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Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind > Memory - 2 > Flashcards

Memory - 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Under what condition do memory traces remain in the white matter?

A

-WM with repeated rehearsal (i.e. attending to the information

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2
Q

What are the two types of memory interferences?

A
  • Retroactive interference

- Proactive interference

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3
Q

Describe retroactive interference

A
  • New information interferes with the retention of old information in WM
  • (trying to remember your old phone number, having used your new number for a few months; finding it difficult to revert back to manual gear changes having recently been shown how to use an automatic)
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4
Q

Describe proactive interference

A
  • Old information interferes with the recall of new information
  • Mistakenly giving your old phone number instead of your new one; attempting to change gears manually in a newly bought automatic
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5
Q

What is the primary-recency effect?

A

-When presented information in serial order, we remember more from the beginning and end of the list, at the expense of the intermediate items

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6
Q

What determines the strength of memory?

A

-Depth of encoding

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7
Q

What are the two types of processing?

A
  • Shallow

- Deep

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8
Q

Why is deep processing better than shallow?

A

-The greater the processing the meaning of stimuli at encoding the deeper the level of processing and greater likelihood of later storage and retrieval.

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9
Q

How is information transferred from working memory to long-term memory?

A
  • Rehearsal

- Elaboration - taking information you already have and expanding on it

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10
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A

-Large

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11
Q

How long is long term memory stored for?

A

-Storage can be for a few minutes, but in theory can be for a lifetime

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12
Q

What is storage into long-term memory also known as?

A

-Consolidation

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13
Q

Describe what occurs in consolidation

A
  • Involves structural change
  • The pattern of neural pathways are changed
  • Long term potentiation: strengthening/destruction of synapses, believed to be the cellular foundation for memory
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14
Q

What is a clinical use for LTP?

A

-Treating dementia

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15
Q

What organic aspect does consolidation require to be effective?

A

-Requires metabolic activity for minutes/hours after stimulus has been presented

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16
Q

What region of brain plays roles in consolidation?

A

-Hippocampus

17
Q

What is the consequence of removing the hippocampus?

A
  • Hippocampus removed
  • Can recall existing memories
  • Issues consolidating new memories
18
Q

How does cue aid the retrieval of information?

A
  • (e.g. prompt, reminder, question)
  • Original stimulus reconstructed using information from cue
  • The more information available, the easier the retrieval
  • For example, sbas in exams, easier to recall when posed with possible answers
19
Q

What else apart from cues aid retrieval?

A
  • A good ‘filing system’ also aids retrieval
  • e.g. mnemonic’s (memory aids, Method of Loci)
  • Make something personally relevant to you and you’re more likely to remember it
20
Q

What can retrieval be affected by?

A

-Interference

21
Q

What is the tip of tongue phenomenon?

A

-Where you encounter stimulus, you’ve encountered it before you just don’t know what it is

22
Q

What are the 3 factors that affect retrieval?

A

-Levels of Processing
The more something is elaborated at time of encoding, the easier it will be to retrieve
-Organisation
Of concepts in memory (also, associations between concepts stored in LTM may facilitate recall)
-Context
Being in the same place/emotional state as the time of encoding facilitates recall- state dependent memory

23
Q

What is state dependent memory?

A
  • Context where you learn info and how you were feeling
  • You are more likely to retrieve something when you are in same location you learnt
  • More likely to retrieve if you are in same emotional state as you were when learning
  • Biological, so if you go on a madders and get peppered
24
Q

Describe the experiment they did for for State dependent memory

A

-Divers learned words on land and underwater – recall was best when the learning environment matched the retrieval environment.

25
Q

What is declarative knowledge also known as?

A

-Explicit memory

26
Q

What is declarative knowledge?

A
  • Memory for facts, for information that can be conveyed by statements
  • Involves conscious recollection of events / facts
  • Encompasses semantic and episodic memories
  • e.g. Your birthday
27
Q

What is non-declarative knowledge?

A
  • Generally doesn’t involve conscious recollection e.g. procedural memory
  • Implicit memory
  • Priming
  • eg driving a car
28
Q

What is priming?

A
  • Phenomenon where you get someone to think of certain thing next by priming them beforehand.
  • if you think of bread, then butter jam etc
  • works based on association
29
Q

What is crucial feature of procedural memory?

A

-Often in absence of conscious recollection

30
Q

What are two forms of declarative memory?

A
  • Semantic memory

- Episodic memory

31
Q

What is semantic memory?

A
  • Memory of facts

- Meaning of words like DOG

32
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

-Memory for events, situation

like morning breakfast

33
Q

Describe the decline in episodic memory

A

-Decline over time however decline is not uniform over all memories

34
Q

What is the reminiscence bump?

A
  • Surprising perseverance of memories occurring between ages of 10 and 30
  • Alot of new things happen then, first kiss, love etc first job
  • After this, its not new or rememberable
  • Novelty is memorable because of the lack of proactive interference from previous learnings
  • More evidence for reminiscence bump for positive than negative memories
  • decrease in neuroticsm, brain favours positive more than negative
35
Q

What is a flashbulb event?

A
  • Detailed and extremely vivid memories regarding circumstances surrounding very shocking event e.g. September 11th.
  • survival purposes
  • Emotional arousal during encoding enhances retention
  • Also retrieve easier if talked about more

Psychiatry, Psychology and the Mind (32 decks)

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