side in the vineyard)
233
How many varieties are allowed in Gemischter Satz?
15, and all may be present in a single wine
234
What are some of the varieties approved for Gemischter Satz?
``` Gruner Veltliner Sylvaner Traminer Rotgipfler Neuburger Weissburgunder Grauburgunder Chardonnay ```
235
How much of Hungary's wine production is white?
Over 70%
236
What grape variety is often used to produce dry white wines and is part of the blend in Hungary's famous dessert wine Tokaji Aszu?
Furmint
237
Hungary's famous dessert wine
Tokaji Azsu
238
Best-known red wine of Hungary
Egri Bikaver (Bull's Blood of Eger)
239
Alternate name for Egri Bikaver
Bull's Blood of Eger
240
What is Egri Bikaver?
Full-bodied wine traditionally made from Kadarka grapes belnded with other varieties such as Kekfrankos (Blaufrankisch), Kekoporto (Portugieser), Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Menoire, Pinot Noir, Syrah, Blauburger, and Zweigelt
241
Alternate name for Blaufrankisch in Hungary
Kekfrankos
242
Alternate name for Portugieser in Hungary
Kekoporto
243
When was a newer version of Egri Bikaver introduced?
2004
244
When did Hungary become a member of the EU?
2004
245
What is the newer version of Egri Bikaver?
Egri Bikaver Superior
246
What does Egri Bikaver Superior require?
Use of at least 5 of the recommended varieties
247
What did Tokaji Aszu manage to survive?
Soviet control in the twentieth century
248
Where is Tokaji Aszu produced?
Tokaj PDO in Northern Hungary
249
What countries is the Tokaj PDO located within?
Hungary (Northern) | Slovakia (Eastern; small part)
250
What are the authorized grape varieties for Tokaj?
``` Furmint Harslevelu Kabar Koverszolo Sargamuskotaly (Muscat) Zeta ```
251
Hungarian name for Muscat
Sargamuskotaly
252
What is the climate in certain portions of the vineyard region in Tokaj ideal for?
Encouraging the development of botrytis
253
Aside from dessert wines what else is produced in Tokaj?
Dry white wines and sparkling wines
254
What are the primary grape varieties used for Tokaji Aszu? Why?
Furmint Harslevelu They provide enough acidity and aromatic character to keep the wine from being cloying
255
What are the grapes called in Hungary, when they are late-harvested, botrytis affected grapes?
Aszu
256
How are Aszu wines made?
Aszu grapes are gently mashed into a thick paste and then mixed with a normally fermented base wine to absorb the sugar and flavors of the aszu. Wine is then racked and aged in small casks for a few years in underground tunnels where film-forming yeast similar to the flor of the Sherry region grows
257
What is another name for Eszencia?
English name -- Essencia
258
What is Eszencia?
Wine produced in the Tokaj region -- made from the free-run juice of the sweetest, most-botrytized, hand selected berries
259
Requirements for Eszencia
Minimum of 45% residual sugar, and often takes years to ferment to a content of 5% to 6% alcohol by volume
260
How long does the winemaking tradition in Croatia stretch back?
More than 2000 years
261
What negatively affected winemaking in Croatia?
Like the other member states of the former Yugoslavia, it was somewhat wracked by warfare or controled by a communist dictatorship for most of the last century
262
When did Croatia become an independent democratic republic?
1991
263
Where are the fine wine growing conditions in Croatia?
Along the Adriatic Sea
264
When did Croatia join the EU?
2013
265
What grape variety is Croatia known for?
Crljenak Kastelanski (Tribidrag)
266
Another name for Crljenak Kastelanski
Tribidrag Zinfandel (in US) Primitivo (in Italy)
267
What was Crljenak Kastelanski renamed as in the United States?
Zinfandel
268
What was Crljenak Kastelanski renamed as in Italy?
Primitivo
269
What is the most widely grown white grape variety in Croatia?
Grasevina (Welchriesling)
270
Another name for Grasevina
Welchriesling
271
How much of Croatia's production is white wine?
Nearly 2/3rds
272
White grape varieties of Croatia
``` Grasevina (Welchriesling) Malvasia Bogdanusa Sauvignon Blanc Pinot Gris Chardonnay ```
273
Red grape varieties of Croatia
``` Crljenak Kastelanski Frankovka (Blaufrankisch) Teran Plavac Mali (Close relative Crljenak Kastelanski) Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot ```
274
Another name for Blaufrankisch in Croatia
Frankovka
275
What is Plavac Mali closely related to?
Crljenak Kastelanski
276
How many broad region is Croatia's wine country divided into? What seperates them?
Two (Kontinentalna Hrvatska & Primorska Krvatska); Dinaric Alps
277
What is the name of the inland region of Croatia?
Kontinentalna Hrvatska (Inland Croatia)
278
Where is Inland Croatia?
Stretches eastward over 150 miles (240 km), covering much of the eastern half of the country to the border with Hungary
279
What is produced in Kontinentaln Hrvatska (Inland Croatia)?
Majority is white wines for local consumption
280
What is the western half of Croatia called?
Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)
281
Where is Coastal Croatia?
Extends along the Adriatic coastline for 330 miles (530 km), with vineyard areas interspersed among islands and inlents formed by the Kvarner Gulf
282
What is the climate of Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)?
Mediterranean, with mairitime influences in the south and warmer areas in the north, particularly around the Istrian Peninsula
283
What is produced in Primorska Hrvatska (Coastal Croatia)?
Majority of the wines, and an even greater majority of the high-quality wines of Croatia
284
Why does Switzerland export little of its output (as a relatively small producer of wine)?
Country's domestic demand is 3x its production volume; Swiss wines are also very expensive outside of Switzerland, given the high value of the Swiss franc
285
Does Switzerland follow the EU model of wine classification?
No, Switzerland is not a member of the EU and has its own governing body in charge of wine
286
What is the name of the governing body in charge of wine within Switzerland?
OIC 3 names depending on which official language of Switzerland is used French -- Organisme Intercantonal de Certifcation German -- Interkantonale Zertifizierungsstelle Italian -- Organismo Intercantonale di Certificazione
287
What country's system is similar to that of Switzerland?
The French AOC system
288
When did official wine regions and controlled appellations begin to be implemented in Switzerland?
1990s
289
What do the appellations of Switzerland specify?
Many of them specify grape varieties, and some specify winemaking and wine styles
290
What are the states that oversee winemaking called in Switzerland?
Cantons
291
Where are most of Switzerland's winegrowing areas?
Despite being set amid the rugged Alps, Switzerland has many protected valleys with fine weatehr for winegrowing. Primary areas of produciton are in the French-speaking part of the country along the northern shore of Lake Geneva and in teh Valais, the valley of the Rhone River, to its east
292
Does Switzerland produce more red or white wine?
Slightly more red
293
Main grape varieties of Switzerland
Pinot Noir (leading) Gamay Merlot Chasselas (leading white)
294
Another name for Chasselas in Switzerland
Fendant
295
What did Romania spend most of the 20th century doing in regards to wine?
Making large amounts of bulk wine to send east to the Soviet Union (Romania is a former Soviet satellite -- Republic of Romania)
296
When did Romania join the EU?
2007
297
What did Romania's entrance into the EU allow for?
Influx of investments and expertise, as well as easier access to markets in the West
298
What is the climate of Romania?
Generally continental, moderated in places by the Black Sea, Danube River, and Carpathian Mountains
299
How many appellations are in Romania?
More than 40
300
What is the oldest appellation in Romania?
Tarnave DOC
301
Where is Tarnave DOC?
In the center of Romania surrounding the Carpathian Mountains
302
Well-known sweet wines DOC of Romania?
Cotnari DOC
303
Where is Cotnari DOC?
In the Moldovan Hills (near the eastern border of Romania)
304
Why were many of Romania's vineyards replaced with French varieties?
Phylloxera
305
What did the Phylloxera epidemic lead to in Romania?
Many of Romania's vineyards were replanted to French varieties -- so today there is a dual focus on both indegenous and international grape varieties that has led to varietally labeled wines as well as unusual blends of both French and Romanian varieties
306
Two most widely planted white grapes of Romania
Feteasca Alba Feteasca Regala Both of which produce light, aromatic wines with varying levels of sweetness
307
White international varieties of Romania
Muscat Aligote Sauvignon Blanc
308
Two most planted red grapes of Romania (1 international, 1 native)
Pinot Noir | Feteasca Neagra
309
What is Pinot Noir considered in Romania?
Leading red grape for the export market
310
What is Feteasca Neagra considered in Romania?
Flagship red variety of the country
311
When was Bulgaria a leading producer and exporter of wine in terms of volume?
1970s and early 1980s
312
What stopped the progression of the Bulgarian wine industry?
Tumultuous political forces in the years that followed the early 1980s
313
When did Bulgaria begin its transformation to democracy?
1990
314
When did Bulgaria join the EU?
2007, during which time the country began to slowly modernize and improve its wine industry
315
What is the majority of Bulgaria's wine made from? Intended for?
Made from international varieties; Intended for Export, although boutique projects, traditional practices, and native grape varieties remain a small but thriving part of the industry
316
Location and Climate of Bulgaria
Located in the eastern portion of the Balkan Peninsula, Bulgaria has a diverse topography and a temperate continental climate with hot summers, long, cold winters and four distinct seasons.
317
What river seperates Bulgaria from Romania (its neighbor to the north)?
Danube River
318
What does the northern portion of Bulgaria consist of?
Vast lowlands of the Danube Plain
319
What does the southern portion of Bulgaria consist of?
Dominated by highlands and elevated plains
320
What borders Bulgaria to the east?
Black Sea
321
Does Bulgaria plant more reds or whites?
Split more or less evenly
322
Red grape varieties of Bulgaria
``` (Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot) - two most widely planted international Syrah Pinot Noir Zinfandel ``` ``` Mavrud Rubin Gamza Melnik Pamid ```
323
What is Rubin?
Nebbiolo x Syrah cross
324
Another name for Gamza
Kadarka
325
What is Melnik?
Highly tannic variety mostly planted in the Struma River Valley of Bulgaria
326
What is Pamid?
Thin-skinned, early-ripening variety in Bulgaria
327
What are the two most widely planted white grapes of Bulgaria?
Rkatsiteli Dimiat (common throughout Eastern Europe)
328
What is Misket Cherven?
Red Misket; Highly aromatic, pink-skinned variety grown in the hillier areas of Bulgaria
329
International white varieties of Bulgaria
Chardonnay Sauvignon Blanc Riesling Viognier
330
Where is Slovenia?
Located on the Mediterranean coast -- shares a border with 4 established wine countries
331
4 Established wine countries that share a border with Slovenia
West - Italy North - Austria South/Southeast - Croatia Northeast - Hungary
332
When did Slovenia become an independent nation?
1991
333
When did Slovenia join the EU?
2003
334
What are Slovenia's PDO wines classified as?
ZOP - Zasciteno oznacbo porekla
335
How many zasciteno oznacbo porekla (ZOPs) in Slovenia
14 defined, as well as several variations
336
What examples of the variations for ZOPs?
Traiditonal Method sparkling wines, botrytis-affected wines, and wines with a certain degree of aging
337
How many PGI regions in Slovenia?
3
338
What is the name of the PGI category in Slovenia?
zasciteno geografsko oznacbo (ZGO)
339
What are the 3 zasciteno geografso oznacbo (ZGOs) of Slovenia?
Podravje ZGO Primorska ZGO Posavje ZGO
340
Where is Podravje ZGO?
Inland east of Slovenia, surrounding the valleys of the Pesnica, Drava, and Mura Rivers.
341
Largest of Slovenias ZGOs
Podravje -- produces roughly half of the country's wine
342
Where is Primorska?
On the coast, across the Adriatic Sea from Venice and sharing a border with Italy's Friuli region; several of the wine areas located within Primorska straddle the Italian-Slovenian border, divided only by politics
343
Two Slovenian/Italian shared ZOP/DOC examples
Slovenia - Goriska Brda ZOP Italy - Collio Goriziano DOC Slovenia - Kras ZOP Italy - Carso DOC
344
Where is Posavje?
Located in the southeast of Slovenia, along the border with Croatia
345
What does the name Posavje refer to?
(Lower Sava) -- refers to its proximity to the end of the Sava River valley
346
What is Posavje?
Slovenia's smallest -- and perhaps most old-fashioned -- wine-producing region
347
What do the grape varieties of Slovenia reflect?
Influence of Italy, Germany, and Austria, and include French (international) varieties as well
348
Does Slovenia produce more white or red wines?
White
349
Widely planted white grape varieties of Slovenia
``` Riesling Gewurztraminer (Traminec) Muller-Thurgau (Rizvanec) Pinot Gris (Sivi Pinot) Sauvignon Blanc Chardonnay Tai (Friulano) Ribolla Gialla ```
350
Name for Gewurztraminer in Slovenia
Traminec
351
Name for Muller-Thurgau in Slovenia
Rizvanec
352
Name for Pinot Gris in Slovenia
Sivi Pinot
353
Name for Friulano in Slovenia
Tai
354
Two popular Friulian grape varieties (Tai & Ribolla Gialla) are grown primarily where is Slovenia?
Primorska (near the Italian border)
355
What are the leading red grape varieties of Slovenia?
``` Cabernet Sauvignon Merlot St. Laurent Pinot Noir (Modri Pinot) Refosco ```
356
Name for Pinot Noir in Slovenia
Modri Pinot
357
Where do many archeologist believe is the site of the world's first cultivated vineyards?
Present-day Georgia
358
What has recently been added to UNESCO's list of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity?
The Georgian tradition of aging wine in large, egg-shaped earthenware vessels known as kvevris (often spelled qvevri)
359
What are kvevris (qvevris)?
Georgian large, egg shaped earthenware vessels for aging wine
360
When did Georgia become an independent state?
1991
361
When did Georgia pass the "Law of Georgia on Wine and Vine"?
1998
362
What did the "Law of Georgia on Wine and Vine" do?
Specify winemaking zones (Controlled appellations recognized by the EU), as well as specifications for grape varieties, definitions of approved wine styles, and a list of approved winemaking and viticultural practices
363
Is Georgia a member of the EU?
No, although Georgia and the European Union have maintained trade relations since 1996
364
How many acres in Georgia are under vine?
110,000 acres (44,500 ha)
365
What type of wild vines are found in some parts of Georgia?
Vitis vinifera silvestris
366
How many identifiable indigenous varieties are in Georgia?
500
367
How much of Georgian wine is from indigenous varieties?
Close to 90%
368
How many varieties are used for commercial winemaking in Georgia?
35
369
Most widely grown grape in Georgia
White -- Rkatsiteli (also the predominant white grape variety of eastern Europe)
370
Style of Rkatsiteli
Light, floral, crisp white wines
371
What is the leading red grape of Georgia
Saperavi
372
Style of Saperavi
High-alcohol wines with good potential for aging
373
What region has the best viticultural conditions of the former Soviet Union?
Crimea
374
Where is Crimea?
Shaped basically like a peninsula that extends into the Black Sea
375
What does Crimea have a long history of?
Sparkling wine production
376
What did sparkling wine production begin with in Crimea?
1878 founding of Novy Svet Winery
377
Famous wine of Novy Svet Winery in Crimea
Brut Paradiso
378
What did Novy Svet Winery's Brut Paradiso win in the 1900 World's Fair in Paris?
Grand Prix de Champagne -- beating out many famous Champagne producers
379
What was the Crimean Peninsula during Soviet times?
Larges wine supplier in the USSR
380
Colorful name of the wine produced during Soviet times in Crimea?
Sovetskoye Shampanskoye (Soviet Champagne)
381
Does Crimea only produce sparkling wines?
No, still wines made primarily from international varieties and a fortified wine are produced as well
382
Fortified wine of Crimea
Etalita

CSW/HBSC (22 decks)

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