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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is epidemiology of schizophrenia?

A
  • 20 per 100 000 per year
  • 0.5-1% population
  • Occurs in all cultures
  • Males age onset 28
  • Females age onset 32
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2
Q

What is aetiology of schizophrenia?

A
  • Winter births
  • Left handed
  • Obstetric complications
  • Urban birth
  • 2nd generation immigration(Africa and Caribbean)
  • South Asian
  • Cannabis
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3
Q

What is the most prominent risk factor?

A

-Genetic heritability

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4
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis?

A
  • Anti psychotics bind to dopamine receptors
  • Varied results
  • Some respond better than others
  • Shows that more to schizo than just dopamine
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5
Q

How is neuroimaging used to detect schizophrenia?

A
  • Brain scans show enlarged lateral ventricles

- Lateral temporal lobe abnormalities

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6
Q

What is seen when patient put into fMRI?

A
  • Broca’s area become illuminated in hallucinations

- Part of the brain responsible for speech

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7
Q

Does neuroimaging help diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A
  • No
  • hasn’t helped in diagnosis of treatment
  • only scanned if patient has unusual presentation
  • to exclude organic causes
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8
Q

How is brain volume, grey matter affected in schizophrenia?

A
  • Brain volume reduction 3%

- grey matter loss up to 25%

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9
Q

What 3 parts of brain lose function?

A

-Parietal, temporal, frontal loss

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10
Q

What factor can predict relapse?

A

-Expressed emotion

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11
Q

What can show why there is a relapse?

A

-Life events

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12
Q

When do psychological conflicts arise?

A
  • During childhood

- as a result of problems

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13
Q

What is family systems theory?

A
  • the influence of the family on abnormal behaviour

- looking at family relationships to understand their conditions

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14
Q

What is noticed in individuals with chronic negative schizophrenia?

A

–Low IQ

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15
Q

What can be said about the attention of schizophrenia patients?

A

-poor information processing

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16
Q

What can be said about perception in schizophrenia patients?

A

-impairment in picture and face recognition

17
Q

What is the filter theory?

A
  • unable to “filter out”

- They perceive voice in their head as external voices

18
Q

What is over inclusive thinking?

A

-Overblow even small things

19
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

-understanding of other people perspective is difficult

20
Q

What is social learning theory?

A
  • children who do not receive reinforcement early in their lives will put larger attention into irrelevant environmental cues.
  • children who do not receive reinforcement early in their lives will put larger attention into irrelevant environmental cues.
21
Q

What is neurodevelopmental?

A

-means that the primary brain insult or pathology occurs during brain development, long before the illness is clinically manifest

22
Q

Is schizophrenia neurodevelopmental disorder?

A

-Yes and No

23
Q

What can be seen in people who developed schizophrenia as a neurodevelopmental disorder?

A 
-brain abnormalities: 
increased ventricular size
decreased frontal and temporal volume are present 
-family history 
-birth complications 
-socially distanced 
-not many friends
24
Q

Possible causes for neurodevelopmental schizophrenia?

A
  • pregnancy and birth complications

- prenatal viral exposure

25
Q

What procedures are done to rule out organic causes?

A
  • CT Head
  • Bloods (infection, metabolic abnormalities)
  • Auto-immune screen
  • EEG
26
Q

What baselines are obtained before treatment?

A
  • Glucose
  • Cholesterol
  • ECG
  • Prolactin
27
Q

What is used as predictor outcome?

A

-Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP)

28
Q

What are the increased rates noticed in people with schizophrenia?

A

-Higher rate of MI, stroke, diabetes and smoking

29
Q

What are good prognostic factors?

A
  • Abrupt onset
  • Marked mood component
  • Any family history or disorders than can explain
  • Later onset, better treatment because more knowledge for later onset schizophrenia
30
Q

What are poor prognostic factors?

A
  • Male
  • Slow onset
  • Negative syndrome
  • Cognitive impairment
  • Early onset
31
Q

What is outcome of schizophrenia?

A
  • 1/5 people of diagnosed with schizophrenia are fine,
  • 1/3 of people do badly, stay in hospital for long periods and can’t live independently
  • 35% live high functioning lives with occasional episodes

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (32 decks)

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