Working memory - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is purpose of VSSP?

A
  • Maintaining and manipulating visa-spatial information
  • spatial orientation
  • solution of visuo-spatial problems
  • Interface between visual and spatial information
  • bind visual information with motor/haptic/tactile information
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2
Q

Evidence for VSSP

A
  • sketchpad disrupted by requiring participants to tap repeatedly a specified pattern of keys or locations, a procedure that impairs the use of visuospatial imagery
  • unattended patterns or visual noise may disrupt the visual component of the system
  • Corsi span (test in which task is to reproduce visuo-spatial sequences using set of 9 identical cubes mounted at locations on board) and auditory digit span impaired independently in patients with different lesions
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3
Q

How was it proposed that VSSP can be divided?

A
  • visual cache: stores info about visual form and colour

- inner scribe: deals with spatial and movement information (and basic mechanism for rehearsal)

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4
Q

How does the stroke victim LH perform?

A
  • performed much better on memory tasks involving spatial processing than on tasks involving the visual aspects of imagery (eg, judging animal sizes)
  • occipital lobe impaired
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5
Q

What is the central executive?

A
  • the ‘black box’
  • drives the system; allocates the resources
  • has no storage capacity
  • limited capacity so cannot attend to many things at once
  • temporary activation of long-term memory
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6
Q

What were the 4 assumed functions of the central executive?

A
  1. the coordination of simultaneous tasks and task switching
  2. the control of encoding and retrieval strategies of temporarily stored information (also when retrieved from the long-term store)
  3. the selection of attention and inhibitory processes
  4. the retrieval and manipulation of long-term stored information
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7
Q

What was the study investigating the Central Executive?

A

-asked participants to think of random digits that bore no connection to each other (by tapping in numbers on a keyboard) Either carried out on its own, or with one of the following tasks:
Reciting the alphabet
Counting from 1
Alternating between letters and numbers e.g. A1 b2 c3

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8
Q

What was the finding of the central executive study?

A

-generated number stream was much less random in condition 3 – Baddeley said they were competing for the same central executive resources

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9
Q

What was the binding problem?

A
  • how into from two subsidiary systems could be bound together
  • because in real world we recall things in multi modal format
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10
Q

What theory was proposed to solve binding problem?

A

-Episodic buffer

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11
Q

Purpose of episodic buffer

A
  • integrates info across modalities and from different sources
  • limited storage capacity
  • buffer retrieval through conscious awareness
  • originally thought to be capable of manipulating information; but now thought to be a passive structure on which bindings achieved elsewhere can be displayed
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12
Q

What does episodic buffer account for?

A
  • finding that amnesic patients can retain relatively large amounts of complex information briefly (e.g., sentence span)
  • findings that articulatory suppression does not have devastating effect on recall of visually presented numbers (drops from 7 to 5 digits)
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13
Q

What is binding process unaffected by?

A

-attentional load

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14
Q

What is attention useful for?

A
  • Visual bindings (objects colour, shape)

- Verbal bindings (words into chunks)

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15
Q

What inför feeds into VSSP?

A
  • Visual
  • Spatial
  • Haptic
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16
Q

What info feed into phonological loop?

A
  • Speech
  • Sign lip reading
  • Music environmental sound
17
Q

What info feeds directly into episodic buffer?

A
  • Smell

- Taste

18
Q

What is an issue with the baddeley working model?

A

-Limited links with LTM and working memory in early multicomponent models

19
Q

Where is central executive found?

A

-Prefrontal cortex

20
Q

What is the left ventral cortex role?

A

-Verbal working memory

21
Q

What is the right ventral cortex role?

A

-spatial working memory

22
Q

What is purpose of ACC?

A

-Attention controller

23
Q

Where does the phonological loop occur?

A

-Broca’s & wernicke’s

24
Q

What is the role of occipital lobe?

A

-VSSP

25
Q

What is role of parietal lobe?

A

-Episodic buffer

26
Q

Is there much difference between WM in different individual?

A

-Substancial differences in WM capacity

27
Q

What can it be said about individuals who have low-capacity WM?

A

-Low-capacity individuals have more difficult ignoring distracting information than do high-capacity individuals

28
Q

Describe how working memory changes as you age

A

-Stability in WM performance between 20-50 years and thereafter linear decline from 55 years onwards

29
Q

Why is the role of dopamine and fronto-striatal function important?

A

-Reduced striatal dopamine levels impair the updating regulation by striatum, which makes PFC representations more rigid and distractor resistant

30
Q

What is fluid intelligence?

A

-Gf reasoning abilities consist of strategies, heuristics, and automatized systems that must be used in dealing with novel problems, and solving inductive, deductive, and conjunctive reasoning tasks

31
Q

What percentage of variance between variance in WM capacity and fluid intelligence ?

A

-50%

32
Q

Who do WM training programs benefit?

A

-Childrens academic and intellectual attainment

33
Q

What are limited benefits in WM training?

A

-limited benefits in terms of specific gains on short-term and working memory tasks

34
Q

Which areas of WM training are seen as less effective?

A

-academic based reading and arithmetic outcomes

35
Q

What are some of the questions regarding episodic buffer?

A
  • how to measure capacity?

- How is rehearsal maintained?

36
Q

What is the main question of phonological loop?

A

-precise nature of forgetting within the phonological store remains controversial – time-based trace decay or interference?

37
Q

What is the question regarding taste and smell?

A

-are there Seperate subsystems for this?

38
Q

What is main question regarding?

A

-visual and spatial aspects appear to be clearly separable but linked within the sketchpad; is this true of haptic, tactile, and kinesthetic memory?