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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Addiction > Flashcards

Addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

Is a addiction a habit?

A

-No, brain chemical changes to become dependent

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2
Q

What is the new evidence regarding addiction?

A

-Addiction being seen as a ‘disease of the brain’

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3
Q

Describe withdrawal

A
  • Characteristic syndrome
  • Dependent on alcohol for normal functioning
  • Alcohol present in CSF but drops in blood level overnight
  • Activates gabaenergic system
  • Initially causes drowsiness
  • Due to tolerance, there is overcompensation and glutanergic system attempts to counteract
  • Without alcohol, equilibrium is disrupted
  • Brain becomes agitated
  • So withdrawal urges kick in, wanting to take alcohol to balance equilibrium again
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4
Q

What happens when patient ignores withdrawal system?

A
  • Can potentially kill patient or cause more long term damage
  • Given benzodiazepine drip and put on detox.
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5
Q

Examples of withdrawal symptoms

A
  • Sweats
  • Shaking
  • Erections
  • Fits
  • Yawning
  • Joint, abdominal and back pain
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6
Q

Why shouldn’t doctors prescribe opiates?

A
  • Very easy to become dependent on opiates
  • Causes back pain
  • Only use for cancer or end of life ideally
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7
Q

Describe tolerance

A
  • Need for markedly increased amount

- Marked demising effect

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8
Q

What do fewer D2 receptors indicate?

A
  • Due to genetic factors
  • More likely to use drugs
  • Decreased social status
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9
Q

What can happen as a result of cocaine use?

A

-Down regulation of D2 receptors

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10
Q

What can happen if individuals with fewer D2 receptors stop taking drugs?

A

Partially recovery of D2 receptors

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11
Q

What is main reward centreS of the brain?

A

-Nucleus Accumbens and VTA

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12
Q

What effects do addictions have on the brain?

A
  • Give artificial rush in pleasures
  • Hijacks the pleasure system of brain and gives rush
  • People who inject heroine describe it in a mystic way
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13
Q

Explain the tolerance effect that alcohol has

A
  • Causes up-regulation of glut system

- Down-regulation of gaba system

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14
Q

Explain how benzodiazepam is used to treat those in detox

A

-Acts to upgreulat gaba and deregulate glut to reduce dependency

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15
Q

What are some factors that could determine substance abuse?

A
  • Heritability
  • Personality type
  • Mental Health issues
  • Environmental factors
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16
Q

What affect does cocaine abuse have on the D2 receptors?

A
  • D2 number decreases
  • Brain scan show after 10 days of no cocaine, there is slight improvement
  • After 100 days there is more improvement
  • But only partial recovery
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17
Q

Why is tobacco and nicotine addictive?

A
  • Have short half life

- Reach brain very quickly to exert their effects

18
Q

What is replacement treatment for cigarette addicts?

A
  • E cig

- Nicotine patch

19
Q

What are the short-term effects of heroin on central?

A

Euphoria
Alertness
Drowsiness

20
Q

What are heroin withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • Sweating, Malaise and Anxiety Yawning and Sneezing
  • Tears, Rhinorrhea, Diarrhoea Cold sweats
  • Insomnia
  • Nausea and Vomiting
  • Severe muscle/joint cramps and aches Fever,
  • Hypertension, hyperventilation
21
Q

What drug is used to detox heroine addicts?

A

-Methodone

22
Q

What is methadone?

A

-Opioid agonist

23
Q

What is buprenorphine?

A

-Partial opioid agonist

24
Q

What is combo buprenorphine and naloxone known as?

A

-Suboxone

25
Q

Describe opioid substitution treatment

A
  • Involves bringing addicts into clinical controlled setting
  • Allowing them to experience their sights but with controlled methadone
  • This is done until they are stabilised on methadone
  • The detoxed by slowly decreasing dosage of methadone
26
Q

What is non-opioid detox treatment

A

Lofexidine

27
Q

What is post detox treatment drug

A

Naltrexone

28
Q

How many regular smokers of cannabis?

A

-2 million

29
Q

What is skunk cannabis?

A
  • Very potent
  • 20% THC
  • Psychogenic component is addictive
30
Q

What is CBD role in cannabis?

A
  • Sedates and relaxes

- Placebo effect

31
Q

When medication for seizures in alcohol dependency?

A

-Diazepam/ Librium

32
Q

What medication for malnourishment in alcohol dependency?

A

-Pabrinex & BZD

33
Q

What medication is used post-detox to help with cravings?

A
  • Acamprosate

- Naltrexone

34
Q

Benefits of support meetings

A
  • No records kept
  • Support and camaraderie
  • New activates and friends
35
Q

What is relapse prevention?

A

-The process of remaining drug/alcohol free

36
Q

What is challenging aspect if detox?

A

-Staying clean

37
Q

What is included in release prevention?

A
  • Anticipates urges to return to drug/alcohol use and looks at ways of dealing with them
  • Skill Power (vs. will power)
  • Identify high risk situations
  • Cue exposure (desensitisation)
  • Coping with social pressures and craving Refusal: practice as ‘pusher’ and ‘user’ Emergency plan in case lapsed
38
Q

Where do rehab places exist?

A
  • Residential

- Day centres

39
Q

What occurs in rehab?

A
  • Psycho-education
  • Psychotherapy: individual 1:1 AND group work Most residential rehabs are Twelve Step
  • Fewer NHS inpatient units now but some complex patients require them,
40
Q

What are some social interventions to help former addicts?

A
  • Housing
  • Employment advice
  • Education/training
  • Government policy
41
Q

What has happened to alcohol in general society?

A
  • Increase in number of outlets
  • Decrease in the real price
  • Increase in strength

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (32 decks)

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