Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

CSW/HBSC > Eastern Mediterranean > Flashcards

Eastern Mediterranean Flashcards

1
Q

Highest level of wine appellation in Greece, used mainly for sweet wines

A

OPE: Onomasia Proelefseos Eleghomeni

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Highest level of wine appellation in Greece, used primarily for dry wines

A

OPAP: Onomasia Proelefseos Anoteras Poiotitos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Greek wine appellation for regional (PGI) wines

A

TO: Topikos Oinis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Greek wine appellation for traditional wines such as retsina

A

OKP: Onomasia Kata Paradosi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Main white grape used in the PDO wines of Santorini

A

Assyrtiko

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Red grape of Greece, widely grown in Macedonia, used in the wines of the Naoussa OPAP

A

Xinomavro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Red grape used in the wines of the Nemea OPAP

A

Agiorgitiko

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Red grape used in the sweet wines of Patras

A

Mavrodaphne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Term used for Greek wines with a minimum standard of aging

A

Cava or Kava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Greek term for “aged in barrel”

A

Palaiomenos se vareli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dried-grape wine produced in Santorini

A

Vinsanto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Style of wine produced in the Mantinia OPAP

A

Dry white, from Moschofilero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Style of wine produced in the Nemea OPAP

A

Dry to sweet reds, from Agiogitiko

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Style of wine produced in the Patras OPAP

A

Dry whites, from Roditis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Term used for basket-shaped vines as grown on Santorini

A

Stefani

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Famous fortified wine of Cyprus

A

Commandaria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Two main grape varieties of Commandaria

A

Mavro (red)

Xynisteri (white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aging system (using earthenware jars) traditionally used for Commandaria

A

The mana system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Main vineyard region of Lebanon

A

Bekaa Valley

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lebanon’s leading (and most famous) winery

A

Chateau Musar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Five major wine regions of Israel

A 
Galilee
Shomron (Samaria)
Shimson (Samson)
Jerusalem Mountains (Judean Hills)
Negev
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What affected winegrowing in the Eastern Mediterranean, which is considered to have begun prior to recorded history?

A

War, and in some cases, religious influences that restrain the use of alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What country’s winegrowing did continue?

A

Greece

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How far back does wine date back to in Greece?

A

4000 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Why did Greek wines disappear from the international market during the Middle Ages?

A

Previously Greek wines were exported all over the Western world in ancient times, but Ottoman rulers placed heavy taxes on wines that were sold to outsiders which crippled the industry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Up until the late 20th century, what was the only Greek wine known to consumers?

A

Retsina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Retsina?

A

Greek wine that is flavored with Pine Resin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Why was pine resin added to wine in Greece?

A

It was used as a preservative and a means of preventing oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Does modern retsina still use pine resin?

A

Yes, even though it isn’t essential – it is considered a tradition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What did retsina reinforce to the majority of wine consumers?

A

That Greek wines were outdated and poorly made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the general style of modern Greek wines?

A

Clean, fresh, and lively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What caused increasing numbers of well-crafted Greek wines to hit the market?

A

New generation of modern winemakers, combined with Greece’s entry into the EU.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Where is Greece?

A

Southeastern EUrope, south of Albania, Macedonia, and Bulgaria. Consists primarily of mountainous peninsula surrounded on three sides by the Mediterranean Sea. Geographically, it resembles an outstretched hand reaching into the water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is to the west of Greece?

A

Across the Ionian Sea, the tip of the Italian Peninsula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is to the east of Greece?

A

Across the Aegean Sea – Turkey

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How many islands are in Greece?

A

Over 3000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Where are most of the islands of Greece?

A

Most are in the Aegean Sea, although some are in the Ionian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does the upper part of the Greek peninsula comprise?

A

The political and historical areas of Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, and Thessalia. Farther south is the region of Attica and the capital city, Athens. Not far from Athens, the almost insular Peloponnese Peninsula clings onto the rest of Greece at the narrow Isthmus of Corinth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What region has the highest concentration of vineyards in all of Greece?

A

Peloponnese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the climate of Greece?

A

Mediterranean, with slight temperature variations from north to south and substantial differences due to elevation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What causes the eastern side of the peninsula of Greece to be drier than the Ionian side?

A

High mountains that run the length of the country, especially along the western side, block much of the rainfall and cause a rain shadow effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What makes Greece a natural country for viticulture?

A

The warm, sunny Mediterranean climate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where are vines planted in Greece?

A

Throughout the mainland and on almost every habitable island

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the trend in new plantings in Greece?

A

Toward hillside vineyards at higher elevations, some above 2500 ft (760 m), in order to take advantage of cooler temperatures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How many cataloged indigenous grapes are in Greece?

A

Over 300

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Standout 3 reds of Greece

A

Xinomavro
Agiorgitiko
Mavrodaphne

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Alternate name for Xinomavro

A

Xynomavro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What is Xinomavro?

A

Red variety of the northern areas of Greece, especially Macedonia, that is often compared to Pinot Noir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What is Agiorgitiko?

A

Distinguished red variety grown mainly in the Peloponnese, making more tannic and fruitier wines than Xinomavro

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is Mavrodaphne?

A

Red grape used mainly for sweet fortified wines similar in style to ruby Ports

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What are the most respected white varieties of Greece?

A 
Moschofilero
Assyrtiko
Muscat
Athiri
Roditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Alternate names for Assyrtiko

A

Asyrtiko

Assyrtico

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Alternate name for Muscat in Greece

A

Moschato

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is Moschofilero?

A

Pink grape akin to Pinot Gris that comes from the Mantinia region of the Peloponnese It has high acidity with floral and spicy aromas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is Assyrtiko?

A

High-acid white variety originally from Santorini but now found throughout the country. Assyrtiko is used for dry and sweet white wines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What is Moschato/Muscat in Greece?

A

Well-known ancient variety found throughout the Mediterranean; almost always used for sweet wines such as Muscat of Samos, as well as those from Rio Patras and Patras. Muscat often produces wines with notes of apricot, honey, orange peel, and spice

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is Athiri?

A

White grape grown in Rhodes and Santorini that provides wines with low acidity, good weight, and high aromatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is Roditis?

A

One of the most widely planted white grapes in the nation that produces easy-drinking white wines with crisp, fruity flavors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What international varieties are common in Greece?

A 
Chardonnay
Sauvignon Blanc
Cabernet Sauvignon
Merlot
Syrah
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What international variety has made significant inroads in Greece, particularly on the mainland?

A

Syrah

61
Q

Are international varieties seen at the PDO level in Greece?

A

Rarely as they are generally considered to be nontraditional

62
Q

Does Greece follow the EU model for wine laws?

A

Yes, although the division in quality wines is less qualitative and more stylistic

63
Q

What are the two levels of Greece’s PDO?

A

OPE - onomasia proelefseos eleghomeni

OPAP - onomasia proelefseos anoteras poiotitos

64
Q

What is OPE?

A

Controlled appellation of origin
Considered to be the top level, because it is “controlled” (reminiscent of the “guarantee” of Italy’s DOCG) but the eight OPEs all produce sweet wines only

65
Q

How many OPEs in Greece? What do they produce?

A

8; Sweet wines

66
Q

How are OPE wines designated?

A

With a light blue seal placed over the bottle opening

67
Q

What is OPAP?

A

Appellation of origin of superior quality

Quality level primarily for dry, unfortified wines.

68
Q

How many OPAPs are there in Greece?

A

20; five of which have separate qppellations for red and white

69
Q

How are OPAP wines designated?

A

With a light red seal placed over the bottle opening

70
Q

What do OPAP and OPE equate to?

A

EU’s Protected Designation of Origin

71
Q

How are most new bottles of wines produced under OPE and OPAP labelled?

A

PDO Wines of Greece; this is especially true for wines intended for export

72
Q

How much of Greece’s national production is PDO level?

A

About 15%

73
Q

What are the two levels equivalent to PGI in Greece?

A

Topikos oinos

Onomasia kata paradosi

74
Q

What is TO?

A

Regional wine

Category for wine with a geographic indication, which equates to PGI Status

75
Q

How many PGI designations are there in Greece?

A

over 100

76
Q

What do the regional designations correspond to in Greece?

A

The major regions of Greece, such as Crete, Thessalia, and Peloponnese; the districts or “regional units” were formerly known as “prefectures.” The smalles PGI designations – the areas – may be as small as a single estate

77
Q

What is the former name of districts or “regional units” in Greece?

A

Prefectures

78
Q

What is OKP?

A

Appellation by tradition
Special subcategory that was created to protect the traditional wines of Greece without tying them to a particular geographic area.

79
Q

What is included in OKP?

A

Well-known resinated wine Retsina, and Verdea, and oxidative white wine

80
Q

What is Verdea?

A

A traditional wine of Greece that is an oxidative white wine

81
Q

What is EO?

A

epitrapezios oinos
Table Wine
Basic wine

82
Q

How much of Greece’s total production is EO?

A

Approximately 1/2

83
Q

Can Reserve/Grand Reserve be used on all Greek wines?

A

No, it is only for PDO level wines that meet the requirements

84
Q

Reserve requirements Greece

A

White and Rose that are aged for a minimum of six months in oak and an additional three months in bottle
Red wines that are aged for a minimum of two years of aging, with at least one year in oak

85
Q

Grand Reserve requirements Greece

A

White and Rose that are aged for a minimum of two years, one of which must be in oak
Red wines that are aged for a total of four years, including a minimum of 18 months in oak

86
Q

What does cava or kava mean on a Greek wine label?

A

It has nothing to do with sparkling wine, and instead refers to aging.

87
Q

Requirements for cava or kava in Greece

A

White/Rose - 1 yr aging with 6 mos in oak

Red - 3 yrs aging with 1 yr in oak

88
Q

Wines that have exceeded the requirements for cava/kava, reserve, or grand reserve can be labelled what?

A

palaiomenos se vareli (aged in barrel)

89
Q

Why are many of the exciting quality wines of Greece found at the TO or even EO level?

A

Similar to the story with Super Tuscans, many of Greece’s modern winemakers are dissatisfied with the limitations of the appellation system and want to experiment with non-traditional varieties, blends of indigenous and international varieties, or unconventional blends of native varieties. So they make the wines they want to, and opt out of the higher designations.

90
Q

What are the well-known regions of Macedonia

A

Amyndeon or Amyndai OPAP
Cotes de Meliton OPAP
Goumenissa OPAP
Naoussa OPAP

91
Q

Amyndeon or Amyndaio OPAP

A

Dry to off-dry red and rose made from Xinomavro

92
Q

Cotes de Meliton OPAP

A

Red and white wines from Greek and French varieties

93
Q

Goumenissa OPAP

A

Dry red, from Xinomavro and Negoska

94
Q

Naoussa OPAP

A

Dry to off-dry red from Xinomavro

95
Q

What are the well-known regions of Peloponnese?

A

Mantinia OPAP
Mavrodaphne of Patras OPE
Nemea OPAP
Patras OPAP

96
Q

Mantinia OPAP

A

Dry white from Moschofilero

97
Q

Mavrodaphne of Patras OPE

A

Sweet fortified red from Mavrodaphne

98
Q

Nemea OPAP

A

Dry to sweet reds from Agiorgitiko, which may be aged and have nice acidity and good aromatics

99
Q

What is the largest red wine appellation in Greece?

A

Nemea OPAP

100
Q

Patras OPAP

A

Dry whites from Roditis, which are elegant, light white wines with citrus aromas and flavors

101
Q

What is the well-known appellation of the Aegean Islands?

A

Santorini OPAP

102
Q

What type of island is Santorini?

A

Volcanic

103
Q

What effect does the climate of Santorini have on vine training?

A

It is an extremely dry and windy climate that requires vines to be trained low to the ground to avoid being damaged. Vines are often trained in a basket or wreath shape known as a stefani.

104
Q

What is a stefani?

A

Vine training shape in Greece that is basket or wreath shaped

105
Q

What grape variety thrives in Santorini?

A

Assyrtiko, producing wines that have vibrant acidity and minerality and that develop a beautiful richness over time

106
Q

Requirements for Santorini OPAP

A

Dry white wines produced with a minimum of 75% Assyrtiko, with Athiri and Aidani approved for the remainder

107
Q

Vinsanto of Santorini

A

Dried grape wine produced under the Santorini OPAP. Typically unfortified and naturally sweet, although the production of fortified Vinsanto is also allowed.

108
Q

Requirements of Vinsanto from Santorini

A

Must be barrel-aged for a minimum of two years, although many versions are aged much longer

109
Q

Where is Cyprus?

A

Large island in the far-eastern Mediterranean

110
Q

Cyprus is currently divided politically between what two factions?

A

Greek and Turkish

111
Q

What is Cyprus primarily known for?

A

Commandaria

112
Q

What is Commandaria?

A

Sweet amber-colored dessert wine with an ancestry dating back 4 millennia that is made using a blend of red Mavro and white Xynisteri varieties.

113
Q

2 grape varieties of Commandaria

A

Mavro (red)

Xynisteri (white)

114
Q

How is Commandaria made?

A

It is sun-dried after harvest in order to evaporate some of the water content. Commandaria generally reacheds high levels of alcohol via natural fermentation and is somethimes also fortified.

115
Q

What is the aging system for Commandaria?

A

Similar to the solera system of Jerez, but utilizing earthenware jars instead of barrels

116
Q

What is the aging system of Commandaria called?

A

Mana System, which is still used by some traditional producers today

117
Q

What is true about Turkey?

A

It is a relatively Islamic state with one foot in Europe and the other in Asia

118
Q

How does Turkey rank in terms of grape production?

A

One of the largest grape-growing countreis in teh world by volume, but the vast majority of the grapes are eaten fresh or as raisins

119
Q

Are Turkey’s wines commonly exported?

A

No, most of Turkey’s wines are rarely seen outside the country, although its largest producer, Kavaklidere, does export internationally

120
Q

What is Turkey’s largest producer?

A

Kavaklidere

121
Q

Is Turkey a current member of the EU?

A

No, Turkey began access negotiations in 2005, and is currently an official candidate

122
Q

Why are Turkey’s wine laws likely to radically change in the future?

A

They are applying to be an EU member

123
Q

Who currently administers Turkey’s wine laws and regulations?

A

Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulatory Council

124
Q

Where would you find Turkey’s basic wine law that includes a basic set of viticultural standards?

A

In the country’s “Law of Agricultural Insurance” that was written in 2005

125
Q

When was Wines of Turkey founded?

A

2008

126
Q

What does Wines of Turkey do?

A

Spearheads the efforts concerning the modernization and regulation of the wine industry. These projects include the definition of specific wine regions (separate from the country’s current agricultural regions), standards for vineyard yield, and a database of authorized grape varieties

127
Q

Why is it not suprising that there is a small wine community in Lebanon?

A

It is a multicultural country with a sizable Christian minority and a long connection with the French

128
Q

Where are most of the vineyards of Lebanon located?

A

Most of the vineyards are located at fairly high elevations in the western Bekaa Valley to take advantage of nighttime cooling, although some producers are experimenting with areas in the eastern Bekaa Valley as well as in Batroun and Jezzine

129
Q

What producer is most of Lebanon’s reputation built around?

A

Chateau Musar, although a handful of other producers are gaining recognition as well

130
Q

Grape varieties of Lebanon

A

International grapes (mainly French) are grown in most regions, as well as a handful of ancient, indigenous varieties such as Obeideh and Merwah (both white)

131
Q

What is the Union Vinicole du Liban?

A

Viticultural Union of Lebanon

Founded in 1997, it is leading the efforts to formulate a comprehensive modern wine law for Lebanon

132
Q

When were the wine laws of Lebanon passed?

A

The previous set had been in place since 1938, but a new set was passed in 2000

133
Q

What is Lebanon’s current wine laws loosely based on?

A

France’s AOC system

134
Q

What do Lebanon’s current wine laws do?

A

Outline many of the significant elements of wine production, including regions of origin, labeling terminology, and viticultural practices

135
Q

Why has Israel worked so hard to develop its wine industry?

A

Wine is an integral part of the Jewish tradition

136
Q

What challenges has Israel faced in terms of developing a wine industry?

A

Desert heat
Insufficient water
Periodic warfare

137
Q

What is true about the climate in Israel?

A

Despite its small size, there are significant differences in the climate from north to south

138
Q

What are the 5 major wine-producing regions of Israel?

A 
Galilee
Shomron (Samaria)
Shimshon (Samson)
Jerusalem Mountains (Judean Hills)
Negev
139
Q

Subregions of the Galilee region

A

Golan Heights
Upper Galilee
Lower Galilee

140
Q

Galilee region

A

Located in the north of the country – this is the most important region, where the elevation and the slightly higher latitude combine to provide the country’s most temperate climate

141
Q

Shomron (Samaria) region

A

Shomron region includes the Sharon Plain located near the Mediterranean coast, just south of the city of Haifa

142
Q

Shimshon (Samson) region

A

Located between the Judean Hills and the Coastal Plain

143
Q

Jerusalem Mountains (Judean Hills)

A

Located on a plateau in the Judean Hills between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea, surrounds the city of Jerusalem

144
Q

Negrev region

A

In the southern part of the country, it is a semi-arid desert region. Viticulture here is made possibly by drip irrigation

145
Q

Does Israel have an appellation system?

A

No, it has only the beginnings of one

146
Q

Will Israel follow more the EU or New World model of wine laws?

A

Probably the New World pattern of regulating only truth-in-labeling rather than mandating grape varieties or production techniques

147
Q

What has caused the evolution of the Israeli wine industry over the last 30 years?

A

More emphasis being placed on understanding its various terroirs and climates, along with a focus on improving quality. Additionally, bringing New World winemaking techniques to the winery has further enhanved Israeli wine production, while simultaneously placing the winemakers’ stamps on their respective wines

148
Q

What is the majority of Israeli wine destined for?

A

Relgious services or Orthodox Jewish consumers and is therefore made as kosher wine

149
Q

Is all Israeli wine kosher?

A

No, especially not the wines made by small boutique wineries. The nonkosher market is growing, particularly in the expot market, as teh quality of Israeli wines is becoming recognized around the world

CSW/HBSC (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions